''Ichnovirus'' is a genus of
viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...
, in the family ''
Polydnaviridae
A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family ''Polydnaviridae'' of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: '' Bracovirus'' and ''Ichnovirus''. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps; (ichnoviruses (IV) ...
''.
Parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...
wasps serve as hosts, and these wasps are themselves parasitoids of
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
. There are 21 species in this genus.
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following 21 species:
*''
Campoletis aprilis ichnovirus''
*''
Campoletis flavicincta ichnovirus''
*''
Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus''
*''
Casinaria arjuna ichnovirus''
*''
Casinaria forcipata ichnovirus''
*''
Casinaria infesta ichnovirus''
*''
Diadegma acronyctae ichnovirus''
*''
Diadegma interruptum ichnovirus''
*''
Diadegma terebrans ichnovirus''
*''
Enytus montanus ichnovirus''
*''
Eriborus terebrans ichnovirus''
*''
Glypta fumiferanae ichnovirus''
*''
Hyposoter annulipes ichnovirus''
*''
Hyposoter exiguae ichnovirus''
*''
Hyposoter fugitivus ichnovirus
''Hyposoter'' is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Selected species
* '' Hyposoter affinis'' (Cresson, 1864)
* '' Hyposoter albicans'' (Brischke, 1880 ...
''
*''
Hyposoter lymantriae ichnovirus
''Hyposoter'' is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Selected species
* '' Hyposoter affinis'' (Cresson, 1864)
* ''Hyposoter albicans'' (Brischke, 1880) ...
''
*''
Hyposoter pilosulus ichnovirus
''Hyposoter'' is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Selected species
* '' Hyposoter affinis'' (Cresson, 1864)
* '' Hyposoter albicans'' (Brischke, 1880 ...
''
*''
Hyposoter rivalis ichnovirus
''Hyposoter'' is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Selected species
* '' Hyposoter affinis'' (Cresson, 1864)
* '' Hyposoter albicans'' (Brischke, 1880 ...
''
*''
Olesicampe benefactor ichnovirus
''Olesicampe'' is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae
The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of th ...
''
*''
Olesicampe geniculatae ichnovirus
''Olesicampe'' is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae
The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of th ...
''
*''
Synetaeris tenuifemur ichnovirus''
Structure
Viruses in ''Ichnovirus'' are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, around 6.0-20kb in length.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export.
Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies
Banchinae
Banchinae is a subfamily of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps containing about 1,500 species; the genera '' Glypta'' and ''Lissonota'' are very large. The three tribes ( Banchini, Glyptini and Atrophini) are all distributed worldwide.
In older t ...
and
Campopleginae
Campopleginae is a large subfamily of the parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae with a world-wide distribution. Species in this subfamily have been used in the biological control of the alfalfa weevil, clover weevil, various species of '' Helioth ...
serve as hosts, but these wasps are themselves parasites of
lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
. The wasp injects one or more eggs into its host along with a quantity of virus. The virus and wasp are in a
symbiotic
Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...
relationship: expression of viral genes prevents the wasp's host's immune system from killing the wasp's injected egg and causes other physiological alterations that ultimately cause the parasitized host to die. Transmission routes are parental.
References
External links
Viralzone: IchnovirusICTV
{{Taxonbar, from=Q18822162
Polydnaviridae
Virus genera