Toodyay (, ),
known as Newcastle between 1860 and 1910, is a town on the
Avon River in the
Wheatbelt region of
Western Australia
Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...
, north-east of
Perth
Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...
. The first European settlement occurred in the area in 1836. After flooding in the 1850s, the townsite was moved to its current location in the 1860s. It is connected by railway and road to
Perth
Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...
. During the 1860s, it was home to bushranger
Moondyne Joe
Joseph Bolitho Johns ( February 1826 – 13 August 1900), better known as Moondyne Joe, was an English convicts in Australia, convict and Western Australia's best-known bushranger. Born into poor and relatively difficult circumstances, he became ...
.
History
Origin of the name ''Toodyay''
The meaning of the name is uncertain, although it is probably
indigenous Noongar
The Noongar (, also spelt Noongah, Nyungar , Nyoongar, Nyoongah, Nyungah, Nyugah, and Yunga ) are Aboriginal Australian people who live in the South West, Western Australia, south-west corner of Western Australia, from Geraldton, Western Aus ...
in origin. In an 1834 reference it is transcribed as while maps in 1836 referred to ''Duidgee'' The
Shire of Toodyay's official website says that;
This meaning appears to be a long-standing belief in the local community, but may be based on an interpretation of an explanation by an Aboriginal guide about the value of the location rather than the literal meaning of the word.
An alternative meaning was ascribed by a research project headed by
Leonard Collard which provides the meaning as "today it is misty and foggy". Yet another version was more recently postulated by local anthropologists Ken Macintyre and Barb Dobson, who provide a very erudite analysis which says that the name most likely mimics a birdcall, possibly the
restless flycatcher or one of that family.
The name in the form is preserved in the riverside recreation area ''Duidgee Park''.
The Ballardong people of Duidgee
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Toodyay () region was owned by the Ballardong Noongar people, whose country extended from the
Wongan Hills and beyond in the north to beyond
Pingelly in the south, though the people whose land included present-day Toodyay probably numbered about 100 people and occupied the area from around
Bolgart to
Burlong Pool on the
Avon River near
Northam, a range of about .
The Avon River at Toodyay was a key site for food supply for the Ballardong, as was revealed to botanist and new landholder
James Drummond as soon as he arrived in the area. The site was also located along the route taken by the river serpent, the
Wagyl, in his seasonal underground travels between the spring at Bolgart and Burlong Pool.
It had been a focal point of Ballardong life for thousands of years.
Old Toodyay, 1836-1860

The
Avon River valley in which Toodyay was to be located was discovered for the white settlers by
Robert Dale in 1830,
leading to further exploration by settlers including James Drummond, Francis Whitfield and Alexander Anderson. The first village of Toodyay was established in 1836, one of the earliest inland settlements in Western Australia. Drummond established his homestead ''Hawthornden'' a few kilometres to the north.
Newcastle, 1860-1910
The original townsite was subject to flooding, which led to its abandonment in the 1850s, and a new townsite was established on higher ground upstream. This was proclaimed by Governor
Arthur Kennedy on 1 October 1860 as ''Newcastle'' and the original settlement came to be referred to as ''Old Toodyay''.
The Newcastle Gaol, in Clinton Street, completed in 1864, was in use as a state prison until 1909. It is now preserved as a heritage building and tourist attraction, the
Old Gaol Museum.
In 1870, a steam-driven flour mill,
Connor's Mill, was built on
Stirling Terrace by George Hasell. The mill was also used to generate electricity in the early twentieth century. Saved from demolition in the 1970s, and restored to demonstrate the milling process and machinery, the mill now forms the museum section of the Toodyay Visitor Centre.
Toodyay since 1910
In May 1910, due to confusion with the
New South Wales
New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...
city of
Newcastle
Newcastle usually refers to:
*Newcastle upon Tyne, a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom
*Newcastle-under-Lyme, a town in Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
*Newcastle, New South Wales, a metropolitan area ...
, a name-change to Toodyay was proposed
[ and the original townsite, which had by this time declined substantially, became '' West Toodyay''.]
