Tubâ

Tubâ () is a Filipino alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm trees. During the Spanish colonial period, tubâ was introduced to Guam, the Marianas, and Mexico via the Manila Galleons. They remain popular in Mexico, especially in the states of Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, and Guerrero. Tubâ was also introduced to the Torres Strait Islands of Australia in the mid-19th century by Filipino immigrant workers in the pearling industry.

History

Tubâ has existed in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. They were widely consumed for recreation as well as play an important role in the animist religious rituals presided by '' babaylan'' shamans. Heavy consumption of tubâ and other alcoholic beverages in the Philippines were reported by early Spanish colonizers. Social drinking (''inuman'' or ''tagayan'' in Tagalog and Visayan languages) was and continues to be an important aspect of Filipino social interactions.

A peculiar and universal drinking custom of the islands is the sharing of a single drinking container. During ''tagayan'', one person (usually the owner of the beverage) becomes the ''tanggero'' who fills a cup with a serving of alcohol (a ''tagay''). A person in the group then drinks the cup and passes it back to the ''tanggero'' for a refill. The ''tanggero'' fills the cup again and passes it to the next person, and so on. Another practice is to drink from the same container at the same time using drinking straws made from hollow reeds or bamboo. ''Tagayan'' was usually accompanied by a shared serving of food known as ''pulutan''. The ritual and terminology of ''tagayan'' was recorded in the ''Bocabulario Tagalog'' manuscript (1630) by Fray Miguel Ruiz, and they remain largely unchanged today. ''Tagayan'' is also related to the ancient Filipino practice of '' sandugo'' (blood compact), as both reinforce camaraderie and social bonds among participants by drinking from the same vessel.

Tubâ was first recorded in European records by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition (c. 1521), who called it '' uraca'' and mistakenly assumes that it was distilled.

Tubâ could be further distilled using a distinctive type of still into a palm liquor known as lambanóg (coconut) and laksoy (nipa). During the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, lambanog and laksoy were inaccurately called ''vino de coco'' ("coconut wine") and ''vino de nipa'' ("nipa wine"), respectively, despite them being distilled liquor. From around 1569, lambanog (as ''vino de coco'') was introduced via the Manila galleons to Nueva Galicia (present-day Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit), Mexico by Filipino immigrants who established coconut planations. It quickly became highly popular in the region. It competed with the sales of imported spirits from Spain, leading Spanish colonial authorities and the Royal Audience in Spain to ban the production of ''vino de coco'' and issue an order for the destruction of coconut plantations. By the mid-1700s, ''vino de coco'' production in Mexico had ceased (though non-alcoholic variants of tubâ persisted). The prohibition of ''vino de coco'' and the introduced distillation technologies from the Philippines led to the development of mezcal and tequila by the indigenous peoples of Mexico.

Regional variations

Bahal

Bahal is a type of tubâ that is distinctively orange to brown in color because it has added extracts (''barok'') from the dried bark (''marka tungog'' or ''tangal'') of certain mangrove species ('' Ceriops tagal'', '' Rhizophora mucronata'', or '' Vateria indica''). It is fermented for around a day to a few weeks. It is an intermediate stage in the production of bahalina wines. It originates from the Visayan regions of Visayas and Mindanao.

Kinutil

Kinutil is tubâ mixed with raw egg yolks, ''tabliya'' chocolate, milk, and other ingredients. It is widespread in the Visayan regions of Visayas and Mindanao and is also known as ''kinutir'', ''kutir'', or ''dubado'', among other names.

Tuhak

Tuhak is a type of tubâ made from the sap of kaong palm (''Arenga pinnata''), locally known as ''kaong'' or ''cabonegro''. It originates from the Caraga region of Mindanao. It is collected and fermented in the same way as tubâ. However, extracts from the bark of a tree known as ''lamud'' may sometimes be added to aid in fermentation and to prevent the souring of the sap. It is also known as ''hidikup'' or ''hidiup'' in Agusan del Norte and ''san'' in Agusan del Sur.

Tunggang

Tunggang is a type of tubâ made by the Manobo, Mandaya, and Mamanwa people from fishtail palm ('' Caryota'' spp.) sap. It is not as popular as other varieties of tubâ because it has a relatively more unpleasant smell and taste.

