Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

because

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

is a

Romance language The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European languages, I ...

However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic,

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

and

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...

origin.

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia (

Gallaeci The Gallaeci (also Callaeci or Callaici; grc, Καλλαϊκοί) were a Celtic tribal complex who inhabited Gallaecia, the north-western corner of Iberia, a region roughly corresponding to what is now the Norte Region in northern Portugal, an ...

Lusitanians The Lusitanians ( la, Lusitani) were an Indo-European languages, Indo-European speaking people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roma ...

Celtici ] The Celtici (in Portuguese language, Portuguese, Spanish, and Galician languages, ) were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula, inhabiting three definite areas: in what today are the regions of Alentejo and the Algarve i ...

Conii The Cynetes or Conii were one of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Lower Alentejo regions of southern Portugal, and the southern part of Badajoz and the northwestern portions of Córdoba and Ciudad Rea ...

) persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the

Hispano-Celtic Hispano-Celtic is a term for all forms of Celtic spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before the arrival of the Romans (c. 218 BC, during the Second Punic War). In particular, it includes: * A northeastern inland language attested at a relati ...

Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are also a few Iberian, Basque and Tartessian components in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

* ''manteiga'' "butter" ***Uncertain origin, possibly Lat. ''mantica'' Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the

Reconquista The ' (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid ...

and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of

Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...

lineage. * ''carrasco'' "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque ''karraska'' "thunder, crash of falling tree" * ''sarna'' "

scabies Scabies (; also sometimes known as the seven-year itch) is a contagious skin infestation by the mite ''Sarcoptes scabiei''. The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple-like rash. Occasionally, tiny burrows may appear on the skin ...

" from Medieval Latin (7th century,

Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville ( la, Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560 – 4 April 636) was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of ...

, ''Origines'', 4.8.68), but as ''serna'' attested in

Theodorus Priscianus Theodorus Priscianus ( el, Θεόδωρος ὁ Πρισκιανός) was a physician at Constantinople during the fourth century, and the author of the Latin work ''Rerum Medicarum'' in four books. Career Priscianus was a pupil of the physician V ...

(Constantinople, 4th century). however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf.

Middle Welsh Middle Welsh ( cy, Cymraeg Canol, wlm, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh ( cy, Hen G ...

''sarn'' "mess" and ''sarnaf'' "to wreck".

=Names of Basque origin

Forenames

Inácio Inácio is a common Spanish/Portuguese given name (previously spelled "Ignácio"; "Inácio" is modern orthography) and occasionally a surname. Examples as a surname include: * Alisha Inacio, American professional wrestler and manager *Augusto In� ...

variant of ''Ignatius''. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish) * Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven' * Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from '' etxe berri'', meaning 'new house' or 'new home' * Ximeno, a variant of the medieval

given name

Semen Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic bodily fluid created to contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize the female ovum. Semen i ...

, root ''seme < senbe'' 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name ''Sembetten'', attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni (cf.

Koldo Mitxelena Koldo Mitxelena Elissalt () (also known as ''Luis Michelena''; 1915, Errenteria, Gipuzkoa – 11 October 1987, San Sebastián) was an eminent Basque linguist. He taught in the Department of Philology at the University of the Basque Country, a ...

and modern form "senide" = 'brother or sister', 'relative')

Surnames

* Velasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven'

Celtic

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much

Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language * Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Fo ...

, (particularly Gallaecian and words from the Hispano-Celtic group) survived in Portuguese (and Galician); it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language. Projections on Celtic vocabulary (some words may have come via French borrowings starting in the 12th century), toponyms and derivations in

, indicate well over 1,500 words. The Celtic substratum is often overlooked, due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived words in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Names

Forenames

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

= A – L

= * Abrunheiro, Abrunho, Abrunhosa, from Protoceltic *agrīnio, * Arouca, Aroucas, Arouquela Latinised from

*arauca * Bacelar, Bacelo, from *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton ''bach'' * Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from

Proto-Celtic Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly Linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed through the compar ...

*bekko 'beak, kiss', cognate of Italian ''becco'', French ''bec''. * Carqueijo, Carquejo, Carqueja 'gorse', from Celtic *''carcasia'', *''querquesia'', or similar.< Indo-European *pérkus, *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-, t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name * Caxaria, Caxarias, Caxigo, from the Celtic root *''cax'' < ''CASSĪCOS'' ‘oak-tree’ * Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from Gaulish Cognates: Old French ''cervoise'', Provençal, Spanish ''cerveza''; akin to Old Irish ''coirm'', Welsh ''cwrw'', Breton ''korev''. * Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish ''coinân'', Cornish ''conyn'', Manx ''coneeyn'', Gaelic ''coineanach'', Welsh ''cwningen'', alternatively from Celtiberian *''cun-icos'' 'little dog' * Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese ''cuelmo''; cf. Welsh ''calaf'' "reed, stalk", Cornish ''kalav'' "straw", Breton ''kolo'' "stalk"). * Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form ''lagena'', from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, cognate of Old Irish ''lágan'', ''láigean'', Welsh ''llain'' 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish ''láighe'' 'mattock, spade'. * Lemos, from Celtic ''lemo'', elm-tree. * Lotsa, Louza, Lousão, Lousã, Lousado, Louzado, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *laws

