Cài () is a Chinese-language surname that derives from the name of the ancient Cai state. In 2019 it was the 38th most common surname in China, but the 9th most common in

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

(as of 2018), where it is usually romanized as "Tsai" (based on Wade-Giles romanization of

Standard Mandarin Standard Chinese ( zh, s=现代标准汉语, t=現代標準漢語, p=Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ, l=modern standard Han speech) is a modern Standard language, standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the Republic of ...

), "Tsay", or "Chai" and the 8th most common in

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

, where it is usually romanized as "Chua", which is based on its Teochew and

Hokkien Hokkien ( , ) is a Varieties of Chinese, variety of the Southern Min group of Chinese language, Chinese languages. Native to and originating from the Minnan region in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern China, it is also referred ...

pronunciation. Koreans use Chinese-derived family names and in Korean, Cai is 채 in

Hangul The Korean alphabet is the modern writing system for the Korean language. In North Korea, the alphabet is known as (), and in South Korea, it is known as (). The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs ...

, "

Chae Chae (), also less commonly spelled Chai or Chea, is a Korean family name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write it. Overview The 2000 South Korean Census found 119,251 people with the family name Chae. It could be written with an ...

" in

Revised Romanization Revised Romanization of Korean () is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea's Mi ...

, It is also a common name in

Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...

where it is romanized as "Choy", "Choi" or "Tsoi". In

Macau Macau or Macao is a special administrative regions of China, special administrative region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). With a population of about people and a land area of , it is the most List of countries and dependencies by p ...

, it is spelled as "Choi". In

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

, it is romanized as "Choi" from the Cantonese pronunciation, and "Chua" or "Chuah" from the Hokkien or Teochew pronunciation. It is romanized in the Philippines as "Chua" or "Chuah", and in Thailand as "Chuo" (ฉั่ว). Moreover, it is also romanized in Cambodia as either "Chhay" or "Chhor" among people of full Chinese descent living in Cambodia and as "Tjhai", "Tjoa" or "Chua" in Indonesia.

History

The Cais are said to be the descendants of the 5th son of

King Wen of Zhou King Wen of Zhou ( zh, c=周文王, p=Zhōu Wén Wáng; 1152–1050 BC, the Cultured King) was the posthumous title given to Ji Chang ( zh, c=姬昌), the patriarch of the Zhou state during the final years of Shang dynasty in ancient China. J ...

Ji Du Cai Shu Du or Shu Du of Cai ( zh, c=, l=Du, oyalUncle of Cai), given name Du (), was the first ruler of the State of Cai. Du was the fifth son of King Wen of Zhou and his wife Taisi (). He had ten brothers and eight half-brothers. His elder ...

. Ji Du was awarded the title of

marquis A marquess (; ) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German-language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or wido ...

('' hóu'') of the State of Cai (centered on what is now

Shangcai Shangcai County () is a county in the south of Henan province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhumadian. In 2016 over 100 people were charged for a phone scam involving impersonating military personnel, with ...

Zhumadian Zhumadian ( zh, s= , t= , p=Zhùmǎdiàn; Postal romanization, postal: Chumatien) is a prefecture-level city in southern Henan province of China, province, China. It borders Xinyang to the south, Nanyang, Henan, Nanyang to the west, Pingdingshan to ...

Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the historical capitals of China, Lu ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

), circa 1046 BCE, and he was known as Cai Shu Du ("Uncle Du of Cai"). Together with Guan Shu and Huo Shu, they were known as the

Three Guards The Rebellion of the Three Guards (), or less commonly the Wu Geng Rebellion (), was a civil war, instigated by an alliance of discontent Zhou princes, Shang loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against the Western Zhou governmen ...

. When King Wu died, his son King Cheng was too young and his uncle, the

Duke of Zhou Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou, commonly known as the Duke of Zhou, was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for acting as ...

, became

regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

. Seeing that the power of the Duke of Zhou was increasing, the Three Guards got jealous and rebelled against Zhou together with

Wu Geng Wu Geng or Wugeng (Chinese language, Chinese: ''Wǔgēng''), a.k.a. ''Lùfù'', was an ancient Chinese people, Chinese Chinese nobility, noble who was the son of King Zhou of Shang, King Zhou, the last chinese king, king of the Shang dynasty, Shan ...

. The Duke of Zhou suppressed the rebellion, and Cai Shu was exiled. King Cheng reestablished Cai Shu's son Wu or Hu as the new Duke of Cai. Some 600 years later in the

Warring States period The Warring States period in history of China, Chinese history (221 BC) comprises the final two and a half centuries of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC), which were characterized by frequent warfare, bureaucratic and military reforms, and ...

, the

State of Chu Chu (, Old Chinese: ''*s-r̥aʔ'') was an Ancient Chinese states, ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Their first ruler was King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BC. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou heartland and lasted ...

conquered Cai in 447 BC and was itself conquered by the Qin state which, in turn, formed the

Qin Empire The Qin dynasty ( ) was the first imperial dynasty of China. It is named for its progenitor state of Qin, a fief of the confederal Zhou dynasty (256 BC). Beginning in 230 BC, the Qin under King Ying Zheng engaged in a series ...

