The Transporter Classification Database (or TCDB) is an
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the union ...
(IUBMB)-approved classification system for
membrane transport protein
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral membrane proteins, integral transmembr ...
s, including
ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by Gating (electrophysiol ...
s.
Classification
The upper level of classification and a few examples of proteins with known 3D structure:
1. Channels and pores
1.A α-type channels
* 1.A.1
Voltage-gated ion channel superfamily
* 1.A.2
Inward-rectifier K+ channel family
* 1.A.3
Ryanodine-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ channel family
* 1.A.4
Transient receptor potential Ca2+ channel family
* 1.A.5
Polycystin cation channel family
* 1.A.6
Epithelial Na+ channel family
* 1.A.7
ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family
* 1.A.8
Major intrinsic protein superfamily
* 1.A.9
Neurotransmitter receptor, Cys loop, ligand-gated ion channel family
* 1.A.10
Glutamate-gated ion channel family of
neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor) is a membrane receptor protein that is activated by a neurotransmitter. Chemicals on the outside of the cell, such as a neurotransmitter, can bump into the cell's membrane, in which the ...
s
* 1.A.11
Ammonium channel transporter family
* 1.A.12
Intracellular chloride channel family
* 1.A.13
Epithelial chloride channel family
* 1.A.14
Testis-enhanced gene transfer family
* 1.A.15
Nonselective cation channel-2 family
* 1.A.16
Formate-nitrite transporter family
* 1.A.17
Calcium-dependent chloride channel family
* 1.A.18
Chloroplast envelope anion-channel-forming Tic110 family
* 1.A.19
Type A influenza virus matrix-2 channel family
* 1.A.20
BCL2/Adenovirus E1B-interacting protein 3 family
* 1.A.21
Bcl-2 family
The Bcl-2 family (TC# 1.A.21) consists of a number of Conserved sequence, evolutionarily-conserved proteins that share Bcl-2 Sequence homology, homology (BH) domains. The Bcl-2 family is most notable for their regulation of apoptosis, a form of pro ...
* 1.A.22
Large-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel
* 1.A.23
Small-conductance mechanosensitive ion channel
* 1.A.24
Gap-junction-forming connexin family
* 1.A.25
Gap-junction-forming innexin family
* 1.A.26
Mg2+ transporter-E family
* 1.A.27
Phospholemman family
* 1.A.28
Urea transporter family
* 1.A.29
Urea/amide channel family
* 1.A.30
H+- or Na+-translocating bacterial MotAB flagellar motor/ExbBD outer-membrane transport energizer superfamily
* 1.A.31
Annexin family
* 1.A.32
Type B influenza virus NB channel family
* 1.A.33
Cation-channel-forming heat shock protein 70 family
* 1.A.34
''Bacillus'' gap junction-like channel-forming complex family
* 1.A.35
CorA metal ion transporter family
* 1.A.36
Intracellular chloride channel family
* 1.A.37
CD20 Ca2+ channel family
* 1.A.38
Golgi pH regulator family
* 1.A.39
Type C influenza virus CM2 channel family
* 1.A.40
Human immunodeficiency virus type I Vpu channel family
* 1.A.41
Avian reovirus p10 Vvroporin family
* 1.A.42
HIV viral protein R family
* 1.A.43
Camphor resistance or fluoride exporter family
* 1.A.44
Pore-forming tail Tip pb2 protein of phage T5 family
* 1.A.45
Phage P22 injectisome family
* 1.A.46
Anion channel-forming bestrophin family
* 1.A.47
Nucleotide-sensitive anion-selective channel, ICln family
* 1.A.48
Anion channel Tweety family
* 1.A.49
Human coronavirus ns12.9 viroporin family
* 1.A.50
Phospholamban (Ca2+-channel and Ca2+-ATPase regulator) family
*1.A.51 The Voltage-gated Proton Channel (VPC) Family
*1.A.52 The Ca
2+ Release-activated Ca
2+ (CRAC) Channel (CRAC-C) Family
*1.A.53 The Hepatitis C Virus P7 Viroporin Cation-selective Channel (HCV-P7) Family
*1.A.54 The Presenilin ER Ca
2+ Leak Channel (Presenilin) Family
*1.A.55 The Synaptic Vesicle-Associated Ca
2+ Channel, Flower (Flower) Family
*1.A.56 The Copper Transporter (Ctr) Family
*1.A.57 The Human SARS Coronavirus Viroporin (SARS-VP)
*1.A.58 The Type B Influenza Virus Matrix Protein 2 (BM2-C) Family
*1.A.59 The Bursal Disease Virus Pore-Forming Peptide, Pep46 (Pep46) Family
*1.A.60 The Mammalian Reovirus Pre-forming Peptide, Mu-1 (Mu-1) Family
*1.A.61 The Insect Nodavirus Channel-forming Chain F (Gamma-Peptide) Family
*1.A.62 The Homotrimeric Cation Channel (TRIC) Family
*1.A.63 The Ignicoccus Outer Membrane α-helical Porin (I-OMP Family
