shinto shrines

A is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine") one or more ''kami'', the deities of the Shinto religion.

Overview

Structurally, a Shinto shrine typically comprises several buildings.

The ''honden''Also called (本殿, meaning: "main hall") is where a shrine's patron ''kami'' is/are enshrined.Iwanami Japanese dictionary The ''honden'' may be absent in cases where a shrine stands on or near a sacred mountain, tree, or other object which can be worshipped directly or in cases where a shrine possesses either an altar-like structure, called a ''himorogi,'' or an object believed to be capable of attracting spirits, called a '' yorishiro,'' which can also serve as direct bonds to a ''kami''. There may be a and other structures as well.

Although only one word ("shrine") is used in English, in Japanese, Shinto shrines may carry any one of many different, non-equivalent names like ''gongen'', ''-gū'', ''jinja'', ''jingū'', ''mori'', ''myōjin'', ''-sha'', ''taisha'', ''ubusuna'' or ''yashiro''. Miniature shrines ('' hokora'') can occasionally be found on roadsides. Large shrines sometimes have on their precincts miniature shrines, or . Because the''sessha'' and ''massha'' once had different meanings but are now officially synonyms, these shrines are sometimes called , a neologism that fuses the two old names ''Mikoshi'', the palanquins which are carried on poles during festivals (''matsuri''), also enshrine ''kami'' and are therefore considered shrines.

In 927 CE, the was promulgated. This work listed all of the 2,861 Shinto shrines existing at the time, and the 3,131 official-recognized and enshrined ''kami''. In 1972, the Agency for Cultural Affairs placed the number of shrines at 79,467, mostly affiliated with the . Some shrines, such as the Yasukuni Shrine, are totally independent of any outside authority. The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000.Breen, Teeuwen in ''Breen, Teeuwen'' (2000:1) This figure may, or may not, include private shrines in homes and owned by small groups, abandoned or derelict shrines, roadside ''hokora'', etc.

Since ancient times, the '' Shake'' (社家) families dominated Shinto shrines through hereditary positions, and at some shrines the hereditary succession continues to present day.

The Unicode character representing a Shinto shrine (for example, on maps) is .

Birth and evolution

Early origins

Ancestors are ''kami'' to be worshipped. Yayoi-period village councils sought the advice of ancestors and other ''kami'', and developed instruments, , to evoke them. ''Yoshishiro'' means "approach substitute"Tamura, page 21 and were conceived to attract the ''kami'' to allow them physical space, thus making ''kami'' accessible to human beings.

Village-council sessions were held in quiet spots in the mountains or in forests near great trees or other natural objects that served as ''yorishiro''. These sacred places and their ''yorishiro'' gradually evolved into today's shrines, whose origins can be still seen in the Japanese words for "mountain" and "forest", which can also mean "shrine". Many shrines have on their grounds one of the original great ''yorishiro'': a big tree, surrounded by a sacred rope called .Many other sacred objects (mirrors, swords, comma-shaped jewels called magatama) were originally ''yorishiro'', and only later became ''kami'' by association

The first buildings at places dedicated to worship were hut-like structures built to house some ''yorishiro''. A trace of this origin can be found in the term , "deity storehouse", which evolved into ''hokora'' (written with the same characters 神庫), and is considered to be one of the first words for shrine.A ''hokora'' today is an extremely small shrine, of the type one sees on many roadsides

First temporary shrines

True shrines arose with the beginning of agriculture, when the need arose to attract ''kami'' to ensure good harvests. These were, however, just temporary structures built for a particular purpose, a tradition of which traces can be found in some rituals.

Hints of the first shrines can still be found here and there. Ōmiwa Shrine in Nara, for example, contains no sacred images or objects because it is believed to serve the mountain on which it stands—images or objects are therefore unnecessary. For the same reason, it has a worship hall, a , but no place to house the ''kami'', called . Archeology confirms that, during the Yayoi period, the most common (a ''yorishiro'' actually housing the enshrined ''kami'') in the earliest shrines were nearby mountain peaks that supplied stream water to the plains where people lived.Cambridge History of Japan (1993:524) Besides the already mentioned Ōmiwa Shrine, another important example is Mount Nantai, a phallus-shaped mountain in Nikko which constitutes Futarasan Shrine's ''shintai''. Significantly, the name means "man's body". The mountain not only provides water to the rice paddies below but has the shape of the phallic stone rods found in pre-agricultural Jōmon sites.

Rites and ceremonies

In 905 CE, Emperor Daigo ordered a compilation of Shinto rites and rules. Previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, but, neither the ''Konin'' nor the ''Jogan Gishiki'' survive. Initially under the direction of Fujiwara no Tokihira, the project stalled at his death in April 909. Fujiwara no Tadahira, his brother, took charge and in 912 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)
"''Engi-shiki''"
in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 178. and in 927 the Engi-shiki (延喜式, literally: "Procedures of the Engi Era") was promulgated in fifty volumes. This, the first formal codification of Shinto rites and Norito (liturgies and prayers) to survive, became the basis for all subsequent Shinto liturgical practice and efforts. In addition to the first ten volumes of this fifty volume work (which concerned worship and the Department of Worship), sections in subsequent volumes addressing the Ministry of Ceremonies (治部省) and the Ministry of the Imperial Household (宮内省) also regulated Shinto worship and contained liturgical rites and regulation. Felicia Gressitt Brock published a two-volume annotated English language translation of the first ten volumes with an introduction entitled ''Engi-shiki; procedures of the Engi Era'' in 1970.