, China's first empire. With the spread of family names to all

social classes A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the working class and the capitalist class. Membership of a social class can for example be dependent on education, ...

in the new empire, many people of the former state of Cai began to bear it as a surname. The Cai descendants have undertaken the following two major migrations. During the Huang Chao Rebellion ( AD 875) at the end of the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...

(AD 618–907), the Cai clan migrated to

Guangdong ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty ...

and

Fujian Fujian is a provinces of China, province in East China, southeastern China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefe ...

provinces. Another later migration occurred when

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...

loyalist

Koxinga Zheng Chenggong (; 27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), born Zheng Sen () and better known internationally by his honorific title Koxinga (, from Taiwanese: ''kok sèⁿ iâ''), was a Southern Ming general who resisted the Qing conquest of Chin ...

moved military officials surnamed Cai and their families to

in the 17th century. As a result, the surname is far more common in these areas and in areas settled by their descendants (e.g.,

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

) than in other parts of China.

Transliteration and romanization

Chinese

Cai is written the same (蔡) in both simplified and traditional

Chinese character Chinese characters are logographs used to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture. Of the four independently invented writing systems accepted by scholars, they represent the only on ...

s. In

Mandarin Chinese Mandarin ( ; zh, s=, t=, p=Guānhuà, l=Mandarin (bureaucrat), officials' speech) is the largest branch of the Sinitic languages. Mandarin varieties are spoken by 70 percent of all Chinese speakers over a large geographical area that stretch ...

, the surname is

transliterated Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one writing system, script to another that involves swapping Letter (alphabet), letters (thus ''wikt:trans-#Prefix, trans-'' + ''wikt:littera#Latin, liter-'') in predictable ways, such as ...

as Cài in

pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...

and

Tongyong Pinyin Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Taiwanese Mandarin, Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. ...

, Ts'ai in Wade-Giles, and Tsay in

Gwoyeu Romatzyh Gwoyeu Romatzyh ( ; GR) is a system for writing Standard Chinese using the Latin alphabet. It was primarily conceived by Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982), who led a group of linguists on the National Languages Committee in refining the system betwe ...

. In

Southern Min Southern Min (), Minnan ( Mandarin pronunciation: ) or Banlam (), is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Chinese languages that form a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Fujian (especially the Minnan region), most of Taiwa ...

or Taiwanese, it is Chhoà in Pe̍h-oē-jī. In

Cantonese Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. It originated in the city of Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. While th ...

(

and

), it is Coi3 in

Jyutping The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme, also known as Jyutping, is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed in 1993 by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK). The name ''Jyutping'' (itself the Jyutping ro ...

and Choi in

Yale Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges ch ...

. (This should not be confused with the predominantly

Korean Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, people from the Korean peninsula or of Korean descent * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Korean **Korean dialects **See also: North–South differences in t ...

family name Choi which has a different character ��. In

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka-speaking Chinese, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas, are a southern Han Chinese subgroup whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China ...

it is Tshai in

Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Pha̍k-fa-sṳ () is an orthography similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī and used to write Hakka, a variety of Chinese. Hakka is a whole branch of Chinese, and Hakka dialects are not necessarily mutually intelligible with each other, considering the large geo ...

. (In

Tongyong pinyin Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Taiwanese Mandarin, Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. ...

, it is Cai in Siyen Hakka and Ca̱i in Hoiliuk Hakka.) In

Fuzhou dialect The Fuzhou language ( zh, t=福州話, s=福州话, p=Fúzhōuhuà; FR: ), also Foochow, Hokchew, Hok-chiu, or Fuzhounese, is the prestige variety of the Eastern Min branch of Min Chinese spoken mainly in the Mindong region of Eastern Fujian ...

, it is Chái (in

Bàng-uâ-cê Bàng-uâ-cê ( abbr. BUC; zh, t=平話字) or Fuzhou romanization (), is a Latin alphabet for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became st ...

Other languages

Koreans use Chinese-derived family names and in Korean, Cai is 채 in

, and Ch'ae in McCune-Reischauer.

Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overseas Vietnamese, Vietnamese people living outside Vietna ...

also use Chinese-derived family names. In

, the name is Thái. The Chinese name 蔡 is usually transliterated via Sino-Vietnamese as Thái but sometimes as Sái.

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

do not use Chinese family names but for Chinese in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

who carry the name, it is さい in

Hiragana is a Japanese language, Japanese syllabary, part of the Japanese writing system, along with ''katakana'' as well as ''kanji''. It is a phonetic lettering system. The word ''hiragana'' means "common" or "plain" kana (originally also "easy", ...

and Sai in the major romanization systems.

Romanization

Cai is

romanized In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...

as Cai in the

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

, Tsai (or occasionally Tsay or Chai for Mandarin) or Tsoa in the

Republic of China (Taiwan) Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

, and Choi or Choy in

and

. In

, and

Brunei Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with ...

