Russian philosophy Russian philosophy is a collective name for the philosophical heritage of Russian thinkers. Historiography In historiography, there is no consensus regarding the origins of Russian philosophy, its periodization and its cultural significance. The ...

includes a variety of philosophical movements. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement. While most authors listed below are primarily

philosophers A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

, also included here are some Russian fiction writers, such as

Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

and

Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 ...

, who are also known as philosophers. Russian philosophy as a separate entity started its development in the 19th century, defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...

as a unique civilization. The latter group included

Nikolai Danilevsky Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky (russian: Никола́й Я́ковлевич Даниле́вский; 28 November 1822 – 7 November 1885) was a Russian Empire naturalist, economist, ethnologist, philosopher, historian and ideologue of Pan ...

and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy. In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to inclu ...

and interest in

creativity Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and valuable is formed. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a printed literary w ...

society A society is a Social group, group of individuals involved in persistent Social relation, social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same Politics, political authority an ...

politics Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...

and

nationalism Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...

;

cosmos The cosmos (, ) is another name for the Universe. Using the word ''cosmos'' implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity. The cosmos, and understandings of the reasons for its existence and significance, are studied in ...

and

religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural ...

were other notable subjects. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyev,

Vasily Rozanov Vasily Vasilievich Rozanov (russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Рóзанов; – 5 February 1919) was one of the most controversial Russian writers and important philosophers in the symbolists' of the pre- revolutionary epoc ...

, Lev Shestov,

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

Sergei Bulgakov Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (; russian: Серге́й Никола́евич Булга́ков; – 13 July 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, and economist. Biography Early life: 1871–1898 Sergei Nikolaevich Bul ...

, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev,

Pitirim Sorokin Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (; russian: Питири́м Алекса́ндрович Соро́кин; – 10 February 1968) was a Russian American sociologist and political activist, who contributed to the social cycle theory. Background ...

, and

Vladimir Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (russian: link=no, Влади́мир Ива́нович Верна́дский) or Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky ( uk, Володи́мир Іва́нович Верна́дський; – 6 January 1945) was ...

. From the early 1920s to late 1980s, Russian philosophy was dominated by

Marxism Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialec ...

presented as

dogma Dogma is a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Islam ...

and not grounds for discussion. Stalin's purges, culminating in 1937, delivered a deadly blow to the development of philosophy. A handful of dissident philosophers survived through the

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

period, among them

Aleksei Losev Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (russian: Алексе́й Фёдорович Ло́сев; 23 September 1893 – 24 May 1988) was a Russian philosopher, philologist and culturologist, one of the most prominent figures in Russian philosophical and rel ...

. Stalin's death in 1953 gave way for new schools of thought to spring up, among them Moscow Logic Circle, and Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School.

Major thinkers

Russian Enlightenment The Russian Age of Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century in which the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences, which had a profound impact on Russian culture. During this time, the first Russian unive ...

Vasily Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (russian: Васи́лий Ники́тич Тати́щев) (19 April 1686 – 15 July 1750) was a prominent Russian Imperial statesman, historian, philosopher, and ethnographer, best remembered as the author of the ...

(1686–1750) *

Gregory Skovoroda Hryhorii Skovoroda, also Gregory Skovoroda or Grigory Skovoroda ( la, Gregorius Scovoroda; uk, Григорій Савич Сковорода, ''Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda''; russian: Григо́рий Са́ввич Сковорода́, ...

(1722–1794) * Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733–1790) *

Andrey Bolotov Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov (18 October 1738 – 16 October 1833) was the most prolific memoirist and the most distinguished agriculturist of the 18th-century Russian Empire. Bolotov was born and spent most of his adult life in the family esta ...

(1738–1833) *

Alexander Radishchev Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev (russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ради́щев; – ) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radical ...

(1749–1802)

Slavophiles and pochvennichestvo

* Ivan Kireyevsky (1806–1856) * Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860) * Vladimir Odoyevsky (1803–1869) * Konstantin Aksakov (1817–1860) * Yuri Samarin (1819–1876) * Fyodor Tyutchev (1803–1873) *

Nikolay Danilevsky Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky (russian: Никола́й Я́ковлевич Даниле́вский; 28 November 1822 – 7 November 1885) was a Russian Empire naturalist, economist, ethnologist, philosopher, historian and ideologue of P ...

(1822–1885) * Nikolay Strakhov (1828–1896) *

Fyodor Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 ...