Arrival and influence of Buddhism

The arrival of Buddhism in Japan in around the sixth century introduced the concept of a permanent shrine.Fujita, Koga (2008:20-21) A great number of Buddhist temples were built next to existing shrines in mixed complexes called to help priesthood deal with local ''kami'', making those shrines permanent. Some time in their evolution, the word , meaning "palace", came into use indicating that shrines had by then become the imposing structures of today.

Once the first permanent shrines were built, Shinto revealed a strong tendency to resist architectural change, a tendency which manifested itself in the so-called , the tradition of rebuilding shrines faithfully at regular intervals adhering strictly to their original design. This custom is the reason ancient styles have been replicated throughout the centuries to the present day, remaining more or less intact. Ise Grand Shrine, still rebuilt every 20 years, is its best extant example. The tradition of rebuilding shrines or temples is present in other religions, but in Shinto it has played a particularly significant role in preserving ancient architectural styles. Izumo Taisha, Sumiyoshi Taisha, and Nishina Shinmei Shrine in fact represent each a different style whose origin is believed to predate Buddhism in Japan. These three styles are known respectively as '' taisha-zukuri'', '' sumiyoshi-zukuri'', and ''shinmei-zukuri'' (see below).

Shrines were not completely immune to change, and in fact show various influences, particularly that of Buddhism, a cultural import which provided much of Shinto architecture's vocabulary. The ,The ''rōmon'', or tower gate, is a gate which looks like a two-storied gate, but in fact has only one the '' haiden'', the , the ''tōrō'', or stone lantern, and the '' komainu'', or lion dogs (see below for an explanation of these terms), are all elements borrowed from Buddhism.

''Shinbutsu shūgō'' and the ''jingūji''

Until the Meiji period (1868–1912), shrines as we know them today were rare. With very few exceptions like Ise Grand Shrine and Izumo Taisha, they were just a part of a temple-shrine complex controlled by Buddhist clergy. These complexes were called , places of worship composed of a Buddhist temple and of a shrine dedicated to a local ''kami''. The complexes were born when a temple was erected next to a shrine to help its ''kami'' with its karmic problems. At the time, ''kami'' were thought to be also subjected to karma, and therefore in need of a salvation only Buddhism could provide. Having first appeared during the Nara period (710–794), the ''jingū-ji'' remained common for over a millennium until, with few exceptions, they were destroyed in compliance with the new policies of the Meiji administration in 1868.

''Shinbutsu bunri''

The Shinto shrine went through a massive change when the Meiji administration promulgated a new policy of separation of ''kami'' and foreign Buddhas ('' shinbutsu bunri'') with the . This event is of great historical importance partly because it triggered the '' haibutsu kishaku'', a violent anti-Buddhist movement which in the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate and during the Meiji Restoration caused the forcible closure of thousands of Buddhist temples, the confiscation of their land, the forced return to lay life of monks, and the destruction of books, statues and other Buddhist property..

Until the end of Edo period, local ''kami'' beliefs and Buddhism were intimately connected in what was called '' shinbutsu shūgō'' (神仏習合), up to the point where even the same buildings were used as both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.

After the law, the two would be forcibly separated. This was done in several stages. At first an order issued by the ''Jingijimuka'' in April 1868 ordered the defrocking of ''shasō'' and '' bettō'' (shrine monks performing Buddhist rites at Shinto shrines).. A few days later, the 'Daijōkan' banned the application of Buddhist terminology such as ''gongen'' to Japanese ''kami'' and the veneration of Buddhist statues in shrines. The third stage consisted of the prohibition against applying the Buddhist term ''Daibosatsu'' (Great Bodhisattva) to the syncretic ''kami'' Hachiman at the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū and Usa Hachiman-gū shrines.. In the fourth and final stage, all the defrocked ''bettō'' and ''shasō'' were told to become "shrine priests" ('' kannushi'') and return to their shrines. In addition, monks of the Nichiren sect were told not to refer to some deities as ''kami''.

After a short period in which it enjoyed popular favor, the process of separation of Buddhas and ''kami'' however stalled and is still only partially completed. To this day, almost all Buddhist temples in Japan have a small shrine ('' chinjusha'') dedicated to its Shinto tutelary ''kami'', and vice versa Buddhist figures (e.g. goddess Kannon) are revered in Shinto shrines..

''Shintai''

The defining features of a shrine are the ''kami'' it enshrines and the ''shintai'' (or ''go-shintai'' if the honorific prefix ''go-'' is used) that houses it. While the name literally means "body of a kami", ''shintai'' are physical objects worshiped at or near Shinto shrines because a ''kami'' is believed to reside in them.''Shintai'', Encyclopedia of Shinto In spite of what their name may suggest, ''shintai'' are not themselves part of ''kami'', but rather just symbolic repositories which make them accessible to human beings for worship. It is said therefore that the ''kami'' inhabits them.. ''Shintai'' are also of necessity '' yorishiro'', that is objects by their very nature capable of attracting ''kami''.

