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322
__NOTOC__ Year 322 ( CCCXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Probianus and Iulianus (or, less frequently, year 1075 '' Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 322 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By topic Technology * The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups is found in China, in a Jin Dynasty tomb. Births * Kang of Jin (or Shitong), Chinese emperor (d. 344) * Xun Xian (or Lingze), Chinese general (d. 359) Deaths * Philogonius (or Filogonius), bishop of Antioch * Rabbah bar Rav Huna, Jewish Talmudist * Xu Kan, Chinese bandit leader and warlord * Yang Xianrong Yang Xianrong (羊獻容) (died 13 May 322), posthumous name (as honored by Han Zhao) Empress Xianwen (獻文皇后, literall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang Xianrong
Yang Xianrong (羊獻容) (died 13 May 322), posthumous name (as honored by Han Zhao) Empress Xianwen (獻文皇后, literally "the wise and civil empress"), was an empress—uniquely in the history of China, for two different dynastic empires and two different emperors. Her first husband was Emperor Hui of Jin, and her second husband was Liu Yao of Han Zhao. Also unique was the fact that she was deposed four times and restored four times as empress of the Western Jin (five, if one counts the brief usurpation by Sima Lun against her husband in 301). As empress of Jin Yang Xianrong was from Taishan Commandery (roughly modern Tai'an, Shandong). Her father was the mid-level official Yang Xuanzhi (羊玄之), son of Yang Jin (羊瑾), son of Yang Dan (羊耽); Yang Jin was also the elder brother of Yang Xiu (羊琇).(羊琇，字稚舒，...。父耽，官至太常。兄瑾，尚書右僕射。) ''Jin Shu'', vol.93 Her maternal grandfather was the general Sun Qi (孫旂), a distan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xu Kan
Xu Kan (died 322) was a Chinese bandit and warlord during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. Originally an outlaw, Xu Kan was made the Administrator of Taishan by Jin in 318 after driving out the position's initial candidate. Xu possessed autonomy over the commandery and constantly switched allegiance between Jin and its northern rival, Later Zhao whenever he saw fit until his capture by the Zhao general, Shi Hu in 322. Xu Kan had an unusual execution; he was ordered to be stuffed into a bag and thrown off a tall tower to his death before having his body cannibalized. Life As Administrator of Taishan Xu Kan was from Taishan Commandery and was described as a brave individual. He began a life of banditry by robbing and plundering the local populace, and it was said that he committed his crimes "like a storm". In 318, the Prince of Xiyang, Sima Yang (司馬颺), was appointed the Administrator of Taishan. According to the biography of Dai Yang (a Jin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emperor Kang Of Jin
Emperor Kang of Jin (; 322 – 17 November 344), personal name Sima Yue (), courtesy name Shitong (), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (266–420). He was a son of Emperor Ming and younger brother (by the same mother) of Emperor Cheng. His reign was brief—only two years. Prior to reign Sima Yue was born in 322 as the second son of Emperor Ming, by his wife Empress Yu Wenjun. After his father died in 325 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Cheng, Sima Yue was created the Prince of Wu in 326. In 327, because his uncle Sima Yu the Prince of Langya wanted to yield that more honorific title, Sima Yu was created the Prince of Kuaiji and Sima Yue was created the Prince of Langya. It is not known where Sima Yue was during the Su Jun Disturbance of 326–328—whether he was captured and held hostage like his emperor brother, at his principality of Wu (which Su Jun did not occupy), or elsewhere. During his brother's reign, he received a progression of offices, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philogonius
Philogonius (or Filogonius, Philogonus, Philogonios, gr, Φιλογόνιος; died 322) was a lawyer and an early Bishop of Antioch who came to be considered a saint. He opposed Arianism when that heresy emerged in Alexandria, Egypt. His feast day is 20 December. Outline Philogonius was a successful advocate at the bar of Antioch. He was known for his eloquence, moral integrity and Christian faith. He married and had a daughter, but became a monk and ascetic after his wife died. In 318 when Vitalis died Philogonius was made Bishop of Antioch without first becoming a priest. When Arius (256–336) began to preach his heresy at Alexandria in 318, Saint Alexander sent a synodal letter condemning him to Philogonius, who defended the orthodox faith against the heresy. Philogonius lived through the attacks on the church by Maximin II (r. 310–313) and Licinius (r. 308 to 324). He died in 322. Monks of Ramsgate account The monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate, wrote in their ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xun Xian
Xun Xian (322–359), courtesy name Lingze, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). Hailing from the famed Xun clan of Yingchuan, he rose to prominence through his marriage with Emperor Yuan of Jin's daughter and with the help of his friend and ally Yin Hao. He was one of the many commanders in the 350s to have led the northern expeditions against the Wu Hu states. In the history of the Eastern Jin dynasty, he was the youngest person to hold the office of a provincial inspector. Life Early life and career Xun Xian was the son of Xun Song and the brother of the heroine, Xun Guan. At the age of seven, he was living in Jiankang when the Jin rebel, Su Jun captured the capital along with Emperor Cheng in 328. When Su Jun fell back to Shitou, Xun Song followed, bringing along Xun Xian. Su Jun took a liking for Xun Xian and usually allowed him to sit on his lap. This feeling was not mutual, however, as one time, Xun Xian said to his mother, "A knife s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rabbah Bar Rav Huna