(1821–1881) ''Religious philosopher artist (see Nikolai Berdyaev)'' * Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907) * Konstantin Leontiev (1831–1891) * Ivan Ilyin (1883–1954)

Russian symbolists Russian symbolism was an intellectual and artistic movement predominant at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. It arose separately from Symbolism (arts), European symbolism, emphasizing mysticism and defamiliarisation, ostraneni ...

* Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1866–1941) *

Zinaida Gippius Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius (Hippius) (; – 9 September 1945) was a Russian poet, playwright, novelist, editor and religious thinker, one of the major figures in Russian symbolism. The story of her marriage to Dmitry Merezhkovsky, which lasted ...

(1869–1945) * Valery Bryusov (1873–1924) * Konstantin Balmont (1867–1942) * Max Voloshin (1877–1932) *

Vsevolod Meyerhold Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold (russian: Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд, translit=Vsévolod Èmíl'evič Mejerchól'd; born german: Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold; 2 February 1940) was a Russian and Soviet theatre ...

(1874–1940) *

Alexander Blok Alexander Alexandrovich Blok ( rus, Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Бло́к, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈblok, a=Ru-Alyeksandr Alyeksandrovich Blok.oga; 7 August 1921) was a Russian lyrical poet, writer, publ ...

(1880–1921) * Andrei Bely (1880–1934) * Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866–1949) *

Innokenty Annensky Innokenty Fyodorovich Annensky ( rus, Инноке́нтий Фёдорович А́нненский, p=ɪnɐˈkʲenʲtʲɪj ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ ˈanʲɪnskʲɪj, a=Innokyentiy Fyodorovich Annyenskiy.ru.vorb.oga; (1 September O.S. 20 August">Ol ...

(1855–1909) * Fyodor Sologub (1863–1927) *

Georgy Chulkov Georgy Ivanovich Chulkov ( rus, Гео́ргий Ива́нович Чулко́в, p=ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ tɕʊlˈkof, a=Gyeorgiy Ivanovich Chulkov.ru.vorb.oga; – January 1, 1939) was a Russian Symbolist poet, editor, writer and ...

(1879–1939)

Westernizers

Pyotr Chaadayev Pyotr or Petr Yakovlevich Chaadayev (russian: Пётр Я́ковлевич Чаада́ев; also spelled Chaadaev, or Čaadajev; 7 June 7 May Old Style">Old_Style.html" ;"title="7 May Old Style">7 May Old Style1794 – 26 April 4 April O.S....

(1794–1856) * Nikolai Stankevich (1813–1840) *

Vissarion Belinsky Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky ( rus, Виссарион Григорьевич БелинскийIn Belinsky's day, his name was written ., Vissarión Grigórʹjevič Belínskij, vʲɪsərʲɪˈon ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲ ...

(1811–1848) *

Alexander Herzen Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен, translit=Alexándr Ivánovich Gértsen; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the "father of Russian socialism" and one of the main fathers of agra ...

(1812–1870) ''Father of Russian Socialism''

Russian Schellingians

(1794–1856) * Dmitry Venevitinov (1805–1827) *

(1811–1848) * Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)

Russian positivists

* Peter Lavrovich Lavrov (1823–1900) *

Grigory Vyrubov Grigory Nikolayevich Vyrubov, or Grégoire Wyrouboff (Russian: Григорий Николаевич Вырубов; 31 October 1843, in Moscow – 30 November 1913, in Paris) was a Russian Empire Positivist philosopher and historian of science. ...

(1843–1913) * Nikolay Mikhaylovsky (1842–1910) * Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885) *

Nikolai Korkunov Nikolai Mikhailovich Korkunov (Николай Михайлович Коркунов; – ) was a leading authority on constitutional law and legal sociology in the Russian Empire. His father was Mikhail Korkunov, a noted Russian historian. His si ...

(1853–1904)

Russian Machists

* Vladimir Bazarov * Jakov Berman *

Alexander Bogdanov Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Богда́нов; – 7 April 1928), born Alexander Malinovsky, was a Russian and later Soviet physician, philosopher, science fiction writer, and ...

(1873–1928) * Sergei Suvorov * Pavel Yushkevich

Russian cosmists

* Nikolay Fyodorov (1829–1903) ''N O Lossky lists Fyodorov as primarily a Christian philosopher.'' *

Nicholas Roerich Nicholas Roerich (; October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), also known as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (russian: link=no, Никола́й Константи́нович Ре́рих), was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist, theosoph ...