The most common ''shintai'' are man-made objects like mirrors, swords, jewels (for example comma-shaped stones called '' magatama)'', ''gohei'' (wands used during religious rites), and sculptures of ''kami'' called ,''Kami'' are as a rule not represented in anthropomorphic or physical terms, however numerous paintings and statues representing them have appeared under Buddhist influence but they can be also natural objects such as rocks, mountains, trees, and waterfalls. Mountains were among the first, and are still among the most important, ''shintai'', and are worshiped at several famous shrines. A mountain believed to house a ''kami'', as for example Mount Fuji or Mount Miwa, is called a .Ono, Woodard (2004:100) In the case of a man-made ''shintai'', a ''kami'' must be invited to reside in it (see the next subsection, ''Kanjō'').

The founding of a new shrine requires the presence of either a pre-existing, naturally occurring ''shintai'' (for example a rock or waterfall housing a local ''kami''), or of an artificial one, which must therefore be procured or made to the purpose. An example of the first case are the Nachi Falls, worshiped at Hiryū Shrine near Kumano Nachi Taisha and believed to be inhabited by a ''kami'' called Hiryū Gongen.

The first duty of a shrine is to house and protect its ''shintai'' and the ''kami'' which inhabits it. If a shrine has more than one building, the one containing the ''shintai'' is called ''honden''; because it is meant for the exclusive use of the ''kami'', it is always closed to the public and is not used for prayer or religious ceremonies. The ''shintai'' leaves the ''honden'' only during festivals (''matsuri''), when it is put in portable shrines (''mikoshi'') and carried around the streets among the faithful. The portable shrine is used to physically protect the ''shintai'' and to hide it from sight.

Re-enshrinement

Often the opening of a new shrine will require the ritual division of a ''kami'' and the transferring of one of the two resulting spirits to the new location, where it will animate the ''shintai''. This process is called '' kanjō'', and the divided spirits , , or .Smyers (1999:235) This process of propagation, described by the priests, in spite of this name, not as a division but as akin to the lighting of a candle from another already lit, leaves the original ''kami'' intact in its original place and therefore does not alter any of its properties. The resulting spirit has all the qualities of the original and is therefore "alive" and permanent. The process is used often—for example during Shinto festivals (''matsuri'') to animate temporary shrines called ''mikoshi''.Sonoda (1975:12)

The transfer does not necessarily take place from a shrine to another: the divided spirit's new location can be a privately owned object or an individual's house.Smyers (1999: 156-160) The ''kanjō'' process was of fundamental importance in the creation of all of Japan's shrine networks ( Inari shrines, Hachiman shrines, etc.).

''Shake'' families

The '' Shake'' (社家) is the name for families and the former social class that dominated Shinto shrines through hereditary positions within a shrine. The social class was abolished in 1871, but many ''shake'' families still continue hereditary succession until present day and some were appointed hereditary nobility (''Kazoku'') after the Meiji Restoration.

Some of the most well-known ''shake'' families include:
* Arakida and Watarai of Ise Grand Shrine
* Senge and Kitajima of Izumo Taisha
* Ōnakatomi of Kasuga Taisha
* Urabe of Yoshida Shrine

Famous shrines and shrine networks

Those worshiped at a shrine are generally Shinto ''kami'', but sometimes they can be Buddhist or Taoist deities, as well as others not generally considered to belong to Shinto.The opposite can also happen. Toyokawa Inari is a Buddhist temple of the Sōtō sect in Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture and, with its Akasaka branch, one of the centers of Inari's cult (Smyers 1999:26, 34) Some shrines were established to worship living people or figures from myths and legends. A famous example are the Tōshō-gū shrines erected to enshrine Tokugawa Ieyasu, or the many shrines dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane, like Kitano Tenman-gū.

Often the shrines which were most significant historically do not lie in a former center of power like Kyoto, Nara, or Kamakura. For example, Ise Grand Shrine, the Imperial household's family shrine, is in Mie prefecture. Izumo-taisha, one of the oldest and most revered shrines in Japan, is in Shimane Prefecture. This is because their location is that of a traditionally important ''kami'', and not that of temporal institutions.

Some shrines exist only in one locality, while others are at the head of a network of . The spreading of a ''kami'' can be evoked by one or more of several different mechanisms. The typical one is an operation called '' kanjō'' (see the Re-enshrinement above), a propagation process through which a ''kami'' is invited to a new location and there re-enshrined. The new shrine is administered completely independent from the one it originated from.

However, other transfer mechanisms exist. In Ise Grand Shrine's case, for example, its network of Shinmei shrines (from Shinmei, 神明; another name for Amaterasu) grew due to two concurrent causes. During the late Heian period the cult of Amaterasu, worshiped initially only at Ise Grand Shrine, started to spread to the shrine's possessions through the usual ''kanjō'' mechanism. Later, branch shrines started to appear further away. The first evidence of a Shinmei shrine far from Ise is given by the ''Azuma Kagami'', a Kamakura-period text which refers to Amanawa Shinmei-gū's appearance in Kamakura, Kanagawa. Amaterasu began to be worshiped in other parts of the country because of the so-called phenomenon, the belief that she would fly to other locations and settle there. Similar mechanisms have been responsible for the spreading around the country of other ''kami''.

Notable shrines

The Ise Grand Shrine in Mie prefecture is, with Izumo-taisha, the most representative and historically significant shrine in Japan. The ''kami'' the two enshrine play fundamental roles in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, two texts of great importance to Shinto. Because its ''kami'', Amaterasu, is an ancestor of the Emperor, Ise Grand Shrine is the Imperial Household's family shrine. Ise Grand Shrine is, however, dedicated specifically to the Emperor and in the past, even his mother, wife and grandmother needed his permission to worship there. Its traditional and mythological foundation date goes back to 4 BC, but historians believe it was founded around the 3rd to 5th century AD.

