Tablet official letter-AO 7093-P5280232-gradient

Pawura, and also: Pauru, Piwure, Puuru/Puwuru was an

Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...

official of the 1350–1335 BC

Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...

correspondence. As mentioned in letter no. 171, he was also an Egyptian "

archer Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In mo ...

–commander". In letter no. 289 he is called an ''"irpi''–official". In

his name means 'the Great One', (''Pa-wr''/''Pa-ur'')(letter EA 287:45-"1.-Pa-Ú-Ru") Pawura's name is referenced in the following letters: ( EA for 'el

Amarna Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Ph ...

') :#Rib-Haddi–The

Rib-Hadda Rib-Hadda (also rendered Rib-Addi, Rib-Addu, Rib-Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten. His name is Akkadian in form and may invoke the Northwest Semiti ...

sub-

corpus Corpus is Latin for "body". It may refer to: Linguistics * Text corpus, in linguistics, a large and structured set of texts * Speech corpus, in linguistics, a large set of speech audio files * Corpus linguistics, a branch of linguistics Music * ...

of 68 letters: EA 117, 124, 129, 131, 132, and EA 362. :#Aziru–EA 171, by

Aziru Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru kingdom, Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the 14th century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten. The dealings of Aziru are well-known ...

of Ammuru, Title: ''"Eager to Serve"''. :#EA 263–EA 263, a short letter. Title: ''"Robbed of Everything."'' (author unknown) :#Abdi-Heba– EA 287 and EA 289, letters by

Abdi-Heba Abdi-Heba (Abdi-Kheba, Abdi-Hepat, or Abdi-Hebat) was a local chieftain of Jerusalem during the Amarna period (mid-1330s BC). Abdi-Heba's name can be translated as "servant of Hebat", a Hurrian goddess. Whether Abdi-Heba was himself of Hurrian d ...

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: ''pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the an ...

.(see EA 287 here
Photo, EA 287: Reverse
Pawura's death is mentioned in the Rib-Hadda letters except EA 117, and 124, along with the demise of others, or the warring with the

Habiru Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru, meaning "dusty, dirty"; Sumerian: 𒊓𒄤, ''sagaz''; Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ''ḫabiru'' or ''ʿaperu'') is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile C ...

, or the leaders of Ammuru: (

Abdi-Ashirta Abdi-Ashirta ( Akkadian: 𒀵𒀀𒅆𒅕𒋫 ''Warad-Ašîrta'' RAD2-A-ši-ir-ta fl. 14th century BC) was the ruler of Amurru who was in conflict with King Rib-Hadda of Byblos. While some contend that Amurru was a new kingdom in southern Syria ...

, or his son,

Example letters for: Official ''Pawura''

EA 171, by Aziru of Ammuru--(no. 13 of 13)

EA 171, Title: "Eager to Serve", + (

Yanhamu Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350- 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter ''"Rib-Hadda of Gubla"''-(Byblos) sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters. ...

) :[To the king ...: Message of

...] ... I Prostration formula, fall a[t the fee]t of the king, the Sun, my [lord]. [''From the very first'' I ch]ose to enter [the servi]ce of the ki[ng], the [Su]n, my lord, [but Yanhamu, Ya]nhamu would not a lw me. 'I'' snt my mes eners 'to''the king, my lord, 'but''Yanhamu 'stopped thm'' on the way, and 'they have not got away.'' Maythe gods of the king, my lord, grant that my messengers get away rm Yanhamu. I would enter the service of the king, the god, the Sun, my lord, but Yanhamu has not allowed me. And now O king, my lord, '' uuru,'' ''

archer Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a Bow and arrow, bow to shooting, shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for h ...

ndash;comman[der of the king, my lord, has reach]ed me. uuru [knows]'' my [lo]yalty, and [''may''] the Sun, the king, my lord, [''inquire from him''] ... ..May he tell them. For I am a servant of 'the Sun, the king, my lord, and''''wh tver'' the ki g, ''the Sun, the king, my lord, orders'' I ''d it ... May''the Sun, the king, my lord, 'know: I am a loyal servant''of the king, my lord. :Moreover, my lord ..Yanhamu when ... ..... I do not deviate from 'his''orders or from ''th s' servant of the Sun, the king, my lord. -EA 171, lines 1-37 (complete, with lacunae)

EA 289, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem--(no. 5 of 6)

EA 289, Title: "A Reckoning Demanded" Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. EA 289, Title: ''"A Reckoning Demanded"'', pp. 332-333. : ay t the king, my lord: Message of

, your servant. I f llat the feet of my lord, the k ng 7 times and 7 times.