*1.A.64 The Plasmolipin (Plasmolipin) Family
*1.A.65 The Coronavirus Viroporin E Protein (Viroporin E) Family
*1.A.66 The Pardaxin (Pardaxin) Family
*1.A.67 The Membrane Mg
2+ Transporter (MMgT) Family
*1.A.68 The Viral Small Hydrophobic Viroporin (V-SH) Family
*1.A.69 The Heteromeric Odorant Receptor Channel (HORC) Family
*1.A.70 The Molecule Against Microbes A (MamA) Family
*1.A.71 The Brain Acid-soluble Protein Channel (BASP1 Channel) Family
*1.A.72 The Mer Superfamily
*1.A.73 The Colicin Lysis Protein (CLP) Family
*1.A.74 The Mitsugumin 23 (MG23) Family
*1.A.75 The Mechanical Nociceptor, Piezo (Piezo) Family
*1.A.76 The Magnesium Transporter1 (MagT1) Family
*1.A.77 The Mg
2+/Ca
2+ Uniporter (MCU) Family
*1.A.78 The K
+-selective Channel in Endosomes and Lysosomes (KEL) Family
*1.A.79 The Cholesterol Uptake Protein (ChUP) or Double Stranded RNA Uptake Family
*1.A.80 The NS4a Viroporin (NS4a) Family
*1.A.81 The Low Affinity Ca
2+ Channel (LACC) Family
*1.A.82 The Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Channel (HCMC) Family
*1.A.83 The SV40 Virus Viroporin VP2 (SV40 VP2) Family
*1.A.84 The Calcium Homeostasis Modulator Ca
2+ Channel (CALHM-C) Family
*1.A.85 The Poliovirus 2B Viroporin (2B Viroporin) Family
*1.A.86 The Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV16) L2 Viroporin (L2 Viroporin) Family
*1.A.87 The Mechanosensitive Calcium Channel (MCA) Family
*1.A.88 The Fungal Potassium Channel (F-Kch) Family
*1.A.89 The Human Coronavirus 229E Viroporin (229E Viroporin) Family
*1.A.90 The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Viroporin (HMPV-Viroporin) Family
*1.A.91 The Cytoadherence-linked Asexual Protein 3.2 of Plasmodium falciparum (Clag3) Family
*1.A.92 The Reovirus Viroporin VP10 (RVP10) Family
*1.A.93 The Bluetongue Virus Non-Structural Protein 3 Viroporin (NS3) Family
*1.A.94 The Rotavirus Non-structural Glycoprotein 4 Viroporin (NSP4) Family
*1.A.95 The Ephemerovirus Viroporin (EVVP) Family
*1.A.96 The Human Polyoma Virus Viroporin (PVVP) Family
*1.A.97 The Human Papillomavirus type 16 E5 Viroporin (HPV-E5) Family
*1.A.98 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 P13 protein (HTLV1-P13) Family
*1.A.99 The Infectious Bronchitis Virus Envelope Small Membrane Protein E (IBV-E) Family
*1.A.100 The Rhabdoviridae Putative Viroporin, U5 (RV-U5) Family
*1.A.101 The Peroxisomal Pore-forming Pex11 (Pex11) Family
*1.A.102 Influenza A viroporin PB1-F2 (PB1-F2) Family
*1.A.103 The Simian Virus 5 (Parainfluenza Virus 5) SH (SV5-SH) Family
*1.A.104 The Proposed Flagellar Biosynthesis Na
+ Channel, FlaH (FlaH) Family
*1.A.105 The Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like (MLKL) Family
*1.A.106 The Calcium Load-activated Calcium Channel (CLAC) Family
*1.A.107 The Pore-forming Globin (Globin) Family
1.B. β-Barrel porins and other outer membrane proteins
* 1.B.1
General bacterial porin family
* 1.B.2
Chlamydial porin (CP) family
* 1.B.3
Sugar porin (SP) family
* 1.B.4
Brucella-Rhizobium porin (BRP) family
* 1.B.5
Pseudomonas
''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 348 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a ...
OprP porin (POP) family
* 1.B.6
OmpA-OmpF porin (OOP) family
* 1.B.7 Rhodobacter PorCa porin (RPP) family
* 1.B.8
Mitochondrial and plastid porin (MPP) family
* 1.B.9
FadL outer membrane protein (FadL) family
* 1.B.10
Nucleoside-specific channel-forming outer membrane porin (Tsx) family
* 1.B.11 Outer membrane fimbrial usher porin (FUP) family
* 1.B.12
Autotransporter-1 (AT-1) family
* 1.B.13
Alginate export porin (AEP) family
* 1.B.14
Outer membrane receptor (OMR) family
* 1.B.15 Raffinose porin (RafY) family
* 1.B.16 Short chain amide and urea porin (SAP) family
* 1.B.17
Outer membrane factor (OMF) family
* 1.B.18
Outer membrane auxiliary (OMA) protein family
* 1.B.19 Glucose-selective OprB porin (OprB) family
* 1.B.20 Two-partner secretion (TPS) family
* 1.B.21
OmpG porin (OmpG) family
* 1.B.22 Outer bacterial membrane secretin (secretin) family
* 1.B.23 Cyanobacterial porin (CBP) family
* 1.B.24
Mycobacterial porin
* 1.B.25
Outer membrane porin (Opr) family
* 1.B.26 Cyclodextrin porin (CDP) family
* 1.B.31
Campylobacter jejuni
''Campylobacter jejuni'' is a species of pathogenic bacteria that is commonly associated with poultry, and is also often found in animal feces. This species of microbe is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Europe and in the US, w ...