Izumo Taisha (in Shimane Prefecture) is so old that no document about its birth survives, and the year of foundation is therefore unknown. The shrine is the center of a series of popular sagas and myths. The ''kami'' it enshrines, Ōkuninushi, created Japan before it was populated by Amaterasu's offspring, the Emperor's ancestors. Because of its physical remoteness, in historical times Izumo has been eclipsed in fame by other sites, but there is still a widespread belief that in October all Japanese gods meet there. For this reason, the month of October is also known as the , while at Izumo Taisha alone it is referred to as the .

Fushimi Inari Taisha is the head shrine of the largest shrine network in Japan, which has more than 32,000 members (about a third of the total). Inari Okami worship started here in the 8th century and has continued ever since, expanding to the rest of the country. Located in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, the shrine sits at the base of a mountain also named Inari, and includes trails up the mountain to many smaller shrines. Another very large example is the Yūtoku Inari Shrine in Kashima City, Saga Prefecture.

Ōita Prefecture's Usa Shrine (called in Japanese Usa Jingū or Usa Hachiman-gū) is, together with Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, the head of the Hachiman shrine network. Hachiman worship started here at least as far back as the Nara period (710–794). In the year 860, the ''kami'' was divided and brought to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū in Kyoto, which became the focus of Hachiman worship in the capital. Located on top of Mount Otokoyama, Usa Hachiman-gū is dedicated to Emperor Ojin, his mother Empress Jungū, and female ''kami'' Hime no Okami.

Itsukushima Shrine is, together with Munakata Taisha, at the head of the Munakata shrine network (see below). Remembered for his ''torii'' raising from the waters, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The shrine is dedicated to the three daughters of Susano-o no Mikoto, ''kami'' of seas and storms and brother of the great sun ''kami''.

Kasuga Taisha is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Established in 768 AD and rebuilt several times over the centuries, it is the shrine of the Fujiwara family. The interior is noted for its many bronze lanterns, as well as the many stone lanterns that lead up the shrine. The architectural style '' Kasuga-zukuri'' takes its name from Kasuga Taisha's ''honden''.

The Kumano Sanzan shrine complex, head of the Kumano shrine network, includes Kumano Hayatama Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Shingu), Kumano Hongu Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Tanabe), and Kumano Nachi Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Nachikatsuura). The shrines lie between 20 and 40 km one from the other. They are connected by the pilgrimage route known as . The great Kumano Sanzan complex also includes two Buddhist temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji.The presence of Buddhist temples within a Shinto shrine complex is due to an integration of Buddhism and Shinto ('' Shinbutsu shūgō'') which used to be normal before the Meiji restoration and is still common. The ''kami'' which inhabits the Nachi Falls within the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex, the already mentioned Hiryū Gongen, is itself syncretic.Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"
accessed on June 12, 2008

The religious significance of the Kumano region goes back to prehistoric times, and therefore predates all modern religions in Japan. The area was, and still is, considered a place of physical healing.

Yasukuni shrine, in Tokyo, is dedicated to the soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of Japan.

Shrine networks

There are estimated to be around 80,000 shrines in Japan. The majority of Shinto shrines are associated with a shrine network. This counts only shrines with resident priests; if smaller shrines (such as roadside or household shrines) are included, the number would be double. These are highly concentrated; over one-third are associated with Inari (over 30,000 shrines), and the top six networks comprise over 90% of all shrines, though there are at least 20 networks with over 200 shrines.

The next ten largest networks contain between 2,000 branches down to about 200 branches, and include the networks headed by Matsunoo-taisha, Kibune Shrine, and Taga-taisha, among others.

Inari shrines

The number of branch shrines gives an approximate indication of their religious significance, and neither Ise Grand Shrine nor Izumo-taisha can claim the first place. By far the most numerous are shrines dedicated to Inari, tutelary ''kami'' of agriculture popular all over Japan, which alone constitute almost a third of the total. Inari also protects fishing, commerce, and productivity in general. For this reason, many modern Japanese corporations have shrines dedicated to Inari on their premises. Inari shrines are usually very small and therefore easy to maintain, but can also be very large, as in the case of Fushimi Inari Taisha, the head shrine of the network. The ''kami'' is also enshrined in some Buddhist temples.

The entrance to an Inari shrine is usually marked by one or more vermilion ''torii'' and two white foxes. This red color has come to be identified with Inari because of the prevalence of its use among Inari shrines and their ''torii''. The ''kitsune'' statues are at times mistakenly believed to be a form assumed by Inari, and they typically come in pairs, representing a male and a female, although sex is usually not obvious.Smyers (1999:93) These fox statues hold a symbolic item in their mouths or beneath a front paw – most often a jewel and a key, but a sheaf of rice, a scroll, or a fox cub are also common. Almost all Inari shrines, no matter how small, will feature at least a pair of these statues, usually flanking, on the altar, or in front of the main sanctuary.

Hachiman shrines

A syncretic entity worshiped as both a ''kami'' and a Buddhist ''daibosatsu'', Hachiman is intimately associated with both learning and warriors. In the sixth or seventh century, Emperor Ōjin and his mother Empress Jingū came to be identified together with Hachiman. First enshrined at Usa Hachiman-gū in Ōita Prefecture, Hachiman was deeply revered during the Heian period. According to the Kojiki, it was Ōjin who invited Korean and Chinese scholars to Japan, and for this reason he is the patron of writing and learning.

