Sarnaism

Sarnaism is a religious faith of the Indian subcontinent, predominantly followed by indigenous communities of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region across states such as Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh.

The essence of the Sarna faith revolves around nature worship. Its core principles emphasize ''jal'' (water), ''jaṅgal'' (forest) and ''jamīn'' (land), with adherents offering prayers to trees and hills while believing in the protection of forests. This belief centers around the reverence of Sarna, the sacred groves of village communities, where the village deity, known as Gram Deota resides, and where sacrificial offerings are made twice a year. It is also referred to as "Sarna Dharma" or the "Religion of the Holy Woods", and it holds the distinction of being India's largest tribal religion.

Etymology

The term " Sarna", derived from the Mundari language, means "sacred grove" and refers to sites where tribal religious practices take place. However, the term for a sacred grove varies among tribes; for instance, the Santals and Bhumijs call it '' Jaherthan'', the Oraons call it ''Kurukh Kuti'', and the Hos call it ''Desauli''. Additionally, Sarna is etymologically related to the name of the Sal tree.

History

The socio-political movements that emerged among the tribal communities of the Chota Nagpur region in the late nineteenth century, such as the Birsa Munda movement, the Tana Bhagat movement, and the Dupub movement, shaped a collective tribal consciousness. Though their primary focus was on autonomy in response to colonial expansion, these movements also addressed the preservation of ancestral practices and belief systems by resisting external religious influences. This period laid the foundation for ethno religious identity among tribals, with emerging expressions such as Marangburu practices and Kherwarism among the Santal, the Dupub faith among the Ho, the Birsaite path among the Mundas, and the early articulation of Sarnaism.

Sarnaism, as a religious identity, emerged in the 1930s, following the assertion of a collective indigenous identity as Adivasi by tribal activists in the Chota Nagpur region of erstwhile Bihar. They articulated a unifying religious identity for the diverse, nature based ancestral practices of tribal communities, with the purpose of asserting Adivasi distinctiveness from mainstream religions of India such as Hinduism, Christianity, or Islam. However, initially, the concept of unifying tribal belief under the Adivasi religion was prevalent among the Oraon tribe of Ranchi. Later, in light of socio-political developments, they accepted the Mundari ethno-religious term " Sarna" to represent their religious identity. Sarnaism gained broader acceptance through socio-political leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda, Raghunath Murmu, who spearheaded its cultural and political significance. Post-independence, Sarnaism experienced steady growth, with significant developments in 1971 and 2001 when larger tribes like the Hos and Santals, who initially refrained from accepting its tenets, eventually embraced it, resulting in over 100 percent decadal growth. Politically, Sarnaism grew alongside the Jharkhand movement, formulated by the Adivasi Mahasabha and the Jharkhand Party, with the motifs of tribal identity and separate autonomy, which succeeded in 2000 when the tribal-concentrated southern Bihar bifurcated as a separate state, Jharkhand.

Theology

The adherents of Sarnaism believe in, worship, and revere a village deity as protector of village called ''Gaon khunt'', ''Gram deoti'', '' Marang Buru'', ''Singbonga'', or by other names by different tribes. Adherents also believe in, worship, and revere ''Dharti ayo'' or ''Chalapachho Devi'', the mother goddess identified as the earth or nature.

Practices

Sarna is place of worship which is sacred grove in Chotanagpur. It is called ''Jaher than ''or ''Jaher gar'' among Santal, and can be found in villages. Sal trees are in the sacred grove. The ceremonies are performed by the whole village community at a public gathering with the active participation of village priests, '' Pahan'' and assistant ''Pujar '' in Chotanagpur. The priest is called ''Naike'' among Santal. The sthal typically has multiple trees like sal, mahua, neem, and banyan.