, the most common forms are Chua or Chuah for Teochew and

speakers, Chai for

speakers, Choi or Tsoi for

speakers, and Toy or Toi for

Taishanese Taishanese (), alternatively romanized in Cantonese as Toishanese or Toisanese, in local dialect as Hoisanese or Hoisanwa, is a Yue Chinese language native to Taishan, Guangdong. Even though they are related, Taishanese has little mutual i ...

speakers. In

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

, it is usually romanized as Tjoa/Tjhoa/Tjoea/Tjhoea (Hokkien & Teochew), Tjhoi (Cantonese) or Tjhai (Hakka) with Dutch spelling, or Tjua/Tjhua (Hokkien & Teochew) with old Indonesian spelling, or Chua (Hokkien & Teochew), Choy/Choi (Cantonese) or Chai (Hakka) with current Indonesian spelling. In the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

, it is Chua or Cua ( or ). Chua is pronounced in other Anglophone countries outside the Philippines. Other variations include Chye and Coi.

Derivative names

In addition, some of the Chuas (Cais) who resided in the Philippines adopted Spanish names to avoid persecution by the Spanish rulers during the Philippines' Spanish colonial rule from the early 16th to late 19th century.

Hispanicized Hispanicization () refers to the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by Hispanic culture or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something non-Hispanic becomes Hispanic. Hispanicization is illustrated by spoken ...

forms of the name include Chuachiaco, Chuakay, Chuapoco, Chuaquico, Chuacuco, Tuazon, Chuateco, and Chuatoco.Hector Santos
Katálogo ng mga Apelyidong Pilipino (Catalog of Filipino Names).
These names were formed from the surname, one character of the given name, and the suffix "-co", a Minnan honorific ''ko'' (哥), literally meaning "older brother". In Thailand, most Thais of Chinese descendance use Thai surnames. Legislation by Siamese

King Rama VI Vajiravudh (1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, titled Rama VI. He reigned from 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts to create and promote Siamese national ...

(r. 1910–1925) required the adoption of Thai surnames which was largely directed at easing tensions with Chinese community by encouraging assimilation. Thai law did not (and does not) allow identical surnames to those already in existence, so ethnic Chinese formerly surnamed Chua incorporating words that sound like "Chua" and have good meaning (such as ''Chai'', meaning "victory") into much longer surnames. After

Suharto Suharto (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Officer (armed forces), military officer and politician, and dictator, who was the second and longest serving president of Indonesia, serving from 1967 to 1998. His 32 years rule, cha ...

came to power, his regime created many anti-Chinese legislations in Indonesia. One of them was 127/U/Kep/12/1966 which strongly encouraged ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia to adopt Indonesian-sounding names instead of the standard three-word or two-word Chinese names. Many Indonesianized names are Chinese surname syllables with western or Indonesian prefix or suffix – resulting in many exotic-sounding names. Although two Chinese individuals shared the same Chinese surname, they may employ different strategies for the Indonesian-sounding names. For example, Indonesianized forms of Cai include Tjuatja, Cuaca, Tjuandi, Cuandi, Tjahjana, Tjahja, etc. Despite the Indonesianization, the Chinese surnames are still used today by the Chinese-Indonesian diaspora overseas (mostly in the Netherlands, Germany, and USA); by those Chinese-Indonesians courageous enough during Suharto's regime to keep their Chinese names (e.g.,

Kwik Kian Gie Kwik Kian Gie (; born 11 January 1935) is an Indonesian economist and politician who served as the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs from 1999 to 2000, the Minister of National Development Planning from 2001 to 2004, as well as briefl ...

), or by those who couldn't afford to process the name change through Indonesia's civil bureaucracy. After Suharto resigned from the presidency, subsequent governments revoked the ban on the ethnic Chinese from speaking and learning Chinese in public. Using the original Chinese surnames is no longer a taboo but only a small minority have decided to re-adopt the original Chinese surnames of their grandparents or to use the Mandarin Chinese

romanization, pronunciation and spelling and most retain their changed names as the post-1965 generations have been culturally Indonesianized.

Notable people

Cai Bingchen Cai Bingchen (born 5 February 2001) is a Chinese Para-athletics, para-athlete specializing in throwing events: shot put and javelin throw. He represented China at the 2024 Summer Paralympics. Career Cai competed at the 2022 Asian Para Games an ...

, Chinese para-athlete * Cai Cheng, Chinese politician *

Cai Chusheng Cai Chusheng (January 12, 1906 – July 15, 1968) was a Chinese film director of the pre-Communist era, and was the first Chinese director to win an international film award at the Moscow International Film Festival. Best known for his progres ...

, early Chinese film director *

Cai E Cai E (; 18 December 1882 – 8 November 1916) was a Chinese revolutionary leader and general. He was born Cai Genyin () in Shaoyang, Hunan, and his courtesy name was Songpo (). Cai eventually became an influential warlord in Yunnan ( Yunn ...

, Chinese revolutionary and warlord in early 20th century *

Cai Feihu Cai Feihu (; born 1964 in Zhejiang, China) is a Chinese professor, engineer and businessman. He is an adjunct professor of Wuhan University of Technology. Also, vice secretary general of Foshan Ceramics Society, director of the Chinese Ceramic ...

, Chinese professor, engineer and businessman *

Cai Gongshi Cai Gongshi (; May 1, 1881May 3, 1928) was a Chinese nationalist politician and diplomat. Born in Jiujiang, Jiangxi, Cai studied economics and politics at Imperial University in Tokyo, Japan, earning a master's degree. Upon his return to China, ...