Because as Emperor Ōjin he was an ancestor of the Minamoto clan, Hachiman became the of the Minamoto samurai clan of Kawachi (Osaka). After Minamoto no Yoritomo became ''shōgun'' and established the Kamakura shogunate, Hachiman's popularity grew and he became by extension the protector of the warrior class the ''shōgun'' had brought to power. For this reason, the ''shintai'' of a Hachiman shrine is usually a stirrup or a bow.

During the Japanese medieval period, Hachiman worship spread throughout Japan among not only samurai, but also the peasantry. There are 25,000 shrines in Japan dedicated to him, the second most numerous after those of the Inari network. Usa Hachiman-gū is the network's head shrine together with Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū. However, Hakozaki Shrine and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū are historically no less significant shrines, and are more popular.

Munakata shrines

Headed by Kyūshū's Munakata Taisha and Itsukushima Shrine, shrines in this network enshrine the , namely Chikishima Hime-no-Kami, Tagitsu Hime-no-Kami, and Tagori Hime-no-Kami. The same three ''kami'' are enshrined elsewhere in the network, sometimes under a different name. However, while Munakata Taisha enshrines all three in separate islands belonging to its complex, branch shrines generally do not; which ''kami'' they enshrine depends on the history of the shrine and the myths tied to it.

Tenjin shrines

The Tenjin shrine network enshrines 9th-century scholar Sugawara no Michizane. Sugawara had originally been enshrined to placate his spirit, not to be worshiped. Michizane had been unjustly exiled in his life, and it was therefore necessary to somehow placate his rage, believed to be the cause of a plague and other disasters. Kitano Tenman-gū was the first of the shrines dedicated to him. Because in life he was a scholar, he became the ''kami'' of learning, and during the Edo period schools often opened a branch shrine for him. Another important shrine dedicated to him is Dazaifu Tenman-gū.

Shinmei shrines

While the ritsuryō legal system was in use, visits by commoners to Ise were forbidden. With its weakening during the Heian period, commoners also started being allowed in the shrine. The growth of the Shinmei shrine network was due to two concomitant causes. During the late Heian period, goddess Amaterasu, worshiped initially only at Ise Grand Shrine, started to be re-enshrined in branch shrines in Ise's own possessions through the typical ''kanjō'' mechanism. The first evidence of a Shinmei shrine elsewhere is given by the Azuma Kagami, a Kamakura period text which refers to Amanawa Shinmei-gū's appearance in Kamakura. Amaterasu spread to other parts of the country also because of the so-called phenomenon, the belief that Amaterasu flew to other locations and settled there.

Kumano shrines

Kumano shrines enshrine the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi (the ).Encyclopedia of Shinto
Kumano Shinkō
accessed on April 1, 2010 The point of origin of the Kumano cult is the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex, which includes (Wakayama Prefecture, Shingu), Kumano Hongu Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Tanabe), and Kumano Nachi Taisha (Wakayama Prefecture, Nachikatsuura). There are more than 3,000 Kumano shrines in Japan.

Structure

The following is a list and diagram illustrating the most important parts of a Shinto shrine:
#''Torii'' – Shinto gate
#Stone stairs
#'' Sandō'' – the approach to the shrine
#'' ''Chōzuya'' or ''temizuya'''' – place of purification to cleanse one's hands and mouth
#''Tōrō'' – decorative stone lanterns
#'' Kagura-den'' – building dedicated to '' Noh'' or the sacred ''kagura'' dance
#''Shamusho'' – the shrine's administrative office
#'' Ema'' – wooden plaques bearing prayers or wishes
#'' Sessha''/''massha'' – small auxiliary shrines
#'' Komainu'' – the so-called "lion dogs", guardians of the shrine
#'' Haiden'' – oratory or hall of worship
#'' Tamagaki'' – fence surrounding the ''honden''
#''Honden'' – main hall, enshrining the kami
#On the roof of the ''haiden'' and ''honden'' are visible '' chigi'' (forked roof finials) and '' katsuogi'' (short horizontal logs), both common shrine ornamentations.

The general blueprint of a Shinto shrine is Buddhist in origin. The presence of verandas, stone lanterns, and elaborate gates is an example of this influence. The composition of a Shinto shrine is extremely variable, and none of its many possible features is necessarily present. Even the ''honden'' can be missing if the shrine worships a nearby natural ''shintai''.

However, since its grounds are sacred, they are usually surrounded by a fence made of stone or wood called '' tamagaki'', while access is made possible by an approach called '' sandō''. The entrances themselves are straddled by gates called ''torii'', which are usually the simplest way to identify a Shinto shrine.

A shrine may include within its grounds several structures, each built for a different purpose. Among them are the ''honden'' or sanctuaries, where the ''kami'' are enshrined, the '' heiden'' or hall of offerings, where offers and prayers are presented, and the '' haiden'' or hall of worship, where there may be seats for worshippers. The ''honden'' is the building that contains the ''shintai'', literally, "the sacred body of the kami".In spite of its name, the ''shintai'' is actually a temporary repository of the enshrined ''kami''. (Smyers, page 44) Of these, only the ''haiden'' is open to the laity. The ''honden'' is usually located behind the ''haiden'' and is often much smaller and unadorned. Other notable shrine features are the '' temizuya'', the fountain where visitors cleanse their hands and mouth, and the , the office which oversees the shrine. Buildings are often adorned by ''chigi'' and '' katsuogi'', variously oriented poles which protrude from their roof (see illustration above).