major outer membrane porin (MomP) family
* 1.B.32 Fusobacterial outer membrane porin (FomP) family
* 1.B.33 Outer membrane protein insertion porin (Bam complex) (OmpIP) family
* 1.B.34
Corynebacterial porins
* 1.B.35
Oligogalacturonate-specific porin (KdgM) family
* 1.B.39
Bacterial porin, OmpW (OmpW) family
* 1.B.42 Outer membrane lipopolysaccharide export porin (LPS-EP) family
* 1.B.43 Coxiella porin P1 (CPP1) family
* 1.B.44 Probable protein translocating porphyromonas gingivalis porin (PorT) family
* 1.B.49 Anaplasma P44 (A-P44) porin family
* 1.B.48 Curli-like transporters
* 1.B.54
Intimin/Invasin (Int/Inv) or
Autotransporter-3 family
* 1.B.55 Poly-acetyl-D-glucosamine porin (PgaA) family
* 1.B.57 Legionella major-outer membrane protein (LM-OMP) family
* 1.B.60 Omp50 porin (Omp50 Porin) family
* 1.B.61 Delta-proteobacterial porin (Delta-porin) family
* 1.B.62 Putative bacterial porin (PBP) family
* 1.B.66 Putative beta-barrel porin-2 (BBP2) family
* 1.B.67 Putative beta barrel porin-4 (BBP4) family
* 1.B.68 Putative beta barrel porin-5 (BBP5) superfamily
* 1.B.70 Outer membrane channel (OMC) family
* 1.B.71 Proteobacterial/verrucomicrobial porin (PVP) family
* 1.B.72 Protochlamydial outer membrane porin (PomS/T) family
* 1.B.73 Capsule biogenesis/assembly (CBA) family
* 1.B.78 DUF3374 electron transport-associated porin (ETPorin) family
1.C Pore-forming toxins (proteins and peptides)
* 1.C.3 α-
Hemolysin (αHL) family
* 1.C.4
Aerolysin family
* 1.C.5
ε-toxin family
* 1.C.11
RTX-toxin superfamily
* 1.C.12
Membrane attack complex/perforin superfamily
* 1.C.13
Leukocidin family
* 1.C.14
Cytohemolysin (CHL) family
* 1.C.39
Thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family
* 1.C.43
Lysenin family
* 1.C.56
''Pseudomonas syringae'' HrpZ cation channel family
* 1.C.57
Clostridial cytotoxin family
*1.C.58
The Microcin E492/C24 (Microcin E492) Family
* 1.C.74
Snake cytotoxin (SCT) family
* 1.C.97
Pleurotolysin pore-forming family
1.D Non-ribosomally synthesized channels
* 1.D.1 The
Gramicidin A Channel Family
* 1.D.2 The Channel-forming
Syringomycin Family
* 1.D.3 The Channel-Forming Syringopeptin Family
* 1.D.4 The Tolaasin Channel-forming Family
* 1.D.5 The
Alamethicin or
Peptaibol Antibiotic Channel-forming Family
* 1.D.6 The Complexed Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ca
2+ Channel (cPHB-CC) Family
* 1.D.7 The Beticolin Family
* 1.D.8 The
Saponin
Saponins (Latin ''sapon'', 'soap' + ''-in'', 'one of') are bitter-tasting, usually toxic plant-derived secondary metabolites. They are organic chemicals that become foamy when agitated in water and have high molecular weight. They are present ...
Family
* 1.D.9 The
Polyglutamine Ion Channel (PG-IC) Family
* 1.D.10 The
Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid joined by an amide bond. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of Eukaryote, eukaryotic cells, since they are co ...
-forming Channel Family
* 1.D.11 The
Surfactin
Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide, commonly used as an antibiotic for its capacity as a surfactant. It is an amphiphile capable of withstanding hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The Gram-positive bacterial species ''Bacillus subtilis' ...
Family
* 1.D.12 The Beauvericin (Beauvericin) Family
* 1.D.13 DNA-delivery Amphipathic Peptide Antibiotics (DAPA)
* 1.D.14 The Synthetic Leu/Ser Amphipathic Channel-forming Peptide (l/S-SCP) Family
* 1.D.15
The Daptomycin (Daptomycin) Family
* 1.D.16 The Synthetic Amphipathic Pore-forming Heptapeptide (SAPH) Family
* 1.D.17 Combinatorially-designed, Pore-forming, β-sheet Peptide Family
* 1.D.18 The Pore-forming Guanosine-Bile Acid Conjugate Family
* 1.D.19 Ca
2+ Channel-forming Drug,
Digitoxin
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside used for the treatment of heart failure and certain kinds of heart arrhythmia. It is a phytosteroid and is similar in structure and effects to digoxin, though the effects are longer-lasting. Unlike digoxin, whic ...
Family
* 1.D.20 The Pore-forming Polyene Macrolide Antibiotic/fungal Agent (PMAA) Family
* 1.D.21 The Lipid Nanopore (LipNP) Family
* 1.D.22 The Proton-Translocating Carotenoid Pigment,
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji ( wolfberries) ...
Family
* 1.D.23 Phenylene Ethynylene Pore-forming Antimicrobial (PEPA) Family
* 1.D.24 The Marine Sponge Polytheonamide B (pTB) Family
* 1.D.25 The Arylamine Foldamer (AAF) Family
* 1.D.26 The Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9'-O-β-D-glucoside (DDDC9G) Family
* 1.D.27 The Thiourea isosteres Family
* 1.D.28 The Lipopeptaibol Family
* 1.D.29 The Macrocyclic Oligocholate Family
* 1.D.30 The Artificial Hydrazide-appended pillar
rene Channels (HAPA-C) Family
* 1.D.31 The
Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniasis. The fungal infections it is used to treat include mucormycosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococ ...