, Chinese emissary killed by Japanese soldiers during the Jinan Incident *

Cai Guo-Qiang Cai Guo-Qiang (; born 8 December 1957) is a Chinese artist. Biography Cai Guo-Qiang was born in 1957 in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China. His father, Cai Ruiqin, was a calligrapher and traditional painter who worked in a bookstore. As a res ...

, Chinese contemporary artist and curator. *

Cai Hesen Cai Hesen (March 30, 1895 – August 4, 1931) was an early leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and a friend and comrade of Mao Zedong. Cai was born in Shanghai but grew up in Shuangfeng County in Hunan Province of China. He hel ...

, early leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a friend and comrade of Mao Zedong *

Cai Jing Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang (), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the late Northern Song dynasty of China. He is also fictionalised as one of the primary antagonists in '' Water Margin'', one of t ...

, Song dynasty official and a character in the Chinese literature classic the ''Water Margin'' * Lady Cai, wife of Han dynasty provincial governor Liu Biao *

Cai Lun Cai Lun ( zh, s=蔡伦; courtesy name: Jingzhong ( zh, labels=no, t=敬仲, s=敬仲); – 121 CE), formerly romanization of Chinese, romanized as Ts'ai Lun, was a Eunuchs in China, Chinese eunuch court official of the Eastern Han dynasty. H ...

, inventor of paper in the Han dynasty *

Cai Mao Cai Mao () (190-208), courtesy name Degui, was a military officer serving under the warlords Liu Biao and Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Life Cai Mao came from the elite Cai family in Xiangyang, Nan Commandery (), the cap ...

, man of the gentry who served under Han dynasty provincial governor Liu Biao, cousin of Cai He and Cai Zhong *

Cai Pei Cai Pei (; Hepburn: Sai Bai; 1884–1960) was a diplomat and politician in the pre-World War II Republic of China. He held a number of important posts during the collaborationist Reorganized National Government of China, and successively held th ...

, diplomat and politician in the Republic of China *

Cai Qi Cai Qi ( zh, c=蔡奇, p=Cài Qí; born December 5, 1955) is a Chinese politician, who is the current first-ranked secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), fifth-ranking member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee ...

, Chinese politician * Cai Qian, Chinese pirate in the Qing dynasty *

Cai Shangjun Cai Shangjun () is a Chinese film director and screenwriter. Cai graduated from the Central Academy of Drama in 1992. Since then, his major work has been that of a professional screenwriter. Cai was part of the team, along with Zhang Yang, D ...

, Chinese film director and screenwriter * Cai Shu, Chinese high jumper *

Cai Tingkai Cai Tingkai (; 1892–1968) was a Chinese general. Cai was in overall command of the 19th Route Army of the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and other Chinese forces responsible for holding off the Imperial Japanese Army during ...

, Chinese general during the Republican era *

Cai Wenji Cai Yan ( 178 – post 206; or 170–215; or died 249), courtesy name Wenji, was a Chinese composer, poet, and writer who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. She was a daughter of Cai Yong. Her courtesy name was originall ...

, Han dynasty poet and composer also known as Cai Yan, daughter of scholar Cai Yong *

Cai Xiang Cai Xiang () (1012–1067) was a Chinese calligrapher, politician, structural engineer, and poet.Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 19 ...

, calligrapher, scholar, official and poet during the Song dynasty also known as Cai Zhonghui * Cai Xitao, Chinese botanist *

Cai Xukun Cai Xukun (born August 2, 1998), also known by the mononym Kun (stylized as KUN), is a Chinese singer-songwriter and actor. After participating in the first and second seasons of the Chinese reality show ''Super Idol,'' he joined as a member o ...

, Chinese actor, singer and song composer, former leader and center of Chinese boy group

Nine Percent Nine Percent (; commonly stylized in all-caps) was a nine-member Chinese boy group formed by the survival show '' Idol Producer'' by iQIYI on April 6, 2018. The group promoted for 18 months since formation. Nine Percent was one of the most po ...

Cai Xuzhe Cai Xuzhe ( zh , s = 蔡旭哲 ; born May 1976) is a Chinese People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) taikonaut selected as part of the Shenzhou program. Biography Cai was born in Shenzhou, Hengshui, Hebei province in 1976. His gra ...

, Chinese astronaut *

Cai Yong Cai Yong (132/133 – ), courtesy name Bojie, was a Chinese astronomer, calligrapher, historian, mathematician, musician, politician, and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was well-versed in calligraphy, music, mathematics and astronomy. On ...

, Han dynasty scholar and father of

Cai Yuanpei Cai Yuanpei (; 1868–1940) was a Chinese philosopher and politician who was an influential figure in the history of Chinese modern education. He made contributions to education reform with his own education ideology. He was the president of Peki ...

, chancellor of Peking University and first president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (''Academic Sinica'') *

Cai Yun Cai Yun (born 19 January 1980) is a former professional badminton player representing China. He is the 2012 London Olympic gold medallist and a four-time World Champion in men's doubles. He is regarded as one of the greatest men's doubles play ...

, Chinese badminton player *

Cai Zhuohua Cai Zhuohua () is a Beijing minister active in the Chinese house church movement. He was arrested on 11 September 2004 for printing bibles without a permit. Cai was sentenced to imprisonment for three years after a trial at the Beijing Intermedi ...