As already explained above, before the Meiji Restoration it was common for a Buddhist temple to be built inside or next to a shrine, or vice versa.See Shinbutsu shūgō article If a shrine housed a Buddhist temple, it was called a . Analogously, temples all over Japan adopted and built to house them.Mark Teeuwen in ''Breen and Teeuwen'' (2000:95-96) After the forcible separation of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines ( shinbutsu bunri) ordered by the new government in the Meiji period, the connection between the two religions was officially severed, but continued nonetheless in practice and is still visible today.

Architectural styles

Shrine buildings can have many different basic layouts, usually named either after a famous shrine's ''honden'' (e.g. ''hiyoshi-zukuri'', named after Hiyoshi Taisha), or a structural characteristic (e.g. ''irimoya-zukuri'', after the hip-and gable roof it adopts. The suffix ''-zukuri'' in this case means "structure".)

The ''honden's'' roof is always gabled, and some styles also have a veranda-like aisle called '' hisashi'' (a 1-'' ken'' wide corridor surrounding one or more sides of the core of a shrine or temple).
Among the factors involved in the classification, important are the presence or absence of:
* – a style of construction in which the building has its main entrance on the side which runs parallel to the roof's ridge (non gabled-side). The ''shinmei-zukuri'', ''nagare-zukuri'', ''hachiman-zukuri'', and ''hie-zukuri'' belong to this type.
* – a style of construction in which the building has its main entrance on the side which runs perpendicular to the roof's ridge (gabled side). The ''taisha-zukuri'', ''sumiyoshi-zukuri'', ''ōtori-zukuri'' and ''kasuga-zukuri'' belong to this type.

(The gallery at the end of this article contains examples of both styles.)

Proportions are also important. A building of a given style often must have certain proportions measured in '' ken'' (the distance between pillars, a quantity variable from one shrine to another or even within the same shrine).

The oldest styles are the ''tsumairi'' ''shinmei-zukuri'', ''taisha-zukuri'', and ''sumiyoshi-zukuri'', believed to predate the arrival of Buddhism.

The two most common are the ''hirairi'' ''nagare-zukuri'' and the ''tsumairi'' ''kasuga-zukuri''.History and Typology of Shrine Architecture
Encyclopedia of Shinto accessed on November 29, 2009 Larger, more important shrines tend to have unique styles.

Most common styles

The following are the two most common shrine styles in Japan.

''Nagare-zukuri''

The or is a style characterized by a very asymmetrical gabled roof ( in Japanese) projecting outwards on the non-gabled side, above the main entrance, to form a portico (see photo). This is the feature which gives the style its name, the most common among shrines all over the country. Sometimes the basic layout consisting of an elevated partially surrounded by a veranda called ''hisashi'' (all under the same roof) is modified by the addition of a room in front of the entrance. The ''honden'' varies in roof ridge length from 1 to 11 ''ken'', but is never 6 or 8 ''ken''.JAANUS
Nagare-zukuri
accessed on December 1, 2009 The most common sizes are 1 and 3 ''ken''. The oldest shrine in Japan, Uji's Ujigami Shrine, has a ''honden'' of this type. Its external dimensions are 5×3 ''ken'', but internally it is composed of three measuring 1 ''ken'' each.

''Kasuga-zukuri''

as a style takes its name from Kasuga Taisha's ''honden''. It is characterized by the extreme smallness of the building, just 1×1 ''ken'' in size. In Kasuga Taisha's case, this translates in 1.9 m × 2.6 m.JAANUS
Kasuga-zukuri
accessed on December 1, 2009 The roof is gabled with a single entrance at the gabled end, decorated with '' chigi'' and '' katsuogi'', covered with cypress bark and curved upwards at the eaves. Supporting structures are painted vermillion, while the plank walls are white.

After the ''Nagare-zukuri'' (see above), this is the most common style, with most instances in the Kansai region around Nara.

Styles predating the arrival of Buddhism

The following four styles predate the arrival in Japan of Buddhism:

Primitive shrine layout with no ''honden''

This style is rare, but historically important. It is unique in that the ''honden'', is missing. It is believed shrines of this type are reminiscent of what shrines were like in prehistorical times. The first shrines had no ''honden'' because the ''shintai'', or object of worship, was the mountain on which they stood. An extant example is Nara's Ōmiwa Shrine, which still has no ''honden''. An area near the '' haiden'' (hall of worship), sacred and taboo, replaces it for worship. Another prominent example of this style is Futarasan Shrine near Nikkō, whose ''shintai'' is Mount Nantai. For details, see Birth and evolution of Shinto shrines above.

''Shinmei-zukuri''

is an ancient style typical of, and most common at, Ise Grand Shrine, the holiest of Shinto shrines. It is most common in Mie prefecture.JAANUS
Shinmei-zukuri
accessed on December 1, 2009 Characterized by an extreme simplicity, its basic features can be seen in Japanese architecture from the Kofun period (250–538 CE) onwards and it is considered the pinnacle of Japanese traditional architecture. Built in planed, unfinished wood, the ''honden'' is either 3×2 ''ken'' or 1×1 ''ken'' in size, has a raised floor, a gabled roof with an entry on one of the non-gabled sides, no upward curve at the eaves, and decorative logs called '' chigi'' and '' katsuogi'' protruding from the roof's ridge. The oldest extant example is Nishina Shinmei Shrine.