Family
* 1.D.32 The Pore-forming
Novicidin Family
* 1.D.33 The Channel-forming
Polytheonamide B Family
* 1.D.34 The Channel-forming Oligoester Bolaamphiphiles
* 1.D.35 The Pore-forming cyclic
Lipodepsipeptide Family
* 1.D.36 The
Oligobornene Ion Channel Family
* 1.D.37 The
Hibicuslide C Family
* 1.D.38 The Cyclic Peptide Nanotube (cPepNT) Family
* 1.D.39 The Light-controlled Azobenzene-based Amphiphilic Molecular Ion Channel (AAM-IC) Family
* 1.D.40 The Protein-induced Lipid Toroidal Pore Family
* 1.D.41 The Sprotetonate-type Ionophore (Spirohexanolide) Family
* 1.D.42 The Phe-Arg Tripeptide-Pillar
rene Channel (TPPA-C) Family
* 1.D.43 The Triazole-tailored Guanosine Dinucleoside Channel (TT-GDN-C) Family
* 1.D.44 The Synthetic Ion Channel with Redox-active Ferrocene (ICRF) Family
* 1.D.45 The Sonoporation and Electroporation Membrane Pore (SEMP) Family
* 1.D.46 The DNA Nanopore (DnaNP) Family
* 1.D.47 The Pore-forming Synthetic Cyclic Peptide (PSCP) Family
* 1.D.48 The Pore-forming
Syringomycin E Family
* 1.D.49 The Transmembrane Carotenoid Radical Channel (CRC) Family
* 1.D.50 The Amphiphilic bis-Catechol Anion Transporter (AC-AT) Family
* 1.D.51 The Protein Nanopore (ProNP) Family
* 1.D.52 The Aromatic Oligoamide Macrocycle Nanopore (OmnNP) Family
* 1.D.53 The alpha, gamma-Peptide Nanotube (a,gPepNT) Family
* 1.D.54 The potassium-selective Hexyl-Benzoureido-15-Crown-5-Ether Ion Channel (HBEC) Family
* 1.D.55 The Porphyrin-based Nanopore (PorNP) Family
* 1.D.56 The Alpha-Aminoisobutyrate (Aib) Oligomeric Nanopore (AibNP) Family
* 1.D.57 The Lipid Electro-Pore (LEP) Family
* 1.D.58 The Anion Transporting Prodigiosene (Prodigiosene) Family
* 1.D.59 The Anion Transporting Perenosin (Perenosin) Family
* 1.D.60 The Alpha,Gamma-Cyclic Peptide (AGCP) Family
* 1.D.61 The Anionophoric (ABBP) Family
* 1.D.62 The Bis-Triazolyl DiGuanosine Derivative Channel-forming (TDG) Family
* 1.D.63 The Peptide-based Nanopore (PepNP) Family
* 1.D.64 The Carbon Nanotube (CarNT) Family
* 1.D.65 The Pore-forming Amphidinol (Amphidinol) Family
* 1.D.66 The Helical Macromolecule Nanopore (HmmNP) Family
* 1.D.67 The Crown Ether-modified Helical Peptide Ion Channel (CEHP) Family
* 1.D.68 The Pore-forming Pleuronic Block Polymer (PPBP) Family
* 1.D.69 The Conical Nanopore (ConNP) Family
* 1.D.70 The Metallic (Au/Ag/Pt/graphene) Nanopore (MetNP) Family
* 1.D.71 The Synthetic TP359 Peptide (TP359) Family
* 1.D.72 The Chloride Carrier Triazine-based Tripodal Receptor (CCTTR) Family
* 1.D.73 The Mesoporous Silica Nanopore (SilNP) Family
* 1.D.74 The Stimulus-responsive Synthetic Rigid p-Octiphenyl Stave Pore (SSROP) Family
1.E Holins
1.F Vesicle fusion pores
* 1.F.1 The Synaptosomal Vesicle Fusion Pore (SVF-Pore) Family
* 1.F.2 The Octameric Exocyst (Exocyst) Family
1.G Viral fusion pores
* 1.G.1 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-1 (VMFP1) Family
* 1.G.2 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-2 (VMFP2) Family
* 1.G.3 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-3 (VMFP3) Family
* 1.G.4 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-4 (VMFP4) Family
* 1.G.5 The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-5 (VMFP5) Family
* 1.G.6 The Hepadnaviral S Fusion Protein (HBV-S Protein) Family
* 1.G.7 The Reovirus FAST Fusion Protein (R-FAST) Family
* 1.G.8 The Arenavirus Fusion Protein (AV-FP) Family
* 1.G.9 The Syncytin (Syncytin) Family
* 1.G.10 The Herpes Simplex Virus Membrane Fusion Complex (HSV-MFC) Family
* 1.G.11 Poxvirus Cell Entry Protein Complex (PEP-C) Family
* 1.G.12 The Avian Leukosis Virus gp95 Fusion Protein (ALV-gp95) Family
* 1.G.13 The Orthoreovirus Fusion-associated Small Transmembrane (FAST) Family
* 1.G.14 The Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin/Fusion Pore-forming Protein (Influenza-H/FPP) Family
* 1.G.15 The Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Major Envelope Glycoprotein GP64 (GP64) Family
* 1.G.16 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Fusion Peptide (HIV-FP) Family
* 1.G.17 The Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelop Glycoprotein (BLV-Env) Family
* 1.G.18 The SARS-CoV Fusion Peptide in the Spike Glycoprotein Precursor (SARS-FP) Family
* 1.G.19 The Rotavirus Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Complex (Rotavirus MFC) Family
* 1.G.20 The Hantavirus Gc Envelope Fusion Glycoprotein (Gc-EFG) Family
* 1.G.21 The Epstein Barr Virus (Human Herpes Virus 4) Gp42 (Gp42) Family
* 1.G.22 The Cytomegalovirus (Human Herpesvirus 5) Glycoprotein gO (gO) Family
1.H Paracellular channels
* 1.H.1 The
Claudin
Claudins are a family of proteins which, along with occludin, are the most important components of the tight junctions ( zonulae occludentes). Tight junctions establish the paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the inter ...