, Chinese Christian preacher *

Chae Je-gong Chae Je-gong (12 May 1720 – 22 February 1799) was a scholar, writer, and politician of the Joseon period of Korea. Chae was the leader of the Southerners (or Namin faction) during the reign of King Jeongjo. He passed the regional civil examina ...

, Joseon dynasty scholar, writer, politician *

Chae Myung-shin Chae Myung-shin (; 27 November 1926 – 25 November 2013) was a Republic of Korea Army, South Korean army officer who commanded military history of South Korea during the Vietnam War, South Korean military forces in the Vietnam War. He was also ...

, a South Korean army officer * Chae Su-chan, South Korean politician and scholar * Chai Trong-rong or Trong Chai, Taiwanese politician *

Ada Choi Ada Choi Siu-fan (; born 17 September 1973) is a Hong Kong actress who gained fame with the TVB dramas such as '' Healing Hands'' (1998–2000) and '' Where the Legend Begins'' (2002), before she shifted her career to mainland China, where she gai ...

, Hong Kong actress *

Charlene Choi Charlene Choi Tsoek-jin ( zh, link=no, t=蔡卓妍; born 22 November 1982) is a Hong Kong and Canadian actress and singer. She is a member of Hong Kong pop duo Twins (group), Twins, along with Gillian Chung. Early life Choi was born in Vancouv ...

, Hong Kong singer, member of the Twins duo * Christine Choi,

Secretary of Education An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ...

* Choi Chi-sum, Hong Kong evangelist * Choi Kwok-wai, Hong Kong actor * Fátima Choi, Macanese government minister * Sandra Choi, English creative director and designer for shoemaker Jimmy Choo Ltd *

Sisley Choi Sisley Choi Sea-Pui (; born 6 February 1991) is a Hong Kong actress contracted to TVB. Early life and career Born Choi Sea-Pui, she was born in Hong Kong and her ancestry can be traced back to Zhongshan, Guangdong. Her father was a police off ...

, Hong Kong actress * Richard Tsoi, Hong Kong activist and politician * Vin Choi, Hong Kong actor *

Choi York Yee Choi York Yee (, born 11 May 1953From a Chinese book 香港代表隊龍虎榜, published in the 1970s.) is a retired Hong Kong football (soccer), football player and is now a sports commentator in Hong Kong. He played as a defender in South Chin ...

, Hong Kong footballer and sports commentator *

Anna Choy Anna Choy (born 11 October 1978 in Hong Kong)"Anna Choy"
''IMDB.COM'', Retrieved 6 August 2009 is an Austr ...

, Australian actress, TV presenter, and Australia Day Ambassador *

Elizabeth Choy Elizabeth Choy Su-Moi (née Yong; 29 November 1910 – 14 September 2006) was a Singaporean educator and councillor who is regarded as a war heroine in Singapore. Along with her husband, Choy Khun Heng, she supplied medicine, money and messag ...

, North Borneo-born Singaporean World War II heroine *

Choy So-yuk Choy So-yuk, BBS, JP (, born 10 October 1950) is a Hong Kong politician. She was an elected member of Eastern District Council and a Hong Kong Deputy of the National People’s Congress. From 1997 to 2008 she was a member of the Legislative ...

, Hong Kong politician * Choy Weng Yang, Singaporean artist *

Alfrancis Chua Alfrancis P. Chua (born January 17, 1966) is a Filipino sports executive and former basketball player and coach. He is currently the team manager of Barangay Ginebra San Miguel and the sports director of San Miguel Corporation (SMC), overseei ...

, Filipino basketball coach *

Amy Chua Amy Lynn Chua ( Chinese: 蔡美儿; born October 26, 1962), also known as "the Tiger Mom", is an American legal scholar, corporate lawyer, and writer. She is the John M. Duff Jr. Professor of Law at Yale Law School with an expertise in internation ...

, American academic and author of Filipino Chinese descent * Brent Chua, Filipino model * Dexmon Chua, Singaporean murder victim * Chua Ek Kay, Singaporean artist * Chua En Lai (born 1979), Singaporean actor *

Joi Chua Joi Chua (born 3 August 1978) is a Singaporean singer, songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. She is known for the hits "Waiting for a Sunny Day" (等一个晴天), "One Day I Will" (有一天我會), and "Watching the Sunrise With Me" (陪我� ...

(Joi Tsai), Singaporean singer *

Jonathan Chua Jonathan Chua Jian Xin (born 12 February 1990), better known as Jon Chua JX, is a Singapore-based actor and singer. He is one of the members of Singaporean band The Sam Willows and the co-founder and creative director of Zendyll Records, and man ...

(Jon Chua JX / Jonny X), Singaporean musician & entrepreneur *

Dino Reyes Chua Dino Carlo Reyes Chua (born September 28, 1980) is a Filipino businessman and politician and the former mayor and current vice mayor of Noveleta, Cavite. He is the president of SkyJet Airlines, and also the owner of El Palacio Resort in Coastal ...

, Filipino politician and the current mayor of

Noveleta Noveleta, officially the Municipality of Noveleta (), is a municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,452 people. History Noveleta was originally a barrio of the municipality of ...

Cavite Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite (; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region. On the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila, i ...

