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Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr ( ar, أبو البقاء خالد الناصر), was the Hafsid ruler first of Bejaia and later of Tunis. In Bejaia he succeeded his father Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, while in Tunis he seized power after the brief reign of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid. Ramon Llull in Bejaïa In 1307 while he was ruler of Bejaïa the city was visited by the Christian scholar Ramon Llull. During his earlier visit to Tunis Llull had adopted a non-confrontational approach in his efforts to convert Muslims, but in this occasion he claimed to prove the falsehood of Islam. He was beaten and the qadi had him locked up. He remained imprisoned for six months, until Abu-l-Baqa decided to release him and expel him from his domains. Rule in Tunis Abu-l-Baqa Khalid approached Abu Asida Muhammad II, the Hafsid ruler of Tunis, with proposals to end the division between the two branches of the family. Under the agreement which followed, the first to die would be succeeded by the other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caliph
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies such as the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates. The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was established in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hafsid Dynasty
The Hafsids ( ar, الحفصيون ) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. who ruled Ifriqiya (western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574. History Almohad Ifriqiya The Hafsids were of Berber descent, although to further legitimize their rule, they claimed Arab ancestry from the second Rashidun Caliph Omar. The ancestor of the dynasty and from whom their name is derived was Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, a Berber from the Hintata tribal confederation, which belonged to the greater Masmuda confederation of Morocco. He was a member of the council of ten and a close companion of Ibn Tumart. His original Berber name was "Faskat u-Mzal Inti", which later was changed to "Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati" (also known as "Umar Inti") since it was a tradition of Ibn Tumart to rename his close companions once they had ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr Ash-Shahid
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid () or Abu Bakr was a grandson of the Caliph Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I ( ar, أبو إسحاق إبراهيم) was the Hafsid emir of Ifriqiya (1279–1283). Ibrahim came to power during the struggles that broke out under Yahya II al-Wathiq. In contrast to his two predecessors, he only held the ..., he ruled Tunisia for just 17 days in 1309. Life The Caliph Abu Asida Muhammad II died in 1309, and, in accordance with the agreement signed by him with his nephew Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr, he was to be proclaimed a caliph. The sheikhs of Almohad sheikhs of Tunis however elevated Abu Bakr to the throne. After 17 days he was deposed and executed by Abu-l-Baqa, who arrived with an army from Bejaia. He was thereafter known as "Ash-Shahid" ("the martyr"). References {{s-end 1309 deaths 14th-century Hafsid caliphs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Wahid Zakariya Ibn Al-Lihyani
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani ( ar, أبو يحيى زكرياء اللحياني) was the Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (1311–1317). Rise to power Al-Lihyani's rise began when he was appointed to the senior office of “sheikh of the Almohads” in 1295 by Abu Asida Muhammad II. From this position he controlled the army and foreign affairs. Al-Lihyani brokered the agreement between Abu Asida and Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr of Bejaia regulating the succession of the two domains. In 1305 he negotiated the commercial agreement with the Republic of Venice. He also maintained a friendly correspondence with James II of Aragon over the commandership of the Catalan mercenary guard in Tunis, which nominally served at the King of Aragon's pleasure. Al-Lihyani also negotiated a ten-year truce between Tunis and Aragon in 1301. In a letter of 20 May 1302 to al-Lihyani, James praised the ‘wise and discreet’ counsellor for the ‘good will and strong affection’ he had shown him durin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the Muhammad in Islam, main and final Islamic prophet.Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . (See alsoquick reference) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'" It is the Major religious groups, world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tunis
''Tounsi'' french: Tunisois , population_note = , population_urban = , population_metro = 2658816 , population_density_km2 = , timezone1 = CET , utc_offset1 = +01:00 , timezone1_DST = , utc_offset1_DST = , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 1xxx, 2xxx , area_code_type = Calling code , area_code = 71 , iso_code = TN-11, TN-12, TN-13 and TN-14 , blank_name_sec2 = geoTLD , blank_info_sec2 = .tn , website = , footnotes = Tunis ( ar, تونس ') is the capital and largest city of Tunisia. The greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as " Grand Tunis", has about 2,700,000 inhabitants. , it is the third-largest city in the Maghreb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramon Llull
Ramon Llull (; c. 1232 – c. 1315/16) was a philosopher, theologian, poet, missionary, and Christian apologist from the Kingdom of Majorca. He invented a philosophical system known as the ''Art'', conceived as a type of universal logic to prove the truth of Christian doctrine to interlocutors of all faiths and nationalities. The ''Art'' consists of a set of general principles and combinatorial operations. It is illustrated with diagrams. A prolific writer, he is also known for his literary works written in Catalan, which he composed to make his ''Art'' accessible to a wider audience. In addition to Catalan and Latin he also probably wrote in Arabic (although no texts in Arabic survive). His books were translated into Occitan, French, and Castilian during his lifetime. Although his work did not enjoy huge success during his lifetime, he has had a rich and continuing reception. In the early modern period his name became associated with alchemical works. More recently he has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi
A qāḍī ( ar, قاضي, Qāḍī; otherwise transliterated as qazi, cadi, kadi, or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of a '' sharīʿa'' court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term ''qāḍī'' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the '' muftī'' and '' fuqaha'' played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (''Uṣūl al-Fiqh'') and the Islamic law (''sharīʿa''), the ''qāḍī'' remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the ''qāḍī'' was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The Abbasid caliphs created the office of "chief ''qāḍī''" (''qāḍī al-quḍāh''), who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Asida Muhammad II
Abu-Asida Muhammad II ( ar, أبو عبد الله محمد أبو عصيدة) also known as Abû `Asida Muhammad al-Muntasir Billah, (1279–1309) was the Hafsid dynasty caliph of Tunis. He was the posthumous son of Yahya II al-Wathiq and successor of Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya. He reigned from 1295 to September 1309. Life During his reign a treaty was signed with the Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ... in 1305 and with James II of Aragon in1301 and 1308. During his reign there was an attempt to end the schism with the western branch of the Hafsids. Abu-Zakariyya, ruler of Bejaia died in 1301 and was succeeded by his son Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr. This prince approached Abu-Assida and concluded an agreement with him that whichever died first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantine, Algeria
Constantine ( ar, قسنطينة '), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman Empire, Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honor of emperor Constantine the Great. It was the capital of the French department of Constantine (département), Constantine until 1962. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about from the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Rhumel River. Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial center of its region, and it has a population of about 450,000 (938,475Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitat 2008 2008 population census. Accessed on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1311 Deaths
Year 1311 ( MCCCXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 6 – Henry VII is crowned King of Italy in Milan, and on February 12 crushes a local rebellion. * March 15 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V, Count of Brienne and his forces, to take control of the Duchy of Athens. * April 7 – Battle of Wopławki: The Teutonic Knights defeat the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. * August 16 – The Parliament of England presents the Ordinances of 1311 to King Edward II (document dated 5 October; published on 11 October); these substitute the 21 Lord Ordainers for the King as the effective government of the country. * October 16 – The Council of Vienne begins. Date unknown * Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. * Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed; with the spire reaching around 525 feet (160 m), it becomes the wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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