(1874–1947) *

(1863–1945) *

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (russian: Константи́н Эдуа́рдович Циолко́вский , , p=kənstɐnʲˈtʲin ɪdʊˈardəvʲɪtɕ tsɨɐlˈkofskʲɪj , a=Ru-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.oga; – 19 September 1935) ...

(1857–1935) * Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964) *

Evald Ilyenkov Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov (russian: link=no, Э́вальд Васи́льевич Илье́нков; 18 February 1924 – 21 March 1979) was a Marxist author and Soviet philosopher. Biography Evald Ilyenkov did original work on the mater ...

(1924–1979) * Victor Skumin (1948–)

Occultists

* Nikolay Novikov (1744–1818) *

Helena Blavatsky Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, uk, Олена Петрівна Блаватська, Olena Petrivna Blavatska (; – 8 May 1891), often known as Madame Blavatsky, was a Russian mystic and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875 ...

(1831–1891) *

G. I. Gurdjieff George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (; rus, Гео́ргий Ива́нович Гурджи́ев, r=Geórgy Ivánovich Gurdzhíev, p=ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪd͡ʑ ɡʊrd͡ʐˈʐɨ(j)ɪf; hy, Գեորգի Իվանովիչ Գյուրջիև; c. 1 ...

(1872–1949) *

P. D. Ouspensky Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii (known in English as Peter D. Ouspensky; rus, Пётр Демья́нович Успе́нский, Pyotr Demyánovich Uspénskiy; 5 March 1878 – 2 October 1947) was a Russian esotericist known for his expositions ...

(1878–1947)

Epistemologists,
logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premis ...
ians and metaphysicians

* Boris Chicherin (1828–1904) * S. N. Trubetskoy (1862–1905)

Narodniks The Narodniks (russian: народники, ) were a politically conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, ...

(1812–1870) ''Father of Russian Socialism'' * Nikolai Tchaikovsky (1851–1926) *

Pyotr Lavrov Pyotr Lavrovich Lavrov (russian: Пётр Ла́врович Лавро́в; alias Mirtov (); (June 14 Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="une 2 Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 1823 – February 6 anuary 6 O.S. 1900) was a promi ...

(1823–1900) * Nikolay Mikhaylovsky (1842–1904) * Lev Tikhomirov (1852–1923) (''later prominent conservative thinker'') *

Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik Razumnik Vasilyevich Ivanov-Razumnik (real surname - Ivanov; Разумник Васильевич Иванов-Разумник; 24 December 1878, in Tiflis, Georgia, then Russian Empire – 9 July 1946, in Munich, Germany) was a Soviet Russian wr ...

(1878–1946)

Anarchists

Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; 1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary ...

(1814–1876), qlso listed among the

materialist Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature, and all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. According to philosophical materialis ...

and nihilist theorists *

(1828–1910), whom some consider the greatest of Russian novelists *

Peter Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and activ ...

(1842–1921), known as the 'Anarchist Prince' or 'Father of Anarchism'

Materialists and
nihilists Nihilism (; ) is a philosophy, or family of views within philosophy, that rejects generally accepted or fundamental aspects of human existence, such as objective truth, knowledge, morality, values, or meaning. The term was popularized by Iv ...

N. G. Chernyshevsky Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky ( – ) was a Russian literary and social critic, journalist, novelist, democrat, and socialist philosopher, often identified as a utopian socialist and leading theoretician of Russian nihilism. He was ...

(1828–1889) * Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868) * Ivan Sechenov (1829–1905)

Socialists and
Marxists Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialecti ...

* George Plekhanov (1856–1918) ''The first major Russian Marxist thinker'' *

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...

(1870–1924) ''The founder of Leninism'' *

Alexandra Kollontai Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й, née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Marxist the ...

(1872–1952) *

(1812–1870) *

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian M ...

(1879–1940) ''The founder of Trotskyism'' *

Nikolai Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Буха́рин) ( – 15 March 1938) was a Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician, Marxist philosopher and economist and prolific author on revolutionary theory. ...

(1888–1938) * Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966) * Aleksandr Zinovyev (1922–2006) *

(1924–1979) * Aleksandr Voronsky (1884—1937)

Christian philosophers

Pre-

Solovyov Solovyov, Solovyev, Solovjev, or Soloviev (Russian: Соловьёв) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine forms are Solovyova, Solovyeva or Solovieva. It derives from the first name or nickname Solovei (соловей), which also means ni ...