Chua Jui Meng Chua Jui Meng (; 22 October 1943 – 3 December 2023) was a Malaysian politician and lawyer who served as the Minister of Health from May 1995 to March 2004 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bakri from August 1986 to March 2008. He was th ...

(born 1943), Malaysian health minister and prominent politician * Chua Lam, Singaporean-born Hong Kong columnist and movie producer * Chua Leong Aik, Singaporean murder accomplice * Leon O. Chua, American professor and inventor of Chua's circuit * Simon Chua Ling Fung, bodybuilder from Singapore * Mark Welson Chua, Filipino murder victim *

Paige Chua Paige Chua Qi Hui (born 25 June 1981) is a Singaporean actress and television host. Early life Chua was born in Singapore on 25 June 1981. She attended Mayflower Secondary School and Serangoon Junior College before graduating from the Nat ...

(born 1981), Singaporean model and actress *

Chua Phung Kim Chua Phung Kim (; 29 April 1939 – 4 August 1990) was a Singaporean weightlifter. He was a gold medalist in weightlifting in the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Weightlifting career Chua first took to the sport in 1960 after be ...

, Singaporean weightlifter *

Robert Chua Robert Chua Wah-Peng (born 20 May 1946) is a Singaporean broadcaster and businessman. Background Born in 1946 in Colony of Singapore, on 20 May 1946, he has worked internationally in Australia, Hong Kong and China as well. Among other activities ...

, Singapore-born Asian television executive *

Chua Ser Lien Chua Ser Lien (蔡思连 Caì Sīlián; – 8 July 2020) was a Singaporean who, together with his accomplice Tan Ping Koon, kidnapped a seven-year-old girl during Christmas Day of 2003. The abduction was brief and witnessed by several people, o ...

, Singaporean kidnapper *

Chua Sock Koong Chua Sock Koong (born 14 September 1957) is the former CEO of Singtel, having held this position from April 2007 to December 2020. Education Chua completed her education at Raffles Girls School and Raffles Institution. Chua holds a Bachelor o ...

, Singaporean telecom executive *

Chua Soi Lek Chua Soi Lek ( zh, s=蔡细历, t=蔡細歷, p=Cài Xìlì, poj=Chhòa Sòe-le̍k; born 2 January 1947), also known as Chua Kin Seng, is a Chinese Malaysian politician from the state of Johor. He is the 9th President of the Malaysian Chinese A ...

, Malaysian health minister and prominent politician, former Member of Parliament for

Labis Labis is a town and a mukim (township) in Segamat District in northern Johor, Malaysia. A main trunk road that runs north-south Peninsular Malaysia passes through it, as well as the KTM railway line that connects it with the state's capital i ...

Chua Soon Bui Datuk Chua Soon Bui ( zh, s=蔡顺梅, t=蔡順梅, p=Cài Shùnméi; born 1 February 1955) was the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Tawau constituency in Sabah from 2008 to 2013. She sat in Parliament as a member of the Sabah Prog ...

, Malaysian politician *

Tanya Chua Tanya Chua (; born 28 January 1975) is a Singaporean singer-songwriter. She launched her singing career by releasing her debut studio album ''Bored'' in 1997. She was part of the trio that sang "Moments of Magic" (1999), Singapore's official millen ...

, Singaporean singer *

Chua Tee Yong Chua Tee Yong ( zh, c=蔡智勇, s=, t=, poj=Chhuà Tì-ióng; born 19 October 1977) is a Malaysian politician and was the Member of parliament of Malaysia for the Labis constituency in the State of Johor for two terms (2008-2018). He was on ...

, Malaysian politician, former Member of Parliament for Labis *

Chua Tian Chang Chua Tian Chang, better known as Tian Chua (; born 21 December 1963), is a Malaysian politician who served as Special Advisor to the Minister of Works from March 2019 to February 2020 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Batu from March 2008 ...

, or Tian Chua, Malaysian politician, former Member of Parliament for

Batu Batu may refer to: Geography *Batu City, a city in East Java, Indonesia *Batu Islands, an archipelago of Indonesia * Batu, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran * Batu, Kuala Lumpur, an area in Malaysia *Batu (town), Ethiopia * Batu ...

* Chua Wei Kiat, Malaysian politician, Member of Selangor State Assembly for Rawang and State Chairman for AMK's Selangor Chief *

Xiao Chua Michael Charleston "Xiao" Briones Chua ( zh, t=曾華紹, p=Zēng Huáshào; born January 19, 1984) is a Filipino historian, academic, and television personality. He is best known for his academic works on Philippine history and his numerou ...

, Filipino historian *

Chen-Nee Chuah Chen-Nee Chuah is an American computer scientist and computer engineer whose research involves computer networks, including network traffic measurement, wireless ad hoc networks, and intelligent transportation systems. She is the Child Family Pro ...

, American computer scientist * Tricia Chuah, Malaysian squash player * Chuah Eng Cheng (c. 1921–?), Malaysian field hockey player *

Chuah Guat Eng Chuah Guat Eng (; born 1 December 1943), is a Malaysian Peranakan Chinese writer. She was Malaysia's first English-language woman novelist. Chuah was born in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, and received her early education at the Methodist Girls' Sc ...