Tight Junction (Claudin1) Family
* 1.H.2 The Invertebrate PMP22-Claudin (Claudin2) Family
1.I Membrane-bound channels
* 1.I.1
Nuclear pore complex
The nuclear pore complex (NPC), is a large protein complex giving rise to the nuclear pore. A great number of nuclear pores are studded throughout the nuclear envelope that surrounds the eukaryote cell nucleus. The pores enable the nuclear tra ...
family, including
karyopherin
Karyopherins are protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme c ...
s
* 1.I.2 Plant
plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and spe ...
family
2. Electrochemical potential-driven transporters
2.A Porters (
uniporter
Uniporters, also known as solute carriers or facilitated transporters, are a type of membrane transport protein that passively transports solutes (small molecules, ions, or other substances) across a cell membrane. It uses facilitated diffusion ...
s,
symporter
A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction. The symporter works in the plasma membrane and molecules are transported across th ...
s,
antiporter
An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein that uses secondary active transport to move two or more molecules in opposite directions across a phospholipid membrane. It is a type of cotransporte ...
s)
*2.A.1
Major Facilitator superfamily
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a Protein superfamily, superfamily of membrane transport proteins that facilitate movement of small solutes across cell membranes in response to chemiosmosis, chemiosmotic gradients.
Function
The major ...
(MFS), see also
Lactose permease,
Phosphate permease and
Glucose transporter
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporte ...
*2.A.2
The Glycoside-Pentoside-Hexuronide (GPH):Cation Symporter Family
*2.A.3
The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Family
*2.A.4
Cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) Family
*2.A.5
Zinc (Zn2+)-Iron (Fe2+) Permease Family
*2.A.6
Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Superfamily, see also
SecDF protein-export membrane protein
*2.A.7 The
Drug/Metabolite Transporter (DMT) Superfamily
*2.A.8 The Gluconate:H
+ Symporter (GntP) Family
*2.A.9 The Membrane Protein Insertase (YidC/Alb3/Oxa1) Family
*2.A.10 The 2-Keto-3-Deoxygluconate Transporter (KdgT) Family
*2.A.11 The Citrate-Mg
2+:H
+ (CitM) Citrate-Ca
2+:H
+ (CitH) Symporter (CitMHS) Family
*2.A.12
ATP:ADP Antiporter Family
*2.A.13 The C4-Dicarboxylate Uptake (Dcu) Family
*2.A.14
Lactate Permease Family
*2.A.15
The Betaine/Carnitine/Choline Transporter (BCCT) Family
*2.A.16
Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter Family
*2.A.17
Proton-dependent Oligopeptide Transporter Family
*2.A.18 The Amino Acid/Auxin Permease (AAAP) Family
*2.A.19 The Ca
2+:Cation Antiporter (CaCA) Family
*2.A.20 The Inorganic Phosphate Transporter (PiT) Family
*2.A.21
Solute:Sodium Symporter Family
*2.A.22 The
Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Family
*2.A.23 The Dicarboxylate/Amino Acid:Cation (Na
+ or H
+) Symporter (DAACS) Family
*2.A.24 The 2-Hydroxycarboxylate Transporter (2-HCT) Family
*2.A.25
Alanine or Glycine:Cation Symporter (AGCS) Family
*2.A.26 The Branched Chain Amino Acid:Cation Symporter (LIVCS) Family
*2.A.27 The Glutamate:Na
+ Symporter (ESS) Family
*2.A.28
Bile Acid:Na+ Symporter Family
*2.A.29
Mitochondrial carrier
Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from solute carrier family 25 which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial carriers are also classified in thTransporter Classification Database The Mitochondrial Carrier (MC ...
