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Amarna Letter EA 362
Amarna letter EA 362, titled: ''"A Commissioner Murdered,"'' is a finely-inscribed clay tablet letter from Rib-Haddi, the mayor/'man' of the city of Byblos, (''Gubla'' of the letters). Byblos, being a large coastal seaport Mediterranean city, was a city that was aligned with Egypt (''Miṣri''), and housed an Egyptian community. Rib-Haddi, as the city-state leader wrote the largest number of letters to the Pharaoh, in a sub-corpus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters (about 70 letters). Near the end of his rule, Rib-Haddi penned two large diplomatic letters summarizing conditions of his hostilities with peoples like the Hapiru, but also other city-state rulers, vying for regional ascendency. Letter EA 362 relates the hostilities, but also talks of disease, upon his land. The letter ends addressing the fate of Egypt's commissioner Pawura. The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about 1350 BC and 20–25 years later, correspondence. The ini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tablet Official Letter-AO 7093-P5280232-gradient
Tablet may refer to: Medicine * Tablet (pharmacy), a mixture of pharmacological substances pressed into a small cake or bar, colloquially called a "pill" Computing * Tablet computer, a mobile computer that is primarily operated by touching the screen * Graphics tablet or digitizing tablet, a computer input device for capturing hand-drawn images and graphics * Tablet, a section of columns in a range of rows in Google's Bigtable NoSQL database Confectionery * Tablet (confectionery), a medium-hard, sugary confection from Scotland * Tableting, a confectionery manufacturing process * A type of chocolate bar Inscription, printing, and writing media * Clay tablet, one of the earliest known writing mediums * Wax tablet, used by scribes as far back as ancient Greece * Notebook of blank or lined paper, usually bound with glue or staples along one edge * Stele, slab of stone or wood erected as a monument or marker * ''Tabula ansata'', tablets with handles * Vindolanda tablets, Roman era w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pawura
Pawura, and also: Pauru, Piwure, Puuru/Puwuru was an Egyptian official of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. As mentioned in letter no. 171, he was also an Egyptian "archer–commander". In letter no. 289 he is called an ''"irpi''–official". In Egyptian his name means 'the Great One', (''Pa-wr''/''Pa-ur'')(letter EA 287:45-"1.-Pa-Ú-Ru") Pawura's name is referenced in the following letters: ( EA for 'el Amarna') :#Rib-Haddi–The Rib-Hadda sub-corpus of 68 letters: EA 117, 124, 129, 131, 132, and EA 362. :#Aziru–EA 171, by Aziru of Ammuru, Title: ''"Eager to Serve"''. :#EA 263–EA 263, a short letter. Title: ''"Robbed of Everything."'' (author unknown) :#Abdi-Heba– EA 287 and EA 289, letters by Abdi-Heba to pharaoh.(see EA 287 herePhoto, EA 287: Reverse Pawura's death is mentioned in the Rib-Hadda letters except EA 117, and 124, along with the demise of others, or the warring with the Habiru, or the leaders of Ammuru: (Abdi-As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anson Rainey
Anson Frank Rainey (January 11, 1930 – February 19, 2011) was professor emeritus of ancient Near Eastern cultures and Semitic linguistics at Tel Aviv University. He is known in particular for contributions to the study of the Amarna tablets, the noted administrative letters from the period of Pharaoh Akhenaten's rule during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt.Rollston, C. (2011)Among the last of the titans: Aspects of Professor Anson Rainey's life and legacy (1930–2011)(February 20, 2011); retrieved May 22, 2017 He authored and edited books and articles on the cultures, languages and geography of the Biblical lands. Early life Anson Rainey was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1930. Upon the death of his father that same year, he was left with his maternal grandparents. He attended Brown Military Academy in San Diego, California, from 1943 to 1946. After one semester of study there – as a cadet battalion commander – he served as assistant commandant at Southern California Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prefect
Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect's office, department, or area of control is called a prefecture, but in various post-Roman empire cases there is a prefect without a prefecture or ''vice versa''. The words "prefect" and "prefecture" are also used, more or less conventionally, to render analogous words in other languages, especially Romance languages. Ancient Rome ''Praefectus'' was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking officials in ancient Rome, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but conferred by delegation from a higher authority. They did have some authority in their prefecture such as controlling prisons and in civil administration. Feudal times Especially in Medieval Latin, ''præfectus'' was used to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Na (cuneiform)
The cuneiform na sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for ''na'', and an alphabetic sign used for ''n'', or ''a''; it is common in both the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. In the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' it also has sumerogramic (capital letter (majuscule)) usage for NA. An example usage for ''NA'' in the Epic is for the spelling of ''NA.GAD'', (also '' LÚ.NA.GAD'', and the plural '' LÚ.NA.GAD. MEŠ''), for Akkadian language "nāqidu", ''"herdsman"''. The usage for ''NA'' in herdsman is only for 3 spellings. The commonness of cuneiform ''na'', in the top 25 used signs by Buccellati (Buccellati 1979), (2nd highest usage, exceeded by a: ''a (cuneiform)'') is because of usage for the spelling of ''a-na'' (Akkadian language "ana") -, the common preposition spelling for English language: ''to, for, by, of, at, etc.''. It is also a component for the Akkadian language preposition: ''i-na'' (''ina''), meaning: ''in, into, by, etc.''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ki (cuneiform)