The Heritage Council of Western Australia
The Heritage Council of Western Australia is the Government of Western Australia agency created to identify, conserve and promote places of cultural heritage significance in the state.
Prior to its creation, considerable variance in policy and p ...
lists over one hundred places of historical significance in or near Toodyay, including cottages (some of which are now ruins), homesteads, shops, churches, parks and railway infrastructure. The State Register of Heritage Buildings includes the Gaol, Connor's Mill, Toodyay Public Library, the old Toodyay Post Office and the old Toodyay Fire Station, as well as several other historic sites.[ The historic architecture of shops and residences along the main street, Stirling Terrace, presents a distinctive frontage termed the Stirling Terrace Streetscape Group.
Some of the buildings are also listed on the Australian Heritage Database. They include the Freemasons Hotel, the Victoria Hotel, and Urwin's Store on Stirling Terrace, and Butterly's Cottage on Harper Road.
The current Toodyay District High School was established in 1954, replacing an older building constructed in 1886.
In 1986 the town was the location used to film the movie ]Shame
Shame is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion often associated with negative self-evaluation; motivation to quit; and feelings of pain, exposure, distrust, powerlessness, and worthlessness.
Definition
Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, d ...
.
Notable people
In 1861, Western Australia's notorious bushranger Moondyne Joe
Joseph Bolitho Johns ( February 1826 – 13 August 1900), better known as Moondyne Joe, was an English convicts in Australia, convict and Western Australia's best-known bushranger. Born into poor and relatively difficult circumstances, he became ...
was imprisoned in Toodyay for stealing a horse, but escaped. After a series of crimes and prison terms, he was on the run again, returning to Toodyay in 1865 to steal supplies for an attempt to escape overland to South Australia. The annual Moondyne Festival is a light-hearted celebration of this darker side of Toodyay's history.
Tourism
By the early 1920s Toodyay was being recognised for its potential to develop into a tourist destination, with ample accommodation, its link to Western Australia's colonial past, Moondyne Joe and the Newcastle Gaol as point of interest. Being an hour's drive from Perth, present day Toodyay is a popular venue for tourists. A picturesque circuit of Toodyay Road through Gidgegannup, Toodyay, Chittering Valley and Great Northern Highway
Great Northern Highway is an Australian highway that links Western Australia's capital city Perth with its northernmost port, Wyndham. With a length of almost , it is the longest highway in Australia, with the majority included as part of the ...
attracts motorists. Other destinations include olive oil farms, lavender farms, holiday retreats, hotels, restaurants, caravan parks, an emu farm and a public archery park.
Transport
Railways
Historically, Newcastle was connected to the Western Australian Government Railways
Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) was the state owned operator of railways in the state of Western Australia between October 1890 and June 2003. Owned by the state government, it was renamed a number of times to reflect extra respon ...
network by a line that left the Eastern Railway at Clackline, which then travelled through Western Toodyay to proceed to Bolgart and then on to Miling. This connection was changed when the Eastern Railway was re-routed through the Avon Valley in 1966. The Clackline connection was closed, and Toodyay became part of the main eastern railway route.
Toodyay railway station is currently served by Transwa
Transwa is Western Australia's regional public transport provider, linking 240 destinations, from Kalbarri in the north to Augusta in the south west to Esperance in the south east.
The Transwa system provides transport between Perth and the ...
''AvonLink
The ''AvonLink'' is a rural passenger train service in Western Australia operated by Transwa between Midland railway station, Perth, Midland and Northam railway station, Western Australia, Northam.
History
The consideration of revitalising pa ...
, MerredinLink
The ''MerredinLink'' is a rural passenger train service in Western Australia operated by Transwa between East Perth railway station, East Perth and Merredin railway station, Merredin.
History
The ''MerredinLink'' was introduced in June 2004 w ...
'' and ''Prospector
Prospector may refer to:
Space exploration
* Prospector (spacecraft), a planned lunar probe, canceled in 1962
* ''Lunar Prospector'', a NASA spacecraft
Trains
* Prospector (train), a passenger train operated by the Denver & Rio Grande Western ra ...