''Sumiyoshi-zukuri''

takes its name from Sumiyoshi Taisha's ''honden'' in Ōsaka. The building is 4 ''ken'' wide and 2 ''ken'' deep, and has an entrance under the gable.Jinja Kenchiku
Shogakukan Nihon Daihyakka Zensho, accessed on November 29, 2009 Its interior is divided in two sections, one at the and one at the with a single entrance at the front.JAANUS
Sumiyoshi-zukuri
accessed on December 1, 2009 Construction is simple, but the pillars are painted in vermilion and the walls in white.

The style is supposed to have its origin in old palace architecture. Another example of this style is Sumiyoshi Jinja, part of the Sumiyoshi Sanjin complex in Fukuoka Prefecture. In both cases, as in many others, there is no veranda.

''Taisha-zukuri''

is the oldest shrine style, takes its name from Izumo Taisha and, like Ise Grand Shrine's, has ''chigi'' and ''katsuogi'', plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar (''shin no mihashira''). Because its floor is raised on stilts, it is believed to have its origin in raised-floor granaries similar to those found in Toro, Shizuoka prefecture.JAANUS
Taisha-zukuri
accessed on December 1, 2009

The ''honden'' normally has a 2×2 ''ken'' footprint (12.46 × 12.46 m in Izumo Taisha's case), with an entrance on the gabled end. The stairs to the honden are covered by a cypress bark roof. The oldest extant example of the style is Kamosu Jinja's ''honden'' in Shimane Prefecture, built in the 16th century.

Other styles

Many other architectural styles exist, most of them rare. (For details, see .)

Interpreting shrine names

Shrine nomenclature has changed considerably since the Meiji period. Until then, the vast majority of shrines were small and had no permanent priest.Hardacre (1986:31) With very few exceptions, they were just a part of a temple-shrine complex controlled by Buddhist clergy. They usually enshrined a local tutelary ''kami'', so they were called with the name of the ''kami'' followed by terms like ''gongen''; , short for "ubusuna no kami", or guardian deity of one's birthplace; or . The term , now the most common, was rare. Examples of this kind of pre-Meiji use are Tokusō Daigongen and Kanda Myōjin.

Today, the term "Shinto shrine" in English is used in opposition to " Buddhist temple" to mirror in English the distinction made in Japanese between Shinto and Buddhist religious structures. This single English word however translates several non equivalent Japanese words, including as in Yasukuni Jinja; as in Tsubaki Ōkami Yashiro; as in Watarai no Miya; as in Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū; as in Meiji Jingū; as in Izumo Taisha;The History of Shrines ; and .

Shrine names are descriptive, and a difficult problem in dealing with them is understanding exactly what they mean. Although there is a lot of variation in their composition, it is usually possible to identify in them two parts. The first is the shrine's name proper, or , the second is the so-called , or "title".Shinto Online Network Associatio
Jinja no Shōgō ni Tsuite Oshiete Kudasai

''Meishō''

The most common ''meishō'' is the location where the shrine stands, as for example in the case of Ise Jingū, the most sacred of shrines, which is located in the city of Ise, Mie prefecture.

Very often the ''meishō'' will be the name of the ''kami'' enshrined. An Inari Shrine for example is a shrine dedicated to ''kami'' Inari. Analogously, a Kumano Shrine is a shrine that enshrines the three Kumano mountains. A Hachiman Shrine enshrines ''kami'' Hachiman. Tokyo's Meiji Shrine enshrines the Meiji Emperor. The name can also have other origins, often unknown or unclear.

''Shōgō''

The second part of the name defines the status of the shrine.
* is the most general name for shrine. Any place that owns a is a ''jinja''. These two characters used to be read either "kamu-tsu-yashiro" or "mori", both meaning "kami grove". Both readings can be found for example in the Man'yōshū.
* is a generic term for shinto shrine like ''jinja''.
* A is a place where a ''kami'' is present. It can therefore be a shrine and, in fact, the characters 神社, 社 and 杜 can all be read "mori" ("grove").Sonoda Minoru in ''Breen, Teeuwen'' (2000:43) This reading reflects the fact the first shrines were simply sacred groves or forests where ''kami'' were present.
* The suffix , as in ''Shinmei-sha'' or ''Tenjin-ja'', indicates a minor shrine that has received through the '' kanjō'' process a ''kami'' from a more important one.
* is an extremely small shrine of the kind one finds for example along country roads.
* is a shrine of particularly high status that has a deep relationship with the Imperial household or enshrines an Emperor, as for example in the case of the Ise Jingū and the Meiji Jingū. The name ''Jingū'' alone, however, can refer only to the Ise Jingū, whose official name is just "Jingū".
* indicates a shrine enshrining a special ''kami'' or a member of the Imperial household like the Empress, but there are many examples in which it is used simply as a tradition. During the period of state regulation, many ''-miya'' names were changed to ''jinja''.
* indicates a shrine enshrining an imperial prince, but there are many examples in which it is used simply as a tradition.
* A (the characters are also read ''ōyashiro'') is literally a "great shrine" that was classified as such under the old system of shrine ranking, the , abolished in 1946. Many shrines carrying that ''shōgō'' adopted it only after the war.
* During the Japanese Middle Ages, shrines started being called with the name ''gongen'', a term of Buddhist origin.Encyclopedia of Shinto
Gongen shinkō
accessed on October 5, 2008 For example, in Eastern Japan there are still many Hakusan shrines where the shrine itself is called ''gongen''. Because it represents the application of Buddhist terminology to Shinto ''kami'', its use was legally abolished by the Meiji government with the , and shrines began to be called ''jinja''.