* Pamfil Yurkevich (1826–1874) * Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900) noted to have created the first complete encompassing system of Russian philosophy''History of Russian Philosophy'' p. 81 by N. O. Lossky *

(1856–1919) *

Fyodor Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 ...

(1821–1881) also listed as an

existentialist Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value ...

(1871–1944) * Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) also listed as an

* Count

(1828–1910) also listed as the greatest of novelists and an

anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessari ...

Orthodox Christian theologians

* Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860) * Pavel Florensky (1882–1937) * Vladimir Lossky (1903–1958) *

Georges Florovsky Georges Vasilievich Florovsky (Russian: Гео́ргий Васи́льевич Флоро́вский; – August 11, 1979) was a Russian Orthodox priest, theologian, and historian. Born in the Russian Empire, he spent his working life in Paris ...

(1893–1979) * Michael Pomazansky (1888–1988) *

Alexander Schmemann Alexander Dmitrievich Schmemann (russian: Алекса́ндр Дми́триевич Шме́ман, ''Aleksandr Dmitrievich Šmeman''; 13 September 1921 – 13 December 1983) was an influential Orthodox priest, theologian, and author who had mos ...

(1921–1983) *

John Meyendorff John Meyendorff (french: Jean Meyendorff; russian: Ива́н Феофи́лович Мейендо́рф, tr. ; February 17, 1926 – July 22, 1992) was a leading theologian of the Orthodox Church of America as well as a writer and teacher. He ...

(1926–1992)

Intuitivist-personalists

* Nikolai Lossky (1870–1965) * Semyon Frank (1877–1950) *

(1893–1988) * Leo Lopatin (1855–1920)

Existentialists

(1821–1881) * Lev Shestov (1866–1938) * Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948)

Aestheticians

Alexei Losev Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (russian: Алексе́й Фёдорович Ло́сев; 23 September 1893 – 24 May 1988) was a Russian philosopher, philologist and culturologist, one of the most prominent figures in Russian philosophical and reli ...

(1893–1988) *

Mikhail Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin ( ; rus, Михаи́л Миха́йлович Бахти́н, , mʲɪxɐˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ bɐxˈtʲin; – 7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic and scholar who worked on literary theo ...

(1895–1975) * Mikhail Epstein (Epshtein) (1950–)

Historians of thought

Isaiah Berlin Sir Isaiah Berlin (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher, and historian of ideas. Although he became increasingly averse to writing for publication, his improvised lectures and talk ...

(1909–1997) *

(1878–1946)

Globalists Globalist may refer to Globalism, a political ideology related to interconnections across the world New World Order (conspiracy theory), which espouses that malicious agents (sometimes called "globalists") are attempting to form a world governmen ...

* Alexander Chumakov (1950–)

References

Bibliography

* ''History of Russian Philosophy'' (''История российской Философии'') (1951) by N. O. Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London. International Universities Press Inc NY, NY sponsored by Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary. * ''

A History of Philosophy ''A History of Philosophy'' is a history of Western philosophy written by the English Jesuit priest Frederick Charles Copleston originally published in nine volumes between 1946 and 1975. As is noted by '' The Encyclopedia Britannica,'' the work ...

, Volume 10: Russian Philosophy'' (1986) by Frederick Copleston. Publisher: Continuum, London. * ''A history of Russian Philosophy'' (2 vols.) by

Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky Vasili, Vasily, Vasilii or Vasiliy ( Russian: Василий) is a Russian masculine given name of Greek origin and corresponds to '' Basil''. It may refer to: * Vasili I of Moscow Grand Prince from 1389–1425 *Vasili II of Moscow Grand Prince ...

; translator George L. Kline Publisher: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1953). * ''Russian Philosophy. English-Russian Dictionary'' (ed. Vasily Vanchugov). Moscow, People's Friendship University of Russia, 2005.

External links

Books on Russian philosophy
at Runivers.ru
Brief overview of Russian philosophy

PHILTAR
��Comprehensive web site with links to texts and resources

edited by Dmitry Olshansky

��entry in the ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.

* ttp://www.rep.routledge.com/article/E042#E042P3.28 Routledge entry
Konstantin Leontiev
* —Extensive collection of links to Bulgakov resources
Russia's Wisdom
by Daniel H. Shubin; a compendium of Russia's philosophers and selections. {{Philosophy topics

Philosophers A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

Russian