Family
*2.A.30
Cation-Chloride Cotransporter (CCC) Family
*2.A.31
Anion Exchanger Family
*2.A.32 The Silicon Transporter (Sit) Family
*2.A.33
NhaA Na+:H+ Antiporter (NhaA) Family
*2.A.34 The NhaB Na
+:H
+ Antiporter (NhaB) Family
*2.A.35 The NhaC Na
+:H
+ Antiporter (NhaC) Family
*2.A.36
Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) Family
*2.A.37
Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-2 (CPA2) Family
*2.A.38
K+ Transporter (Trk) Family
*2.A.39
Nucleobase:Cation Symporter-1 (NCS1) Family
*2.A.40
Nucleobase:Cation Symporter-2 (NCS2) Family
*2.A.41 The Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter (CNT) Family
*2.A.42 The Hydroxy/Aromatic Amino Acid Permease (HAAAP) Family
*2.A.43 The Lysosomal Cystine Transporter (LCT) Family
*2.A.45
Arsenite-Antimonite Efflux Family
*2.A.46 The Benzoate:H
+ Symporter (BenE) Family
*2.A.47
Divalent Anion:Na+ Symporter (DASS) Family
*2.A.48 The Reduced Folate Carrier (RFC) Family
*2.A.49
Chloride Carrier/Channel (ClC) Family
*2.A.50 The Glycerol Uptake (GUP) Family
*2.A.51 The Chromate Ion Transporter (CHR) Family
*2.A.52 The Ni
2+-Co
2+ Transporter (NiCoT) Family
*2.A.53
Sulfate permease (SulP) Family
*2.A.54 The Mitochondrial Tricarboxylate Carrier (MTC) Family
*2.A.55
The Metal Ion (Mn2+-iron) Transporter (Nramp) Family
*2.A.56 The Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic Transporter (TRAP-T) Family
*2.A.57 The Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter (ENT) Family
*2.A.58 The Phosphate:Na
+ Symporter (PNaS) Family
*2.A.59 The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family
*2.A.60
Organo Anion Transporter (OAT) Family
*2.A.61 The C4-dicarboxylate Uptake C (DcuC) Family
*2.A.62 The NhaD Na
+:H
+ Antiporter (NhaD) Family
*2.A.63
The Monovalent Cation (K+ or Na+):Proton Antiporter-3 (CPA3) Family
*2.A.64
Twin Arginine Targeting (Tat) Family
*2.A.65 The Bilirubin Transporter (BRT) Family
*2.A.66 The Multidrug/Oligosaccharidyl-lipid/Polysaccharide (MOP) Flippase Superfamily
*2.A.67 The Oligopeptide Transporter (OPT) Family
*2.A.68 The p-Aminobenzoyl-glutamate Transporter (AbgT) Family
*2.A.69 The Auxin Efflux Carrier (AEC) Family
*2.A.70 The Malonate:Na
+ Symporter (MSS) Family
*2.A.71 The Folate-Biopterin Transporter (FBT) Family
*2.A.72 The K
+ Uptake Permease (KUP) Family
*2.A.73 The Short Chain Fatty Acid Uptake (AtoE) Family
*2.A.74 The 4 TMS Multidrug Endosomal Transporter (MET) Family
*2.A.75 The L-Lysine Exporter (LysE) Family
*2.A.76 The Resistance to Homoserine/Threonine (RhtB) Family
*2.A.77 The Cadmium Resistance (CadD) Family
*2.A.78 The Branched Chain Amino Acid Exporter (LIV-E) Family
*2.A.79 The Threonine/Serine Exporter (ThrE) Family
*2.A.80 The Tricarboxylate Transporter (TTT) Family
*2.A.81 The Aspartate:Alanine Exchanger (AAEx) Family
*2.A.82 The Organic Solute Transporter (OST) Family
*2.A.83 The Na
+-dependent Bicarbonate Transporter (SBT) Family
*2.A.84 The Chloroplast Maltose Exporter (MEX) Family
*2.A.85 The Aromatic Acid Exporter (ArAE) Family
*2.A.86 The Autoinducer-2 Exporter (AI-2E) Family (Formerly the PerM Family, TC #9.B.22)
*2.A.87 The Prokaryotic Riboflavin Transporter (P-RFT) Family
*2.A.88 Vitamin Uptake Transporter (VUT or ECF) Family
*2.A.89 The Vacuolar Iron Transporter (VIT) Family
*2.A.90
Vitamin A Receptor/Transporter (STRA6) Family
*2.A.91 Mitochondrial tRNA Import Complex (M-RIC) (Formerly 9.C.8)
*2.A.92 The Choline Transporter-like (CTL) Family
*2.A.94 The Phosphate Permease (Pho1) Family
*2.A.95 The 6TMS Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (NAAT) Family
*2.A.96 The Acetate Uptake Transporter (AceTr) Family
*2.A.97 The Mitochondrial Inner Membrane K
+/H
+ and Ca
2+/H
+ Exchanger (LetM1) Family
*2.A.98 The Putative Sulfate Exporter (PSE) Family
*2.A.99 The 6TMS Ni
2+ uptake transporter (HupE-UreJ) Family
*2.A.100 The Ferroportin (Fpn) Family
*2.A.101 The Malonate Uptake (MatC) Family (Formerly UIT1)
*2.A.102 The 4-Toluene Sulfonate Uptake Permease (TSUP) Family
*2.A.103 The Bacterial Murein Precursor Exporter (MPE) Family
*2.A.104 The L-Alanine Exporter (AlaE) Family
*2.A.105 The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) Family
*2.A.106 The Ca
2+:H
+ Antiporter-2 (CaCA2) Family
*2.A.107 The MntP Mn
2+ Exporter (MntP) Family
*2.A.108 The Iron/Lead Transporter (ILT) Family
*2.A.109 The Tellurium Ion Resistance (TerC) Family
*2.A.110 The Heme Transporter, heme-responsive gene protein (HRG) Family
*2.A.111 The Na
+/H
+ Antiporter-E (NhaE) Family
*2.A.112 The KX Blood-group Antigen (KXA) Family
*2.A.113 The Nickel/cobalt Transporter (NicO) Family
*2.A.114 The Putative Peptide Transporter Carbon Starvation CstA (CstA) Family
*2.A.115 The Novobiocin Exporter (NbcE) Family
*2.A.116 The Peptidoglycolipid Addressing Protein (GAP) Family
*2.A.117 The Chlorhexadine Exporter (CHX) family
*2.A.118 The Basic Amino Acid Antiporter (ArcD) Family
*2.A.119 The Organo-Arsenical Exporter (ArsP) Family
*2.A.120 The Putative Amino Acid Permease (PAAP) Family
*2.A.121 The Sulfate Transporter (CysZ) Family
*2.A.122 The LrgB/CidB holin-like auxiliary protein (LrgB/CidB) Family
*2.A.123 The Sweet; PQ-loop; Saliva; MtN3 (Sweet) Family
*2.A.124 The Lysine Exporter (LysO) Family