The main festival of Sarnaism is Sarhul, a festival in which devotees worship their ancestors. During the festival, the ''pahan'' brings three water pots to the ''sarna''. If the water pots reduce in level, they believe the monsoon will fail, but if it stays the same the monsoon will come as normal. Men then offer ''sakua'' flowers and leaves.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, apart from the six major religions, namely Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and the "Not Stated" category, other religions are categorized as "Other Religions and Persuasions," within which the Sarna belief is included. In the 2011 census, the Sarna religion counted 4,957,467 followers in India, primarily in the eastern states of Jharkhand (83.33%), Odisha (8.14%), West Bengal (8.13%), Bihar (0.21%), and Chhattisgarh (0.16%), with smaller numbers of followers in Assam (301), Punjab (190), and Madhya Pradesh (133). Scheduled Tribes comprise the majority of believers at 92.60%, while Other Backward Classes and Non-Scheduled Communities accounted for 7.39%. Among the prominent tribes practicing Sarna are Santal (30.48%), Oraon (21.35%), Ho (17.87%), Munda (12.48%), Bhumij (1.72%), Lohra (1.70%), Mahali (1.07%), Kharia (0.87%), and Bedia (0.64%). While other tribes, such as Kisan, Kolha, Gond, Kharwar, Chik Baraik, Asur, Bhinjia, Karmali, Kora, Kol, Kawar, Birja, Mal Paharia, Savar, Birhor, Gorait, Parhaiya, Lodha, Chero, Khanwar, Suria Paharia, Mundari, Baiga, Korwa, Sounti, Binjhwar, Nagesia, Mahli, and various generic tribes, collectively constitute 4.42%.

Additionally, there are 506,369 followers of Sari Dharam in India, primarily followed by the Santal tribe of West Bengal, representing 94.43% of the total Sari Dharam adherents. The religious denomination, which often considered as synonyms or sect of Sarnaisim.

Religious status

As a result of Western colonialism and imperialism in Asia, several attempts of indoctrination and forced conversion were carried out by western Christian missionaries in colonial India, which went on for a century, and have caused sectarian conflict in the tribal areas of the Chota Nagpur region. The arrival of the first German Protestant missionaries in 1845 was followed by Roman Catholic missionaries; conflict between Christian and Non-Christian tribals became evident in 1947–1948, when British colonial rulers left India.Tribals torn apart by religion
The Hindu. 014.

Politics

The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has suggested that Sarna religion be accorded independent category in the religion code of the Census of India.
Several tribal organisations and Christian missionaries are demanding a distinct census code for Sarnaism. The then Indian Minister of Tribal Affairs, Jual Oram, had, however, claimed in 2015, "There is no denial of the fact that tribals are Hindus."All tribals are Hindus, no need for Sarna code: RSS
Times of India, 1 May 2015. The comment led to protests from 300 tribals, over 100 of whom were arrested by the police to clear the way for Oram, who was going to inaugurate a fair. Adivasi Sarna Mahasabha leader and former MLA Dev Kumar Dhan said that followers of the Sarna religion were not happy with the statement made by Oram and added, ''"If Jainism, having a population of hardly 60 lakh, can have a separate religion code in the Census forms, why can't Sarnas? This tribal religion have more than 10 crore followers spread over the Fifth Scheduled states like Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharastra, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha. Instead of taking steps to ensure a separate religion code, he is saying Sarnas are Hindus"''.

In 2020, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha's (JMM), which was in power in Jharkhand at that time, passed a unanimous assembly resolution on 'Sarna Code' for the inclusion of Sarna as separate religion in 2021 census, and sent to central government for approval.

Many tribal organizations seek its recognition as a distinct religious category for indigenous peoples. Several Christian churches also support the recognition of Sarna as a different religion from Hinduism.Church writes to Hemant demanding Sarna code for tribals
Telegraph India, 19.09.2020. But the RSS is against the recognition of Sarna as a separate religion as it believes that tribal people are Hindus.

Organisations

*Akhil Bharatiya Sarna Dharam (ABSD)
*All India Sarna Dharam Mandowa (AISDM)
*Kherwal Saonta Semled (KSS)
* Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal (BJMPM)
*Adivasi Socio-Educational and Cultural Association (ASECA)
*Kendriya Sarna Samiti

See also

* Hinduism
* Indian-origin religions
* Tribal religions in India
* Hindu denominations
* Sacred groves

References

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{{Authority control

Indian religions
Ethnic religions in Asia
Sacred groves of India
Veneration of the dead