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Ampelopsin E
Ampelopsin, also known as dihydromyricetin and DHM, when purported as an effective ingredient in supplements and other tonics, is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid. It is extracted from the Japanese raisin tree and found in '' Ampelopsis'' species ''japonica'', ''megalophylla'', and ''grossedentata''; ''Cercidiphyllum japonicum''; ''Hovenia dulcis''; '' Rhododendron cinnabarinum''; some ''Pinus'' species; and some ''Cedrus'' species, as well as in ''Salix sachalinensis''. ''Hovenia dulcis'' has been used in traditional Japanese, Chinese, and Korean medicines to treat fever, parasitic infection, as a laxative, and a treatment of liver diseases, and as a hangover treatment. Methods have been developed to extract ampelopsin on a larger scale, and laboratory research has been conducted with the compound to see if it might be useful as a drug in any of the conditions for which the parent plant has been traditionally used. Research Research suggests that DHM protects against DOX-i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavanonol
The flavanonols (with two "o"s a.k.a. 3-hydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroflavonol) are a class of flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one (IUPAC name) backbone. Some examples include: * Taxifolin (or Dihydroquercetin) * Aromadedrin (or Dihydrokaempferol) * Engeletin (or Dihydrokaempferol-3-rhamnoside) Metabolism * Flavanone 3-dioxygenase * Flavonol synthase * Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Glycosides Glycosides ( chrysandroside A and chrysandroside B) can be found in the roots of ''Gordonia chrysandra''. Xeractinol, a dihydroflavonol C-glucoside, can be isolated from the leaves of ''Paepalanthus argenteus var. argenteus''. Dihydro-flavonol glycosides ( astilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin, neoisoastilbin, (2''R'', 3''R'')-taxifolin-3'-''O''-β-D-pyranoglucoside) have been identified in the rhizome of ''Smilax glabra ''Smilax glabra'', sarsaparilla, is a plant species in the genus ''Smilax''. It is native to flora of China, China, the Himalayas, and In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hangover
A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects usually following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer, and liquor. Hangovers can last for several hours or for more than 24 hours. Typical symptoms of a hangover may include headache, drowsiness, concentration problems, dry mouth, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal distress (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea), absence of hunger, light sensitivity, depression, sweating, nausea, hyper-excitability, irritability, and anxiety. While the causes of a hangover are still poorly understood, several factors are known to be involved including acetaldehyde accumulation, changes in the immune system and glucose metabolism, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation, and malnutrition. Beverage-specific effects of additives or by-products such as congeners in alcoholic beverages also play an important role. The symptoms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavanonols
The flavanonols (with two "o"s a.k.a. 3-hydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroflavonol) are a class of flavonoids that use the 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4-one (IUPAC name) backbone. Some examples include: * Taxifolin (or Dihydroquercetin) * Aromadedrin (or Dihydrokaempferol) * Engeletin (or Dihydrokaempferol-3-rhamnoside) Metabolism * Flavanone 3-dioxygenase * Flavonol synthase * Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Glycosides Glycosides ( chrysandroside A and chrysandroside B) can be found in the roots of '' Gordonia chrysandra''. Xeractinol, a dihydroflavonol C-glucoside, can be isolated from the leaves of ''Paepalanthus argenteus var. argenteus''. Dihydro-flavonol glycosides ( astilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin, neoisoastilbin, (2''R'', 3''R'')-taxifolin Taxifolin (5,7,3',4'-flavan-on-ol), also known as dihydroquercetin, belongs to the subclass flavanonols in the flavonoids, which in turn is a class of polyphenols. Stereocenters Taxifolin has two stereocenters on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is generally lower than that of intravenous due to intestinal endothelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation. AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation. Bioavailability of a drug is an average value; to take population variability into account, deviation range is shown as ±. To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcohol Use Disorders
Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word ''alcoholism'', it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predominant diagnostic classifications are alcohol use disorder (DSM-5) or alcohol dependence (ICD-11); these are defined in their respective sources. Excessive alcohol use can damage all organ systems, but it particularly affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system. Alcoholism can result in mental illness, delirium tremens, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, irregular heartbeat, an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis and increased cancer risk. Drinking during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Women are generally more sensitive than men to the harmful effects of alcohol, primarily due to their smaller body weight, lower capacity to metabolize alcohol, and higher proportion of body fat. In a small numb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is excessive fat build-up in the liver without another clear cause such as alcohol use. There are two types; non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter also including liver inflammation. Non-alcoholic fatty liver is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress to NASH. When NAFL does progress to NASH, it may eventually lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, or cardiovascular disease. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are strong risk factors for NAFLD. Other risks include being overweight, metabolic syndrome (defined as at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum HDL cholesterol), a diet high in fructose, and older age. NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease are types of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SIRT1