(born 1943), Malaysian novelist *

Chuah Hean Teik Chuah Hean Teik () is a Malaysian eminent scholar, researcher, academic and industry leader. He has been the President and CEO of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia from April 2008 until September 2019. He is currently the Presiden ...

(born 1961), Malaysian engineer * Chuah Thean Teng (1914–2008), Malaysian artist *

Mooi Choo Chuah Mooi Choo Chuah from Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for ''contributions to wireless network system and protocol design''. In 2017, she was elect ...

, American engineer * Hirokazu Nakaima, Governor of Okinawa Prefecture; Nakaima is descended from a Chinese family with the surname of Cai, one of the 36 Han Chinese

Kumemura was an Okinawan community of scholars, bureaucrats, and diplomats in the port city of Naha near the royal capital of Shuri, which was a center of culture and learning during the time of the Ryukyu Kingdom. The people of Kumemura, traditionally ...

families who moved to Okinawa in 1392.仲井真弘多後援會
*

Sai On (1682–1762), or Cai Wen in Chinese, also known as , was a scholar-bureaucrat official of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, serving as regent, instructor, and advisor to King Shō Kei. He is renowned for the many reforms he initiated and oversaw, and is amo ...

, scholar-bureaucrat official of the Ryūkyū Kingdom *

Sai Taku , also known by his Japanese-style name , was a Ryukyuan aristocrat and bureaucrat in the royal government of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Sai Taku was born in Kumemura on January 4, 1645. He descended from Cai Xiang, a famous polymath of the Song dyna ...

, scholar-bureaucrat official of the Ryūkyū Kingdom * David Thai, Vietnamese-American gangster *

Minh Thai Minh Thai (born 1965 as Thái Minh) is a Vietnamese-American speedcuber. As a sixteen-year-old Eagle Rock High School student from Los Angeles, he won the first Rubik's Cube world championship on June 5, 1982 in Budapest by solving a Rubik's Cu ...

, Vietnamese-American speedcuber *

Thái Phiên Thái Phiên (1882–1916), was a Vietnamese scholar and revolutionary from Quảng Nam Province, also known by the alias Nam Xương. He was an associate of Phan Bội Châu, and was involved in both the Viet Nam Quang Phuc Hoi, Vietnam Restoratio ...

, Vietnamese scholar and revolutionary * Thái Quang Hoàng, lieutenant general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam *

Thái Thanh Thái Thanh (born Phạm Thị Băng Thanh; August 5, 1934 – March 17, 2020) was a Vietnamese-American singer. She was one of the most iconic singers of the Western-influenced popular music in Vietnam, known as ' New music of Vietnam' (). ...

, Vietnamese-American singer * Thái Văn Dung, Vietnamese Catholic activist *

Vico Thai Vico Thai is an Australian actor, He is known for his role as Lam Bui on Disneyplus series Last Days of the Space Age which premiered on Disneyplus and Hulu. His other notable roles include Justin Yang on ABC TV's award-winning drama series ...

, Vietnamese-Australian actor * Tjoa Ing Hwie or Tjoa Jien Hwie, the birth name of

Surya Wonowidjojo Surya Wonowidjojo (15 August 1923 – 28 August 1985) was an Indonesian businessman and cigarette maker. Wonowidjojo, sometimes spelt Wonowidjoyo, was a Chinese Indonesian ( Hokchia totok) born Tjoa Ing Hwie or Tjoa Jien Hwie (;Leo Suryadinata. ...

, founder of Gudang Garam * Marga Tjoa, real name of Indonesian writer

Marga T Marga Tjoa (27 January 1943 – 17 August 2023) was an Indonesian popular romance and children's literature writer better known by the pen name Marga T. One of Indonesia's most prolific writers, she first became well known in 1971 for her seri ...

* Tjoa To Hing, birth name of Indonesian businessman Rachman Halim *

Alex Tsai Alex Tsai (; born 25 December 1953) is a Taiwanese politician and a member of the Kuomintang. He served as a legislator from 2008 to 2016. He was one of the 3rd members of the National Assembly. Education After graduating from National Taiwan ...

, Taiwanese politician * Tsai Chia-Hsin, Taiwanese badminton player * Tsai Chih-chieh, Taiwanese footballer (soccer player) * Tsai Chih-Ling, American business professor and author * Tsai Chih Chung, Taiwanese cartoonist * Tsai Chin, Taiwanese popular music singer * Tsai, Emilio Estevez, Canadian soccer player * Tsai Horng Chung, Chinese-Sarawakan painter *

Tsai Hsien-tang Tsai Hsien-tang (; born 29 April 1977), formerly known as Tsai Hui-kai (), is a Taiwanese football (soccer) player. He played as a defender and a defensive midfielder. Career During his participation in Tatung F.C., he was voted the best d ...

, Taiwanese footballer * Tsai Hui-kai, Taiwanese footballer (soccer player) *

Tsai Ing-wen Tsai Ing-wen (; pinyin: ''Cài Yīngwén''; born 31 August 1956) is a Taiwanese politician and legal scholar who served as the seventh president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2016 to 2024. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party ...

