Nucleic acidNucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is deoxyribose, a variant of ribose, the polymer is DNA.
NucleotideNucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acidpolymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver.
GuanineNames Preferred IUPAC name2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-oneOther names 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine,2-aminohypoxanthine,GuanineIdentifiers CAS Number73-40-53D model (JSmol)keto form: Interactive imageenol form: Interactive imageBeilstein Reference147911 ChEBICHEBI:16235ChEMBLChEMBL219568ChemSpider744DrugBankDB02377ECHA InfoCard100.000.727EC Number200-799-8Gmelin Reference431879 IUPHAR/BPS4556KEGGC00242PubChemCID135398634RTECS numberMF8260000UNII5Z93L87A1RCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID9052476InChIInChI=1S/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)Key: UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)Key: UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYAESMILESketo form: N1C(N)=NC=2NC=NC2C1=Oenol form: OC1=C2N=CNC2=NC(=N1)NProperties Chemical formulaC5H5N5O Molar mass151.13 g/mol Appearance White amorphous solid.
ThymineNames Preferred IUPAC name5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dioneOther names 5-MethyluracilIdentifiers CAS Number65-71-43D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChEBICHEBI:17821ChEMBLChEMBL993ChemSpider1103ECHA InfoCard100.000.560IUPHAR/BPS4581MeSHThyminePubChemCID1135UNIIQR26YLT7LTCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4052342InChIInChI=1S/C5H6N2O2/c1-3-2-6-5(9)7-4(3)8/h2H,1H3,(H2,6,7,8,9)Key: RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-NSMILESO=C1NC(=O)NC=C1CProperties Chemical formulaC5H6N2O2Molar mass126.115 g·mol Density1.223 g cm (calculated) Melting point316 to 317 °C (601 to 603 °F; 589 to 590 K) Boiling point335 °C (635 °F; 608 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water3.82 g/L Acidity (pKa) 9.7 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Thymine () (symbolT or Thy) is one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine.
Base pairA base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA.
AdenineNames Preferred IUPAC name9H-Purin-6-amineOther names 6-AminopurineIdentifiers CAS Number73-24-53D model (JSmol)Interactive imageInteractive imageBeilstein Reference608603 ChEBICHEBI:16708ChEMBLChEMBL226345ChemSpider185DrugBankDB00173ECHA InfoCard100.000.724EC Number200-796-1Gmelin Reference3903 IUPHAR/BPS4788KEGGD00034PubChemCID190RTECS numberAU6125000UNIIJAC85A2161CompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID6022557InChIInChI=1S/C5H5N5/c6-4-3-5(9-1-7-3)10-2-8-4/h1-2H,(H3,6,7,8,9,10)Key: GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C5H5N5/c6-4-3-5(9-1-7-3)10-2-8-4/h1-2H,(H3,6,7,8,9,10)Key: GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYATSMILESNC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2Nc1c2ncNc2ncn1Properties Chemical formulaC5H5N5Molar mass135.130 g·mol Appearance white to light yellow, crystalline Density1.6 g/cm (calculated) Melting point360 to 365 °C (680 to 689 °F; 633 to 638 K) decomposes Solubility in water0.103 g/100 mL Solubilitynegligible in ethanol, soluble in hot water and/or aqua ammoniaAcidity (pKa) 4.15 (secondary), 9.80 (primary) Thermochemistry Heat capacity(C)147.0 J/(K·mol) Std enthalpy offormation(ΔfH298)96.9 kJ/mol Hazards Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose)227 mg/kg (rat, oral) Safety data sheet (SDS) MSDSExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Yverify ( ?)
UracilNames Preferred IUPAC namePyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dioneOther names 2-Oxy-4-oxypyrimidine2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine2,4-PyrimidinediolIdentifiers CAS Number66-22-83D model (JSmol)lactam form: Interactive imagelactim form: Interactive imageBeilstein Reference606623 ChEBICHEBI:17568ChEMBLChEMBL566ChemSpider1141DrugBankDB03419ECHA InfoCard100.000.565EC Number200-621-9Gmelin Reference2896 IUPHAR/BPS4560KEGGC00106PubChemCID1174RTECS numberYQ8650000UNII56HH86ZVCTCompTox Dashboard(EPA)DTXSID4021424InChIInChI=1S/C4H4N2O2/c7-3-1-2-5-4(8)6-3/h1-2H,(H2,5,6,7,8)Key: ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-NSMILESlactam form: O=C1C=CNC(=O)N1lactim form: Oc1nccc(O)n1Properties Chemical formulaC4H4N2O2Molar mass112.08676 g/mol Appearance Solid Density1.32 g/cm Melting point335 °C (635 °F; 608 K) Boiling pointN/A – decomposes Solubility in waterSoluble Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazardscarcinogen and teratogen with chronic exposure GHS labelling: PictogramsSignal wordWarningHazard statementsH315, H319, H335, H361Precautionary statementsP201, P202, P261, P264, P271, P280, P281, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 11Flash pointNon-flammable Related compounds Related compoundsThymineCytosineExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).Nverify ( ?)
NucleosideNucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a purine or the N1 of a pyrimidine.
CytosineCytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.
MonomerA monomer ( ; , "one" + , "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or two- or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.IUPAC definitionMonomer molecule: A molecule which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule.
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid (pronunciation; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids.
Nitrogen–↑N↓Pcarbon ← nitrogen → oxygen*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.