Milkilu Milkilu, and more properly Milk-ilu, or Milku-ilu, with an alternate version of Ili-Milku (letter 286, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem), was the mayor/ruler of ''Gazru'' (Gezer) of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Adda-danu, and Yapahu ...

does not break away from the sons of

Lab'ayu Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abb ...

and from the sons of Arsawa, as they desire the land of the king for themselves. As for a mayor who does such a deed, why does the king not (c)all him to account? Such was the deed that Milkilu and Tagi did: –they took

Rubutu Rubutu was a city, or city-state located in ancient northern Israel, between the city of ''Gazru''-(modern Gezer), and Jerusalem during the time of the Amarna letters Text corpus, correspondence, a 15-20 year Time period, period at about 1350 BC, 13 ...

. And now as for Jerusalem-(called "Uru-salim")(City-Salim), if this land belongs to the king, why is it ''(not) of concern'' to the king like Hazzatu-(modern Gaza)? Gintikirmil belongs to Tagi, and men of Gintu are the

garrison A garrison (from the French ''garnison'', itself from the verb ''garnir'', "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a mil ...

in Bitsanu. Are we to act like Lab'ayu when he was giving the land of Šakmu-(

Shechem Shechem ( ), also spelled Sichem ( ; he, שְׁכֶם, ''Šəḵem''; ; grc, Συχέμ, Sykhém; Samaritan Hebrew: , ), was a Canaanite and Israelite city mentioned in the Amarna Letters, later appearing in the Hebrew Bible as the first cap ...

) to the

Hapiru Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru, meaning "dusty, dirty"; Sumerian: 𒊓𒄤, ''sagaz''; Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ''ḫabiru'' or ''ʿaperu'') is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile C ...

? Milkilu has written to Tagi and the sons ''(of Lab'ayu)''—"Be ''the both of you a protection.'' Grant all their demands to the men of Qiltu-(

Keilah Keilah (), meaning Citadel, was a city in the lowlands of Kingdom of Judah, Judah (). It is now a ruin, known as ''Kh. Qeila'', near the modern village of Qila, Hebron, Qila, east of Beit Jibrin, Beit Gubrin, and about west of Kharas.Amit (n.d. ...

), and let us isolate Urusalim."

Addaya Addaya was an Egyptian commissioner during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence (1350–1335 BC). The majority of the Amarna letters were written to the pharaoh of Egypt during a 15-20 year(?) time period. ''Addaya'' is only referenced ...

has taken the garrison that you sent in the charge of Haya, the son of Miyare; he has stationed it in his own house in Hazzatu and has sent 20–men to Egypt (called 'Mizri'-(

Mizraim Mizraim (; cf. Arabic مصر, ''Miṣr'') is the Hebrew and Aramaic name for the land of Egypt, with the dual suffix ''-āyim'', perhaps referring to the "two Egypts": Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Mizraim is the dual form of matzor, meaning a "moun ...

)). May the king, my lord, know (that) no garrison of the king is with me. Accordingly, as truly as the king lives, his ''irpi''-official, ''Pu'uru'', has left me–and is in Hazzatu. (May the king ''call (this) to mind when he arrives.'') And so may the king send 50–men as a garrison to protect the land. The entire land of the king has deser ed (See:

Upu Upu or Apu, also rendered as Aba/Apa/Apina/Ubi/Upi, was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named ''Dimašqu'' / ''Dimasqu'' / etc. (for example, "Dimaški"-(see: Niya (kingdom)), in the letter correspon ...

). Send Ye(eh)enhamu that he may know about the land of the king, y lord —To the

scribe A scribe is a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of automatic printing. The profession of the scribe, previously widespread across cultures, lost most of its promi ...

of the king, y lord: Mssage of Abdi-Heba,

our Our or OUR may refer to: * The possessive form of "we" * Our (river), in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany * Our, Belgium, a village in Belgium * Our, Jura, a commune in France * Office of Utilities Regulation (OUR), a Politics of Jamaica#Regulator ...

servant. Offer eloq

ent Ents are a species of beings in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world Middle-earth who closely resemble trees; their leader is Treebeard of Fangorn forest. Their name is derived from an Old English word for giant. The Ents appear in ''The Lord of ...

words to the king: ''I am always, utterly yours.'' I am your servant. -EA 289, lines 1-51 (complete)

References

* Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, {{ISBN, 0-8018-6715-0)

External links

Photo, EA 287: ReverseLine Drawings, Akkadian text, & Photo, EA 289: Obverse & Reverse
CDLI no. 271091 (''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'') Amarna letters officials Canaan

Example letters for: Official ''Pawura''

EA 171, by Aziru of Ammuru--(no. 13 of 13)

EA 289, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem--(no. 5 of 6)

See also

References

External links