, president and former vice premier of Taiwan * Tsai Li-huei, Taiwanese born American neuroscientist * Tsai Ying-wen, Taiwanese Political scientist * Jeanne Tsai, American academic *

Jolin Tsai Jolin Tsai I-lin ( zh, c=蔡依林, p=Cài Yīlín; born September 15, 1980), also romanized as Jolin Cai, is a Taiwanese people, Taiwanese singer, songwriter, and actress. Recognized as the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Queen of C-Pop ...

, Taiwanese pop singer *

Joseph Tsai Joseph Chung-Hsin Tsai ( zh, t=蔡崇信, poj=Chhòa Chông-sìn; born January 1964) is a Taiwanese-Canadian billionaire business magnate, lawyer, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder and chairman of the Chinese multinational technology company ...

, Canadian businessman, lawyer and philanthropist * Kevin Tsai, Taiwanese writer and television host *

Lauren Tsai Lauren Tsai (born February 11, 1998), is an American visual artist, model, and actress. She is best known to audiences for her appearance in the Fuji TV and Netflix series '' Terrace House: Aloha State''. She made her acting debut in the third an ...

, American illustrator, model, and actress * Tsai Min-you, real name of a Taiwanese singer

Evan Yo Tsai Min-you (born 12 November 1986), better known as Evan Yo, is a Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriter. He was signed by his management company at 14 and has been signed by Sony Music Taiwan since 2006. He has released four albums and was nomi ...

Ming Tsai Ming Hao Tsai (; born 1964) is an American chef, restaurateur, television personality and a former squash player. Tsai's restaurants have focused on east–west fusion cuisine, and have included major stakes in Blue Ginger in Wellesley, Massachu ...

, American chef and host of television cooking shows * Tsai Mi-ching, Deputy Minister of Science and Technology of the Republic of China * Tsai Ming-Hung, Taiwanese baseball player *

Tsai Ming-liang Tsai Ming-liang (; born 27 October 1957) is a Malaysian filmmaker based in Taiwan. Tsai has written and directed 11 feature films, many short films, and television films. He is one of the most celebrated "Second New Wave" film directors of T ...

, Taiwanese movie director *

Tsai Ping-kun Tsai Ping-kun (; born 1959) is a Taiwanese politician. Early life and education Tsai was born in Caotun, Nantou County, in 1959. He obtained his bachelor's degree from National Dong Hwa University, and then earned a master's degree and a Ph.D. ...

, Deputy Mayor of

Taipei , nickname = The City of Azaleas , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Taiwan#Asia#Pacific Ocean#Earth , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country ...

* Tsai Sen-tien, Vice Minister of Health and Welfare of the Republic of China (2016–2017) * Tsai Shengbai, Chinese industrialist * , American engineer * , Taiwanese politician and founder of Cathay Life Insurance Company; brother of Tsai Wan-lin and Tsai Wan-tsai ''(qq.v.)'' and father of Tsai Chen-chou and Tsai Chen-nan (businessman) *

Tsai Wan-lin Tsai Wan-lin ( zh, c=蔡萬霖, p=Caì Wànlín; 10 November 1924 – 27 September 2004) was a Taiwanese businessman who, at the peak of his wealth in 1996, was considered to be the fifth richest person in the world, with a family net worth o ...

, Taiwanese billionaire and founder of Cathay Life Insurance Company; brother of Tsai Wan-chin and Tsai Wan-tsai ''(qq.v.)'' and father of Tsai Hong-tu and T. Y. Tsai *

Tsai Wan-tsai Tsai Wan-tsai (; 5 August 1929 – 5 October 2014) was a Taiwanese banker. Born in modern-day Miaoli, his birth name was 蔡萬財. He is one of the brothers of Tsai Wan-lin, and an uncle of Tsai Hong-tu. Tsai Wan-tsai was a member of the Legis ...

, Taiwanese billionaire, member of the Legislative Yuan and founder of Fubon Group; brother of Tsai Wan-chin and Tsai Wan-lin ''(qq.v.)'' and father of Daniel Tsai and

Richard Tsai Richard Tsai (; born 1957 or 1958) is a Taiwanese businessman. He and his brother Daniel Tsai run Fubon Financial Holding Co., founded by their father Tsai Wan-tsai. On the ''Forbes'' 2016 list of the world's billionaires, Richard Tsai was ranke ...

* Will Tsai, Canadian magician * Tsai Yi-chen, Taiwanese actress *

Yu Tsai Yu Tsai () is an American photographer based in Los Angeles and New York. He also works in television, appearing as a creative consultant and judge in ''America's Next Top Model'', '' Germany's Next Topmodel'' and ''Asia's Next Top Model''. E ...

, American photographer *

Zikos Chua Vasileios Zikos Chua Ming Xun (born 15 April 2002) is a Singaporean-Greek professional footballer who plays as a forward for Singapore Premier League club Geylang International. Chua holds the record of being the youngest player to score four ...

, Singaporean-Greek professional footballer *

Peter Tsai Peter Tsai (; born February 6, 1952) is a Taiwanese-American inventor and material scientist who is best known for inventing and patenting improved meltblown filtration manufacturing techniques, used in respirators ''(like N95 respirators, which i ...

, Taiwanese-American inventor and scientist

References

External links

Chua Clan Chiyang Association, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
(馬來西亞柔佛麻坡蔡氏濟陽公所) website {{surname, Cai Cai (state) Chinese-language surnames Individual Chinese surnames