Sirtuin 1, also known as NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT1 gene. SIRT1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (''S. cerevisiae''), referring to the fact that its sirtuin homolog (biological equivalent across species) in yeast ''(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)'' is Sir2. SIRT1 is an enzyme located primarily in the cell nucleus that deacetylates transcription factors that contribute to cellular regulation (reaction to stressors, longevity). Function Sirtuin 1 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs of the Sir2 gene in ''S. cerevisiae''. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and grouped into four classes. The functions of human sirtuins have not yet been determined; however, yeast sirtuin proteins are known to regulate epigenetic gene silencing and suppress recombination of rDNA. Studies suggest that the human sirtuins may function as intracel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NLRP3
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (previously known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 ALP3and cryopyrin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRP3'' gene located on the long arm of chromosome 1. NLRP3 is expressed predominantly in macrophages and as a component of the inflammasome, detects products of damaged cells such as extracellular ATP and crystalline uric acid. Activated NLRP3 in turn triggers an immune response. Mutations in the NLRP3 gene are associated with a number of organ specific autoimmune diseases. Nomenclature NACHT, LRR, and PYD are respectively acronyms for: * NACHT – NAIP (neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein), C2TA heterokaryon_incompatibility)_and_TP1_(telomerase-associated_protein_1) *_ MHC,_HET-E_(Podospora_anserina#Heterokaryon_incompatibility">heterokaryon_incompatibility)_and_TP1_(telomerase-associated_protein_1) *_Leucine-rich_repeat">LRR_–_"leucine-rich_repeat"__and_is_synonymous_with_NLR,_for_''_or_' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer. This includes breast cancer, bladder cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. It is often used together with other chemotherapy agents. Doxorubicin is given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, and inflammation of the mouth. Other serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, heart damage, tissue damage at the site of injection, radiation recall, and treatment-related leukemia. People often experience red discoloration of the urine for a few days. Doxorubicin is in the anthracycline and antitumor antibiotic family of medications. It works in part by interfering with the function of DNA. Doxorubicin was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Versions th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traditional Korean Medicine
Traditional Korean medicine (known in North Korea as Koryo medicine) refers to the forms of traditional medicine practiced in Korea. History Korean medicine traditions originated in ancient and prehistoric times and can be traced back as far as 3000 B.C. when stone and bone needles were found in North Hamgyong Province, in present-day North Korea. Korean medicine originated from Korea. In Gojoseon, where the founding myth of Korea is recorded, there is a story of a tiger and a bear who wanted to reincarnate in human form and who ate wormwood and garlic. In '' Jewang Ungi'' (제왕운기), which was written around the time of ''Samguk Yusa'', wormwood and garlic are described as 'edible medicine', showing that, even in times when incantatory medicine was the mainstream, medicinal herbs were given as curatives in Korea. Medicinal herbs at this time were used as remedial treatment such as easing the pain or tending injury, along with knowing what foods were good for health. More ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ampelopsis
''Ampelopsis'', commonly known as peppervine or porcelainberry, is a genus of climbing shrubs, in the grape family Vitaceae. The name is derived from the grc, ἅμπελος (''ampelos''), which means "vine". The genus was named in 1803. It is disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and eastern North America extending to Mexico. ''Ampelopsis'' is primarily found in mountainous regions in temperate zones with some species in montane forests at mid-altitudes in subtropical to tropical regions. ''Ampelopsis glandulosa'' is a popular garden plant and an invasive weed. Species ''Plants of the World Online'' currently includes: # ''Ampelopsis aconitifolia'' Bunge # '' Ampelopsis acutidentata'' W.T.Wang # ''Ampelopsis bodinieri'' (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Rehder # '' Ampelopsis chondisensis'' (Vassilcz. & V.N.Vassil.) Tulyag. # '' Ampelopsis cordata'' Michx. – False grape, raccoon-grape, heart-leaf peppervine or heart-leaf ampelopsis # '' Ampelopsis delavayana'' Planch. ex Franch. # '' Ampe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto%2C_6-Dec-2007-cropped.jpg "Click for more on -> Hangover")
