Aphelenchoides Fragariae
Strawberry foliar nematode, or strawberry crimp nematode, is a disease caused by ''Aphelenchoides fragariae'', a plant pathogenic nematode. It is common in strawberries and ornamental plants and can greatly affect plant yield and appearance, resulting in a loss of millions of dollars of revenue. Symptoms used to diagnose the disease are angular, water soaked lesions and necrotic blotches. ''Aphelenchoides fragariae'' is the nematode pathogen that causes the disease. Its biological cycle includes four life stages, three of which are juvenile. The nematode can undergo multiple life cycles in one growing season when favorable conditions are present. The crowns, runners, foliage, and new buds of the plant via stylet penetration or through the stomata can be infected. The best management practices for this disease are sanitation, prevention of induction of the pathogen to the environment, and planting clean seed or starter plants. Importance Foliar nematodes are an important pla ...
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Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motility, able to move, can Sexual reproduction, reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in which their body consists of a hollow sphere of Cell (biology), cells, the blastula, during Embryogenesis, embryonic development. Over 1.5 million Extant taxon, living animal species have been Species description, described—of which around 1 million are Insecta, insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from to . They have Ecology, complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology. Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a Symmetry in biology#Bilate ...
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List Of African Daisy Diseases
This is a list of diseases of the African daisy (''Gerbera jamesonii'') plant Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic Virus and viroid diseases Phytoplasmal diseases {, class="wikitable" style="clear:left" ! colspan=2, Phytoplasmal diseases , - , Yellows , , Phytoplasma , - ReferencesCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society African daisy African daisy is a common name for several plants and may refer to: *These genera in the family Asteraceae ** ''Arctotis'' ** ''Dimorphotheca'' ** ''Gazania'' ** ''Gerbera'' ** ''Lonas'' ** ''Osteospermum ''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowerin ...

Strawberry Pests
The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; ''Fragaria × ananassa'') is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus ''Fragaria'', collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in products such as candy, soap, lip gloss, perfume, and many others. The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of ''Fragaria virginiana'' from eastern North America and ''Fragaria chiloensis'', which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714. Cultivars of ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'' have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry (''Fragaria vesca''), which was the first strawber ...
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Agricultural Pest Nematodes
280px, Feeding types of plant-parasitic nematodes This article is an attempt to list all agricultural pest nematodes. Species are sorted in alphabetical order of Latin name. A * '' Achlysiella williamsi'' * ''Anguina agrostis'' * ''Anguina amsinckiae'' * ''Anguina australis'' * '' Anguina balsamophila'' * ''Anguina funesta'' * ''Anguina graminis'' * ''Anguina spermophaga'' * ''Anguina tritici'' * ''Aphelenchoides arachidis'' * ''Aphelenchoides besseyi'' * ''Aphelenchoides fragariae'' * ''Aphelenchoides parietinus'' * ''Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi'' * ''Aphelenchoides subtenuis'' B * '' Belonolaimus gracilis'' * '' Belonolaimus longicaudatus'' C * '' Craspedonema elegans'' D * ''Ditylenchus africanus'' * ''Ditylenchus angustus'' * ''Ditylenchus destructor'' * ''Ditylenchus dipsaci'' * ''Dolichodorus heterocephalus'' G * ''Globodera pallida'' * ''Globodera rostochiensis'' * ''Globodera tabacum'' H * ''Helicotylenchus dihystera'' * ''Hemicriconemoides kanayaensis'' * ' ...
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List Of Strawberry Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of strawberry (''Fragaria × ananassa''). Bacterial diseases Oomycete diseases Fungal diseases Miscellaneous diseases and disorders Nematodes, parasitic Phytoplasma, Virus and virus-like diseases See also * List of strawberry topics References Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society{{fragaria Strawberry * Diseases A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that ar ...

List Of Primula Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of Primulas: English primrose. Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic Viral and viroid diseases Phytoplasmal diseases {, class="wikitable" style="clear" ! colspan=2, Phytoplasmal diseases , - , Aster yellows , , Aster yellows phytoplasma , - ReferencesCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society Primula ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...

List Of Geranium Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of geraniums (''Pelargonium''). Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Virus diseases Nematodes, parasitic Miscellaneous diseases and disorders {, class="wikitable" style="clear" ! colspan=2, Miscellaneous diseases and disorders , - , Edema (Oedema) , - , Moisture imbalance in plants when soil is warm and wet while the air is cool and wet , - , Leaf bleaching , - , Heat stress , - , Yellow net vein , - ReferencesCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society Geranium ''Geranium'' is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, but mostly i ... Ornamental plant pathogens and diseases Diseases, List of ...
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List Of Foliage Plant Diseases (Polypodiaceae)
This is a list of diseases of foliage plants belonging to the family Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader .... Plant Species Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic ReferencesCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Foliage Plant Diseases (Polypodiaceae) Foliage plant (Polypodiaceae) ...
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List Of Cyclamen Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of cyclamens (''Cyclamen persicum''). Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic Virus and viroid diseases Phytoplasmal diseases References {{reflist Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society Cyclamen ''Cyclamen'' ( or ) is a genus of 23 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. ''Cyclamen'' species are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east to the Caucasus and Iran, with one species in Somalia. They grow ... Ornamental plant pathogens and diseases ...
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List Of African Violet Diseases
This article is a list of diseases of African violets (''Saintpaulia ionantha''). Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Fulginacillis Follicle Growth Sistementaris Gland Viral diseases Nematodes, parasitic Miscellaneous diseases and disorders {, class="wikitable" style="clear:left" ! colspan=2, Miscellaneous diseases and disorders , - , - , Marginal leaf burn , , Overfertilization , - , Ring spot , , Irrigation water temperature much above or below leaf temperature applied to the leaf surface , - ReferencesCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society African violet ''Streptocarpus'' sect. ''Saintpaulia'' is a section within '' Streptocarpus'' subgenus ''Streptocarpella'' consisting of about ten species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent so ...

Mesophyll Cell
A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary photosynthesis, photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of ''Eucalyptus'', palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (Glossary of botanical terms#adaxial, adaxial) and lower (Glossary of botanical terms#abaxial, abaxial) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due ...
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Nematoda
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with arthropods, tardigrades and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega jou ...
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