Ki or KI may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music Albums * ''Ki'' (Devin Townsend Project album), 2009 * ''Ki'' (Kitaro album), 1979 Songs * "Ki", a song from the album " Minecraft - Volume Beta" by C418 Businesses and organizations * Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag, a Faroese semi-professional football club * Communist Initiative, Marxist–Leninist organization in Austria * Karolinska Institute, Swedish university * Kenyon Institute, a British research institute in Jerusalem * Adam Air (2002–2008), an Indonesian airline * Kiwanis International, service club Language * Ki language, a Southern Bantoid language of Cameroon * Ki (kana), a Japanese syllabic character * Ki (cuneiform), a sign in cuneiform writing * Gikuyu language, ISO 639-1 code:ki Names * Ki (Korean surname), a Korean surname * Ki or Qi (surname) * Ki or Ji (surname) Places * Kangaroo Island, Australia * Ki Monastery, in India * Kiawah Island, South Carolina, United States * Kings Island, Ohio, United Sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sú (cuneiform)
Cuneiform zu, (also sú, ṣú, and Sumerogram ZU (capital letter majuscule)), is an uncommon-use sign in the 1350s BC Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', and other cuneiform texts. Alphabetically, it could conceivably be used for letters ''z'', ''s'', ''ṣ'', or ''u''; however in the Amarna letters it is used mostly for ''personal names'' or ''geographical names''. In the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', Sumerogram ''ZU'' is used to spell the name of god Ninazu, (a name of god Tammuz, two times, Chapter XII, 28, 47). In the ''Epic'', ''ZU'' is also used as a logogram, ''ZU.AB'', for Akkadian language ''"apsû"'', English language ''"abyss"''; it is used twice in Chapter VIII, and twice in Chapter XI, the Gilgamesh flood myth. It was also used to name Giant Squid Studios' game, Abzû. Uses of ''zu'' ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' The usage numbers for ''zu'' in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' are as follows: ''sú''-(1) time, ''ṣú''-(0), ''zu''-(41), and ''ZU''-(7) times. Partial list o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdi-Ashirta
Abdi-Ashirta ( Akkadian: 𒀵𒀀𒅆𒅕𒋫 ''Warad-Ašîrta'' RAD2-A-ši-ir-ta fl. 14th century BC) was the ruler of Amurru who was in conflict with King Rib-Hadda of Byblos. While some contend that Amurru was a new kingdom in southern Syria subject to nominal Egyptian control, new research suggests that during Abdi-Ashirta's lifetime, Amurru was a "decentralized land" that consisted of several independent polities. Consequently, though Abdi-Ashirta had influence among these polities, he did not directly rule them. Rib-Hadda complained bitterly to Pharaoh Akhenaten — in the Amarna letters (EA) — of Abdi-Ashirta's attempts to alter the political landscape at the former's expense. Abdi-Ashirta's death is mentioned in EA 101 by Rib-Hadda in a letter to Akhenaten.Moran, p.174 Unfortunately for Rib-Hadda, Abdi-Ashirta was succeeded by his equally capable son Aziru, who would later capture, exile and likely kill Rib-Hadda. Aziru subsequently defected to the Hittites ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archers (Egyptian Pitati)
Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who practices archery is typically called an archer, bowman, or toxophilite. History Origins and ancient archery The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as Sibudu Cave, where the remains of bone and stone arrowheads have been found dating approximately 72,000 to 60,000 years ago.Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566–1580. Backwell L, Bradfield J, Carlson KJ, Jashashvili T, Wadley L, d'Errico F.(2018). The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. Existing on a dialect continuum with Scots, and then closest related to the Low Saxon and Frisian languages, English is genealogically West Germanic. However, its vocabulary is also distinctively influenced by dialects of France (about 29% of Modern English words) and Latin (also about 29%), plus some grammar and a small amount of core vocabulary influenced by Old Norse (a North Germanic language). Speakers of English are called Anglophones. The earliest forms of English, collectively known as Old English, evolved from a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century and further mutated by Norse-speaking Viking settlers starting in the 8th and 9th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of Correspondence Of Pharaoh
The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaten, known as Amarna in modern times. The city was the short-lived capital during the reign of the pharaoh Akhenaten during ancient Egypt's 18th Dynasty. History The actual building (although the name may refer to a larger complex of buildings) is located behind the buildings known as the 'King's House' and the Small Aten Temple, and is now ruined, and it appears to be where local villagers discovered a deposit of tablets, now known as the Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ... around the year 1888. The building included bricks stamped with the words "Bureau of Correspondence of Phara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV ( egy, jmn-ḥtp, links=no, meaning "Amun is satisfied", Hellenized as ''Amenophis IV''). As a pharaoh, Akhenaten is noted for abandoning Egypt's traditional polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten. The views of Egyptologists differ as to whether the religious policy was absolutely monotheistic, or whether it was monolatry, syncretistic, or henotheistic. This culture shift away from traditional religion was reversed after his death. Akhenaten's monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were destroyed, and his name excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