These names are not equivalent in terms of prestige: a ''taisha'' is more prestigious than a ''-gū'', which in turn is more important than a ''jinja''.

Shrines with structures designated as National Treasures

Shrines that are part of a World Heritage Site are marked with a dagger ().
* Tōhoku region
** Ōsaki Hachiman Shrine (Sendai, Miyagi)
* Kantō region
** Nikkō Tōshō-gū ( Nikkō, Tochigi)
** Rinnō-ji ( Nikkō, Tochigi)
*Chūbu region
** Nishina Shinmei Shrine ( Ōmachi, Nagano)
*Kansai region
**Onjō-ji ( Ōtsu, Shiga)
** Hiyoshi Taisha ( Ōtsu, Shiga)
** Mikami Shrine (Yasu, Shiga)
** Ōsasahara Shrine (Yasu, Shiga)
** Tsukubusuma Shrine (Nagahama, Shiga)
** Namura Shrine (Ryūō, Shiga)
** Kamo Shrine ( Kyoto, Kyoto)
** Daigo-ji ( Kyoto, Kyoto)
** Toyokuni Shrine ( Kyoto, Kyoto)
** Kitano Tenman-gū ( Kyoto, Kyoto)
** Ujigami Shrine (Uji, Kyoto)
** Sumiyoshi Taisha (Osaka, Osaka)
** Sakurai Shrine ( Sakai, Osaka)
** Kasuga Shrine (Nara, Nara)
** Enjō-ji (Nara, Nara)
** Isonokami Shrine ( Tenri, Nara)
** Udamikumari Shrine ( Uda, Nara)
*Chūgoku region
** Sanbutsu-ji ( Misasa, Tottori)
** Izumo Taisha (Taisha, Shimane)
** Kamosu Shrine ( Matsue, Shimane)
** Kibitsu Shrine (Okayama, Okayama)
** Itsukushima Shrine ( Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima)
** Sumiyoshi Shrine (Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi)
* Shikoku region
** Kandani Shrine ( Sakaide, Kagawa)
* Kyūshū region
** Usa Shrine ( Usa, Ōita)
** Aoi Aso Shrine ( Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto)

Officiants

''Kannushi''

A or is a priest responsible for the maintenance of a shrine, as well as for leading worship of a given ''kami''. These two terms were not always synonyms. Originally, a ''kannushi'' was a holy man who could work miracles and who, thanks to purification rites, could work as an intermediary between ''kami'' and man, but later the term evolved to being synonymous with ''shinshoku'', a man who works at a shrine and holds religious ceremonies there. Women can also become ''kannushi'', and it is common for widows to succeed their husbands.

''Miko''

A is a shrine maiden who has trained for and taken up several duties at a shrine including assistance of shrine functions such as the sale of sacred goods (including amulets known as ''omamori'', paper talisman known as ''ofuda'', wood tablets known as '' ema'' and among other items), daily tidying of the premises, and performing the sacred kagura dances on certain occasions.

Gallery

File:Shinra Zenjin Hall.jpg, ''Hirairi'' style: entrance on the non-gabled side
File:Outside of Itsukushima main shrine.jpg, ''Tsumairi'' style: entrance on the gabled side
File:Katsuragi-jinja (Gose, Nara) massha.jpg, Some ''setsumassha''
File:Hokora-DSC2202.jpg, A ''hokora''
File:Ise Shrine Meizukuri.jpg, ''Shinmei-zukuri''
File:Sumiyoshi shrine Honden.jpg, ''Sumiyoshi-zukuri''
File:Izumo Shrine Honden.jpg, ''Taisha-zukuri'', Izumo Taisha
File:Kayashima shrine - panoramio (1).jpg, Kayashima Station with the camphor sacred tree growing through it with a shrine at the base
File:Jinja no Mori Yuni Hokkaido.jpg, The Jinja no Mori near Yuni, Hokkaido

See also

* Dambana
* Giboshi
* Glossary of Shinto
* List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)
* List of Shinto shrines
* Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
* Senjafuda
* Shrine Shinto
* Twenty-Two Shrines (''Nijūnisha'')

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

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The History of Shrines
''Encyclopedia of Shinto'', retrieved on June 10, 2008

Shinto Shrines or Temples?
retrieved on June 10, 2008

Shrine Architecture
''Encyclopedia of Shinto'', retrieved on June 10, 2008

Overview of a Shinto Shrine
a detailed visual introduction to the structure of a Shinto shrine, ''Encyclopedia of Shinto'' retrieved on June 8, 2008

Jinja no Shōgō ni Tsuite Oshiete Kudasai
, Shinto Online Network Association, retrieved on July 2, 2008 (in Japanese)
*
* Stuart D. B. Picken. ''Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings''. Greenwood, 1994.

Further reading

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OCLC 63679956The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum

External links

Encyclopedia of Shinto
Kokugakuin University

Jinja and Shinto
site of the Shinto Online Network Association

Jinja Honchō
the Association of Shinto Shrines
*
Kokugakuin University Shinto Jinja Database

Shinto Shrine types

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinto Shrine

Architecture in Japan