*2.A.125 The Eukaryotic Riboflavin Transporter (E-RFT) Family
*2.A.126 The Fatty Acid Exporter (FAX) Family
*2.A.127 Enterobacterial Cardiolipin Transporter (CLT) Family
2.B Nonribosomally synthesized porters
*2.B.1 The
Valinomycin Carrier Family
*2.B.2 The
Monensin Family
*2.B.3 The
Nigericin Family
*2.B.4 The
Macrotetrolide Antibiotic (MA) Family
*2.B.5 The Macrocyclic Polyether (MP) Family
*2.B.6 The
Ionomycin Family
*2.B.7 The Transmembrane α-helical Peptide Phospholipid Translocation (TMP-PLT) Family
*2.B.8 The
Bafilomycin A1 (Bafilomycin) Family
*2.B.9 The
Cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) Functional Family
*2.B.10 The Synthetic CPP,
Transportan Family
*2.B.11 The
Calcimycin or A23187 Carrier-type Ionophore Family
*2.B.12 The
Salinomycin Family
*2.B.13 The Tetrapyrrolic Macrocyclic Anion Antiporter (TPMC-AA) Family
*2.B.14 The Lasalocid A or X-537A Ionophore (Lasalocid) Family
*2.B.15 The Tris-thiourea Tripodal-based Chloride Carrier (TTT-CC) Family
*2.B.16 The Halogen-bond-containing Compound Anion Carrier (HCAC) Family
*2.B.17 The Isophthalaminde Derivative H
+:Cl
− Co-transporter (IDC) Family
*2.B.18 The Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamine Derivative (PDCA) H+:Cl
− Co-transporter Family
*2.B.19 The Calix(4)pyrrole Derivative (C4P) Family
*2.B.20 The Prodigiosin (Prodigiosin) Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger Family
*2.B.21 The ortho-Phenylenediamine-bis-Urea Derivative Anion Transporter (oPDA-U) Family
*2.B.22 The Imidazolium-functionalized Anion Transporter (IAT) Family
*2.B.23 The Homotetrameric Transmembrane Zn
2+/Co
2+:Proton Synthetic Antiporter, Rocker (Rocker) Family
*2.B.24 The Anion Carrier (BBP-AC) Family
*2.B.25 The Peptide-mediated Lipid Flip-Flop (PLFF) Family
*2.B.26 The Conjugate (BIBCC) Family
*2.B.27 The Tris-Urea Anion Transporter Family
*2.B.29 The Anionophoric Marine Alkaloid
Tambjamine Family
2.C Ion-gradient-driven energizers
*2.C.1 The TonB-ExbB-ExbD/TolA-TolQ-TolR (TonB) Family of Auxiliary Proteins for Energization of Outer Membrane Receptor (OMR)-mediated Active Transport
3. Primary active transporters
3.A. P-P-bond hydrolysis-driven transporters
*3.A.1
ABC transporters including BtuCD, molybdate uptake transporter,
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and anion channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the ''CFTR'' gene.
Geneticist Lap-Chee Tsui and his team identified the ''CFTR'' gene in 1989 as the gene lin ...
and others
*3.A.2 The H
+- or Na
+-translocating
F-type ATPase,
V-type ATPase
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms. V-ATPases acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pump protons across the plasm ...
and A-type ATPase superfamily
*3.A.3
The P-type ATPase Superfamily
*3.A.4
The Arsenite-Antimonite efflux family
*3.A.5
General secretory pathway (Sec)
translocon
The translocon (also known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes. In eukaryotes the term translocon most commonly refers to the complex that transpor ...
(preprotein translocase SecY)
*3.A.6 The Type III (Virulence-related) Secretory Pathway (IIISP) Family
*3.A.7 The Type IV (Conjugal DNA-Protein Transfer or VirB) Secretory Pathway (IVSP) Family
*3.A.8 The Mitochondrial Protein Translocase (MPT) Family
*3.A.9 The Chloroplast Envelope Protein Translocase (CEPT or Tic-Toc) Family
*3.A.10
H+, Na+-translocating Pyrophosphatase family
*3.A.11 The Bacterial Competence-related DNA Transformation Transporter (DNA-T) Family
*3.A.12 The Septal DNA Translocator (S-DNA-T) Family
*3.A.13 The Filamentous Phage Exporter (FPhE) Family
*3.A.14 The Fimbrilin/Protein Exporter (FPE) Family
*3.A.15 The Outer Membrane Protein Secreting Main Terminal Branch (MTB) Family
*3.A.16 The Endoplasmic Reticular Retrotranslocon (ER-RT) Family
*3.A.17 The Phage T7 Injectisome (T7 Injectisome) Family
*3.A.18 The Nuclear mRNA Exporter (mRNA-E) Family
*3.A.19 The TMS Recognition/Insertion Complex (TRC) Family
*3.A.20 The Peroxisomal Protein Importer (PPI) Family
*3.A.21 The C-terminal Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein Biogenesis/ Insertion Complex (TAMP-B) Family
*3.A.22 The Transcription-coupled TREX/TAP Nuclear mRNA Export Complex (TREX) Family
*3.A.23 The Type VI Symbiosis/Virulence Secretory Pathway (VISP) Family
*3.A.24 Type VII or ESX Protein Secretion System (T7SS) Family
*3.A.25 The Symbiont-specific ERAD-like Machinery (SELMA) Family
*3.A.26 The Plasmodium Translocon of Exported proteins (PTEX) Family
3.B Decarboxylation-driven transporters
*3.B.1 The Na
+-transporting Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylase (NaT-DC) Family
3.C Methyltransfer-driven transporters
*3.C.1 The Na
+ Transporting Methyltetrahydromethanopterin:Coenzyme M Methyltransferase (NaT-MMM) Family
3.D. Oxidoreduction-driven transporters
They include a number of transmembrane
cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is a protein found in the membranes of aerobic cells. In eukaryotic mitochondria (inner membrane) and in aerobic prokaryotes, cytochrome b is a component of respiratory chain complex III () — also known as the bc1 complex or ubiq ...
