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5F-MMB-PINACA
5F-AMB (also known as 5F-MMB-PINACA and 5F-AMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products. It was first identified in Japan in early 2014. Although only very little pharmacological information about 5F-AMB itself exists, its 4-cyanobutyl analogue (instead of 5-fluoropentyl) has been reported to be a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (''K''I = 0.7 nM). Side effects 5F-AMB intoxication caused one fatality on its own, another through ketoacidosis in combination with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AM-2201, 5F-APINACA, EAM-2201, JWH-018, JWH-122, MAM-2201, STS-135 and THJ-2201 and another fatality in combination with AB-CHMINACA and Diphenidine. Legality In the United States, 5F-AMB is a Schedule I controlled substance. 5F-AMB is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015. Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying 5F-A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racemic Mixture
In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. History The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture by hand, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that ammonium tartrate salt that gives enantiomeric crystals with distinct crystal forms (at 77 °F). Reasoning from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular, he reckoned that the molecules had to have non-superimposable mirror images. A sample with only a single enantiomer is an ''enantiomerically pure'' or ''enantiopure'' compound. Etymology From racemic acid found in grapes; from Latin ''racemus'', meani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenidine
Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924, and employed a Bruylants reaction analogous to the one that would later be used to discover phencyclidine in 1956. Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines, diphenidine and the related compound methoxphenidine became available on the grey market. Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia." Diphenidine and related diarylethylamines have been studied in vitro as treatments for neurotoxic injury and are antagonists of the NMDA receptor. In dogs diphenidine exhibits greater antitussive potency than codeine phosphate. Electrophysiological analysis demonstrates that the amplitude of NMDA-mediated fEPSPs are reduced by diphenidine and ketamine to a similar extent, with diphenidine displaying a slower onset of antagonism. The two en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADB-PINACA
ADB-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that is an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.52 nM and 0.88 nM respectively. Like MDMB-FUBINACA, this compound contains an amino acid residue of tert-leucine. Side effects ADB-PINACA has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use. Metabolism Nineteen ADB-PINACA major metabolites were identified in several incubations with cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Major metabolic reactions included pentyl hydroxylation, hydroxylation followed by oxidation (ketone formation), and glucuronidation. Legality ADB-PINACA is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) and therefore illegal in Singapore as of May 2015. In the United States, it is a Schedule I controlled substance. As of October 2015 ADB-PINACA is a controlled substance in China. See also * 5F-AB-PINACA * 5F-ADB * 5F-ADB-PINACA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADB-FUBINACA
ADB-FUBINACA is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. In 2018, it was the third-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. The (''S'')-enantiomer of ADB-FUBINACA is described in a 2009 Pfizer patent and has been reported to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and the CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 1.2 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively. ADB-FUBINACA features a carboxamide group at the 3-indazole position, like SDB-001 and STS-135. ADB-FUBINACA appears to be the product of rational drug design, since it differs from AB-FUBINACA only by the replacement of the isopropyl group with a ''tert''-butyl group. An analogue of ADB-FUBINACA, ADSB-FUB-187, containing a more functionalized carboxamide substituent was recently reported. Side effects One death through coronary arterial thrombosis has been linked to ADB-FUBINACA intoxication. At least an additional 8 deaths in Hungary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADB-CHMINACA
ADB-CHMINACA (also known as MAB-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor with a binding affinity of ''K''i = 0.289 nM and was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication. It was identified in cannabinoid blends in Japan in early 2015. Side effects There have been a number of reported cases of deaths and hospitalizations in relation to this synthetic cannabinoid. Legal status In the United States, ADB-CHMINACA is a Schedule I controlled substance. Prior to its listing at the federal level in 2018, Louisiana placed ADB-CHMINACA on its Schedule I list by emergency scheduling in 2014. Sweden's public health agency suggested to classify ADB-CHMINACA as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014. ADB-CHMINACA is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) and therefore illegal in Singapore as of May 2015. ADB-CHMINACA is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AB-PINACA
AB-PINACA is a compound that was first identified as a component of synthetic cannabis products in Japan in 2012. It was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication. AB-PINACA acts as a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (''K''i = 2.87 nM, EC50 = 1.2 nM) and CB2 receptor (''K''i = 0.88 nM, EC50 = 2.5 nM) and fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in rat discrimination studies, while being 1.5x more potent. There have been a number of reported cases of deaths and hospitalizations in relation to this synthetic cannabinoid. Legal status Germany AB-PINACA is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of November 2014. Singapore It is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act and so is illegal in Singapore, as of May 2015. United States It is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States. China It is a controlled substance in China as of October 2015. France It is a contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5F-ADB
5F-ADB (also known as 5F-MDMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-ADB is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. 5F-ADB was first identified in November 2014 from post-mortem samples taken from an individual who had died after using a product containing this substance. Subsequent testing identified 5F-ADB to have been present in a total of ten people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses in Japan between September 2014 and December 2014. 5F-ADB is believed to be extremely potent based on the very low levels detected in tissue samples, and appears to be significantly more toxic than earlier synthetic cannabinoid drugs that had previously been sold. In 2018, 5F-ADB was the most common synthetic cannabinoid to be identified in Drug Enforceme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5F-AB-PINACA
5F-AB-PINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is derived from a series of compounds originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication, and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-AB-PINACA has been reported to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.48 nM and 2.6 nM respectively. Its metabolism has been described in literature. Legality China As of October 2015 5F-AB-PINACA is a controlled substance in China. Germany 5F-AB-PINACA is an Anlage II controlled substance in Germany as of May 2015. Singapore It is also controlled under the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) in Singapore as of May 2015. See also * 5F-ADB * 5F-AMB * 5F-CUMYL-PINACA * AB-FUBINACA * AB-CHFUPYCA * AB-PINACA * ADB-CHMINACA * ADB-FUBINACA * ADB-PINACA * ADBICA * APICA * APINACA * MDMB-CHMICA * PX-3 PX-3 (also known as APP-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research Chemical
Research chemicals are chemical substances used by scientists for medical and scientific research purposes. One characteristic of a research chemical is that it is for laboratory research use only; a research chemical is not intended for human or veterinary use. This distinction is required on the labels of research chemicals, and is what exempts them from regulation under parts 100-740 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( 21CFR). Background Pharmacological research chemicals Research chemicals are fundamental in the development of novel pharmacotherapies. Common medical laboratory uses include ''in vivo'' and animal testing to determine therapeutic value, toxicology testing by contract research organizations to determine drug safety, and analysis by drug test and forensic toxicology labs for the purposes of evaluating human exposure. Many pharmacologically active chemicals are sold online under the guise of "research chemicals," when in reality they are untested d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UNODC
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: ''Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime'') is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna and was renamed the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002. The agency's focus is the trafficking in and abuse of illicit drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and political corruption. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. In 2016–2017 it had an estimated biannual budget of US$700 million. History The United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna were merged to form the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. This wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach. These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with synthetic phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or synthetic endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct. Typically, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or "herbal smoking blends", and sold under common names like K2, spice, and synthetic marijuana. They are often labeled "not for human consumption" for liability defense. A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