'' passenger trains on the route from Perth
Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...
to Northam and Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie-Boulder (or just Kalgoorlie) is a city in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia, located east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway. It is referred to as Kalgoorlie–Boulder as the surroundi ...
.
Roads
Toodyay is connected to Perth by Toodyay Road, which runs in a south-westerly direction to Great Northern Highway
Great Northern Highway is an Australian highway that links Western Australia's capital city Perth with its northernmost port, Wyndham. With a length of almost , it is the longest highway in Australia, with the majority included as part of the ...
in Middle Swan, Perth. Within Toodyay, it continues as the town's main street, Stirling Terrace. Other major roads radiating out from Toodyay are:
* Clackline Toodyay Road, heading south to Clackline on Great Eastern Highway
* Northam Toodyay Road, heading south-east to Northam and Great Eastern Highway
* Goomalling Toodyay Road, heading north-east to Goomalling
* Bindi Bindi Toodyay Road, heading north to Calingiri, and later Bindi Bindi on Great Northern Highway
* Bindoon Dewars Pool Road, heading north-west to Bindoon
* Julimar Road, heading west to Chittering
Toodyay is also the northern end of the Avon Historic Tourist Drive (Tourist Drive 254), which follows the Avon River to Beverley
Beverley is a market town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located north-west of Hull city centre. At the 2021 census the built-up area of the town had a population of 30,930, and the smaller civil parish had ...
.[ ]
Motor racing
On 5 May 1947, a motor racing meeting took place, using the towns streets for the course. The circuit was in a clockwise direction, following the route Stirling Terrace (where the start and finish was located)-Henry Street-Duke Street-Fiennes Street-Templar Lane and back to Stirling Terrace. The main race of the meeting was the 30 mile Toodyay Speed Classic, which was won by Syd Barker. A second meeting was planned for 17 November 1948, to coincide with the King's Birthday
The King's Official Birthday or Queen's Official Birthday is the selected day in most Commonwealth realms on which the birthday
A birthday is the anniversary of the birth of a person or figuratively of an institution. Birthdays of people a ...
holiday, but the holiday was cancelled, as was the race meeting.
Toodyay plays host to a leg of the Quit Targa West each year, normally on the Saturday of the event.
Waterways
Toodyay is located on the Avon River, which runs through to the Swan River in Perth. The annual Avon Descent sees a range of crafts make their way downriver through Toodyay, from the starting point at Northam.
Bushfires
Toodyay has been impacted by firesa common occurrence in the summer monthssince it was settled. Significant bushfires have regularly been reported in the area from as early as 1853. Two of the most devastating fires to threaten Toodyay have resulted from state government infrastructure, along with other smaller fires, including the spontaneous combustion of a dung heap at the Newcastle Police Stables.
On 10 December 1909 a fire was started by a train using the newly opened Newcastle–Bolgart Railway near Coondle; the fire was referred to as the most disastrous that had ever occurred in the area. It burnt an area of about in length and up to wide. Three hundred and fifty people fought the fire over two days before putting it out. A later flare up caused further damage to of land, of which was on the property of Timothy Quinlan. In 1906, when he was Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, Quinlan had been an advocate for the building of the line.
A major bushfire, blamed on collapsed power lines, broke out at about noon on 29 December 2009 after outdoor temperature had reached and the fire risk rating of ''catastrophic'' had been used for the first time in the state. Areas to the south, south-west and east of Toodyay were affected, with more than of forest burnt and 38 homes lost.
Toodyaypedia
Since 2013, the Shire of Toodyay and the Toodyay Historical Society have collaborated with Wikipedia editors to create and maintain Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free content, free Online content, online encyclopedia that is written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Founded by Jimmy Wales and La ...
articles about heritage buildings in Toodyay and West Toodyay, and significant people in the towns' history. Plaques with QR codes have been attached to some buildings, linking to the corresponding articles.
References
Sources
*
External links
Shire of Toodyay
Toodyay Visitors Centre
''The Toodyay Herald'' online
including current and back issues
*
{{Authority control
Populated places established in 1860