Rabbah bar Rav Huna was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the third generation (died 322). He was the son of Rav Huna, the head of the Academy of Sura. In the Talmudic Academy He was a man of true pietyShabbat 31a,b and genuine modesty, and was urged by his father to attend Rav Chisda's lectures diligently and to profit by his acumen. At first, however, Rabbah held aloof because matters were discussed which did not appeal to his earnest nature. But later he became closely associated with Rav Chisda, and was appointed judge under him; subsequently the two discussed aggadic subjects together. After the death of Rav Chisda, Rabbah became the head of the Academy of Sura, though he apparently held this position without the approval of the exilarch. His general relations with the exilarchate were by no means friendly, and he declared himself independent of its authority. Teachings A number of his halakhic and aggadic teachings appear in the Talmud, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stirrups
A stirrup is a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the saddle by a strap, often called a ''stirrup leather''. Stirrups are usually paired and are used to aid in mounting and as a support while using a riding animal (usually a horse or other equine, such as a mule). They greatly increase the rider's ability to stay in the saddle and control the mount, increasing the animal's usefulness to humans in areas such as communication, transportation, and warfare. In antiquity, the earliest foot supports consisted of riders placing their feet under a girth or using a simple toe loop appearing in India by the 2nd century BC. Later, a single stirrup was used as a mounting aid, and paired stirrups appeared after the invention of the treed saddle. The stirrup was invented in China in the first few centuries AD and spread westward through the nomadic peoples of Central Eurasia.Dien, Albert"The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History" Accessed January 23, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ab Urbe Condita
''Ab urbe condita'' ( 'from the founding of the City'), or ''anno urbis conditae'' (; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome. It is an expression used in antiquity and by classical historians to refer to a given year in Ancient Rome. In reference to the traditional year of the foundation of Rome, the year 1 BC would be written AUC 753, whereas AD 1 would be AUC 754. The foundation of the Roman Empire in 27 BC would be AUC 727. Usage of the term was more common during the Renaissance, when editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving the false impression that the convention was commonly used in antiquity. In reality, the dominant method of identifying years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year. In late antiquity, regnal years were also in use, as in Roman Egypt during the Diocletian era after AD 293, and in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talmud
The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law ('' halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewish cultural life and was foundational to "all Jewish thought and aspirations", serving also as "the guide for the daily life" of Jews. The term ''Talmud'' normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud (), although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud (). It may also traditionally be called (), a Hebrew abbreviation of , or the "six orders" of the Mishnah. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah (, 200 CE), a written compendium of the Oral Torah; and the Gemara (, 500 CE), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible. The term "Talmud" may ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (; grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου, ''Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou'', Learned ; also Syrian Antioch) grc-koi, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or "Antioch the Great"; la, Antiochia ad Orontem; hy, Անտիոք ''Antiokʽ''; syr, ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ''Anṭiokya''; he, אנטיוכיה, ''Anṭiyokhya''; ar, أنطاكية, ''Anṭākiya''; fa, انطاکیه; tr, Antakya. was a Hellenistic, and later, a Biblical Christian city, founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC. This city served as the capital of the Seleucid Empire and later as regional capital to both the Roman and Byzantine Empire. During the Crusades, Antioch served as the capital of the Principality of Antioch, one of four Crusader states that were founded in the Levant. Its inhabitants were known as ''Antiochenes''; the city's ruin lies on the Orontes River, near Antaky ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Numerals
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, each letter with a fixed integer value, modern style uses only these seven: The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some applications to this day. One place they are often seen is on clock faces. For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as: The notations and can be read as "one less than five" (4) and "one less than ten" (9), although there is a tradition favouring representation of "4" as "" on Roman numeral clocks. Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