Outside of the Philippines

Mariana Islands

Tubâ production and coconut sap harvesting were introduced to Guam and the Mariana Islands (then part of the Spanish East Indies) by Filipino settlers. Their initial introduction is usually attributed to the Filipino assistants of the Spanish missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores in 1668. Tubâ quickly became a fixture of the culture in the islands, which previously had no native alcoholic drink. The Chamorro people developed two derivatives from tubâ: ''aguajente'' (also ''aguayente'' or ''agi'', from Spanish ''aguardiente''), a distilled liquor similar to Filipino lambanóg; and ''almibad'', a sweet syrup made from boiled coconut sap used in making candies and rice cakes (''potu''). Tubâ itself was either consumed fresh (non-alcoholic) or fermented; with the former popular to women and children, and the latter popular to men.

Soon after the acquisition of Guam by the United States from Spain in 1899, ''aguajente'' was banned by the American government. Anyone caught making it would get a prison sentence and a fine. The ban remained in place for the next 40 years, restricting tubâ only to the non-alcoholic and mildly alcoholic versions. In 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, taxes were also levied on tubâ-producing coconut palms, further crippling the industry. Today, tubâ is rare in the islands and its production is in decline.

Mexico

Tubâ, along with coconuts (which are not native to the Americas), were introduced to Mexico in the 16th to 17th centuries via the Manila Galleons to Acapulco. They remain popular in Western Mexico where they are known as ''tuba'', particularly in the states of Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Guerrero. Mexican ''tuba'' is made in the same way as Filipino tubâ. The traditional sap collectors are known as ''tuberos'' (which also means "plumber" in both Mexico and the Philippines). It became so popular that in 1619, Captain Sebastian de Piñeda wrote to King Philip III of Spain complaining of the Filipino "'' Indio''" settlers in Nueva España who were causing significant loss of profits to Iberian alcohol exporters due to ''tuba''.

Mexican ''tuba'' is also commonly sold as ''tuba fresca'', a non-alcoholic version made from fresh coconut sap. ''Tuba fresca'' is traditionally sold by street vendors in large bottle gourds mixed with coconut milk, ice, and sugar. It is usually topped with walnuts and diced fruit.

Torres Strait Islands

In the mid-19th century Filipino immigrant workers settled in the Torres Strait Islands in Australia to work in the pearling industry as divers and overseers. They settled in sizable communities in Horn Island, Thursday Island, and Hammond Island, numbering at around 500 by 1884. Despite Australian anti-miscegenation laws and the general racism of the Australian government at the time, many Filipinos intermarried with the native Torres Strait Islanders. They also transmitted various Filipino traditions and material culture to the natives, including stories, songs, recipes, various crop plants, and new technologies.

One of these technologies were the methods for producing tubâ. The Islanders, who previously had no tradition of alcohol production or consumption, quickly adopted the tubâ and all its various uses. They consumed coconut sap fresh as a non-alcoholic beverage or as a dip for mangoes; they fermented it into tubâ proper which they also called ''tuba''; they used it as yeast to make bread rise; and they distilled it into liquor which they referred to as "steamed ''tuba''." Even though Australian government prohibitions existed from 1837 to the 1960s banning the sale and consumption of alcohol to Indigenous Australians, it failed to stop the popularity of ''tuba''.

After the introduction of even more restrictive race-based laws in 1901 and the collapse of the pearl and shell market, most Filipinos started leaving Australia and returning to the Philippines. By 1912, almost all of the Filipino population was gone, along with the pearling industry, leaving only the families who intermarried with the locals and their descendants. The tradition of ''tuba'' production, however, remained. During World War II, ''tuba'' was sold by the Islanders to American servicemen stationed in the Strait who were also familiar with ''tuba''. ''Tuba'' is still an important part of Torres Strait Islander culture today.

See also

* Mezcal
* Bahalina
* Lambanog
* Basi
* Tapuy
* Nipa palm vinegar
* Kaong palm vinegar
* Coconut sugar

References

{{Filipino cuisine
Fermented drinks
Edible palms
Philippine cuisine
Philippine alcoholic drinks
Guamanian alcoholic drinks
Tree tapping