-like proteins including
coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase (cytochrome bc1 );
cytochrome b6f complex; formate dehydrogenase, respiratory
nitrate reductase
Nitrate reductases are molybdoenzymes that reduce nitrate () to nitrite (). This reaction is critical for the production of protein in most crop plants, as nitrate is the predominant source of nitrogen in fertilized soils.
Types
Euka ...
;
succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and
succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates ...
. See
electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples th ...
.
*3.D.1
The H+ or Na+-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase ("complex I") family
*3.D.2 The Proton-translocating Transhydrogenase (PTH) Family
*3.D.3
The Proton-translocating Quinol:Cytochrome c Reductase) Superfamily
*3.D.4
Proton-translocating Cytochrome Oxidase (COX) Superfamily
*3.D.5 The Na
+-translocating NADH:Quinone Dehydrogenase (Na-NDH or NQR) Family
*3.D.6 The Putative Ion (H
+ or Na
+)-translocating NADH:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (NFO or RNF) Family
*3.D.7 The H
2:Heterodisulfide Oxidoreductase (HHO) Family
*3.D.8 The Na
+- or H
+-Pumping Formyl Methanofuran Dehydrogenase (FMF-DH) Family
*3.D.9 The H
+-translocating F420H2 Dehydrogenase (F420H2DH) Family
*3.D.10 The Prokaryotic Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Family
3.E. Light absorption-driven transporters
*
Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin (Bop) is a protein used by Archaea, most notably by Haloarchaea, a class of the Euryarchaeota. It acts as a proton pump; that is, it captures light energy and uses it to move protons across the membrane out of the cell. The res ...
-like proteins including
rhodopsin
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the ''RHO'' gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rod cells. Rhodopsin mediates dim ...
(see also
opsin
Animal opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become retinylidene proteins, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most pro ...
)
*Bacterial
photosynthetic reaction centres and
photosystem
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. Together they carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. Photosystems ...
s I and II
*
Light harvesting complexes from
bacteria
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...
and
chloroplasts
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...
4. Group translocators
4.A Phosphotransfer-driven group translocators
*4.A.1
The PTS Glucose-Glucoside (Glc) Family
*4.A.2 The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family
*4.A.3 The PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose-β-glucoside (Lac) Family
*4.A.4 The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family
*4.A.5 The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family
*4.A.6
The PTS Mannose-Fructose-Sorbose (Man) Family
*4.A.7 The PTS L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) Family
4.B Nicotinamide ribonucleoside uptake transporters
*4.B.1 The Nicotinamide Ribonucleoside (NR) Uptake Permease (PnuC) Family
4.C Acyl CoA ligase-coupled transporters
*4.C.1 The Proposed Fatty Acid Transporter (FAT) Family
*4.C.2 The Carnitine O-Acyl Transferase (CrAT) Family
*4.C.3 The Acyl-CoA Thioesterase (AcoT) Family
4.D Polysaccharide Synthase/Exporters
*4.D.1 The Putative Vectorial Glycosyl Polymerization (VGP) Family
*4.D.2 The Glycosyl Transferase 2 (GT2) Family
*4.D.3 The Glycan Glucosyl Transferase (OpgH) Family
4.E. Vacuolar Polyphosphate Polymerase-catalyzed Group Translocators
*4.E.1 The Vacuolar (Acidocalcisome) Polyphosphate Polymerase (V-PPP) Family
5. Transport electron carriers
5.A Transmembrane 2-electron transfer carriers
*5.A.1 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase D (DsbD) Family
*5.A.2 The Disulfide Bond Oxidoreductase B (DsbB) Family
*5.A.3 The Prokaryotic Molybdopterin-containing Oxidoreductase (PMO) Family
5.B Transmembrane 1-electron transfer carriers
*5.B.1 The Phagocyte (
gp91phox)
NADPH Oxidase
NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white ...
Family
*5.B.2 The Eukaryotic
Cytochrome b561 (Cytb561) Family
*5.B.3 The Geobacter Nanowire Electron Transfer (G-NET) Family
*5.B.4 The Plant Photosystem I Supercomplex (PSI) Family
*5.B.5 The Extracellular Metal Oxido-Reductase (EMOR) Family
*5.B.6 The
Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen Protein-3 Ferric Reductase (STEAP) Family
*5.B.7 The
YedZ (YedZ) Family
*5.B.8 The Trans-Outer Membrane Electron Transfer Porin/Cytochrome Complex (ET-PCC) Family
*5.B.9 The Porin-Cytochrome c (Cyc2) Family
8. Accessory factors involved in transport
8.A Auxiliary transport proteins
8.B Ribosomally synthesized protein/peptide toxins that target channels and carriers
8.C Non-ribosomally synthesized toxins that target channels and carriers
9. Incompletely characterized transport systems
9.A Recognized transporters of unknown biochemical mechanism
9.B Putative transport proteins
9.C Functionally characterized transporters lacking identified sequences
References
External links
Transporter Classification DatabaseListat qmul.ac.uk
*
*
Classification of human transporters in pharmacology
{{Oxidoreduction-driven transporters
Biochemistry databases
Transport proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Protein classification