= M – Z

= * Magalhães, also Magalhaes and Magalhã from Celtic ''magal'' 'great, grandiose'. Toponymic of towns with the same name. * Menino, from medieval ''mennino'', from proto-Celtic *menno-, akin to Old Irish ''menn'' 'kid (goat)', Irish ''meannán'', Welsh ''myn'', Breton ''menn''. * Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from

*mîlo-, akin to Asturian ''milu, merucu'' 'earthworm', Irish ''míol'' 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton ''mil'' 'animal' * Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch', akin to Welsh ''rhych'', Breton ''reg'', Scottish/Irish ''riach'' 'trace left from something'; cognate of French ''raie'', Occitan, Catalan ''rega'', Basque ''erreka'', Italian ''riga'' 'wrinkle'. * Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval ''senara'', a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish ''sain'' 'alone', Welsh ''han'' 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'. (cf. Welsh ''âr'', Irish ''ár'' 'ploughed field'). * Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. Cognate of French ''truite'', English ''trout'', Catalan ''truita'', Spanish ''trucha'', Italian ''trota''. * Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-, cognate of French ''vassal'', Spanish ''vasallo'', Middle Irish ''foss'' 'servant', Welsh ''gwas'' 'servant; lad', Breton ''gwaz''

General vocabulary

* abanqueiro 'waterfall' < *'(beaver) dam', formally a derivative in ''-arium'' of *abanco, from

*abankos 'beaver, water demon'Ward A. (1996), s.v. cognate of Old Irish ''abacc'' 'dwarf', Welsh ''afanc'' 'beaver, dwarf', Breton ''avank'' 'dwarf, sea monster'. Akin also to Arpitan ''avans'' 'wicker'. * alvo 'white', from Celtic albo* 'white'.
alvura 'whiteness', alvorada 'dawn', alvor 'light, whiteness', alvorecer '' 'daybreak'. * amieiro '

common alder ''Alnus glutinosa'', the common alder, black alder, European alder, European black alder, or just alder, is a species of tree in the family Betulaceae, native to most of Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa. It thrives in wet locations wh ...

', *likely a derivative in ''-arium'' of *abona 'river', related to

Breton Breton most often refers to: *anything associated with Brittany, and generally ** Breton people ** Breton language, a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken in Brittany ** Breton (horse), a breed **Ga ...

''avon'', Welsh ''afon'',

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

''abha/abhainn'' 'river'.
amieiral 'alder woods', amieira 'young alder tree or hand-basket made of alder or chestnut shoots'. A Galician suggestion points to another Celtic voice ''ameia'' * arpente also arpento 'arpent acre' Latin borrowing (old measurement) likely from Gaulish ''*arpen'' or ''arepennis'', cognate of French ''arpent'', Spanish ''arapende'' akin to Old Irish ''airchenn'' 'short mete, bound (abuttal); end, extremity', Welsh ''arbenn'' 'chief' * abrolho 'sprout, thorn, thicket, rocky surfaces just under water, keys', from Celtic *brogilos 'copse',.
abrolhar 'to cover with thorns, to sprout (botanics), to get covered in spots, blisters, to sprout', abrolhamento 'to fence smthg with thorns, cover with sprouts, to cause hardship', desabrolhar 'to sprout, to bloom, to blossom'. * abrunho/abrunheiro 'sloe', from Vulgar Latin *''aprūneu'', from Latin ''prūnum'', under the influence of

*agrīnio; akin to Irish ''áirne'', Welsh '' eirin'' 'plum'; cognate of Occitan ''agranhon'', Provençal ''agreno'', Catalan ''aranyó'', Aragonese ''arañon''. * bacelo 'young vine', from

*baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton ''bach''
baceleiro 'young vine nursery, man who specialises in planting new vines', bacelar abacelar 'to plant and tender to new vines', abacelamento 'the act of sorting out young vines (by variety)', bacharelato 'baccalaureat, university degree', Latinised from *baccalaris- person of lower (military) rank or young cadet, bacharel 'same as baccalaureat, chatter-box, chatty or witty person', bacharelar 'to talk too much', bacharelice, bacharelismo 'habit of chatting too much or for too long', barcelo 'white grape variety from Northern Portugal' * badalo 'bell, penis' from Latinised 'battua'< Gaul. *bathu < Celt. *bathi or *baeti
abadalar or badalar , 'to ring a bell, to jabber, to gossip or chat away'. * balaia also balaio 'small straw-basket' via Old French baleen 'broom (plant)', from Gaul *balatno, metathesis of *banatlo, cognate of Breton balannen, Scots-Gaelic bealaidh, Irish beallaidh, Welsh banadl, Cornish banadhel, Asturian baléu * barco 'boat, ship' from

*barga-, loanward into Latin ''bargo'', 'boat'. * barra 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-, cognate of Irish, Breton ''barr'' 'summit, peak, top', Welsh ''bar''.
barrote 'wooden beam' * barrete 'hood', from

or Gaulish *birros-'short coat with a hood'.
barretada 'greeting someone with your hat', barrete-de-clérigo 'fortification or building work composed of three protruding angles and two sinking ones', enfiar o barrete (popular expression) 'to mislead or deceive someone'. * bico 'beak, kiss', from

*bekko-, cognate of Italian ''becco'', French ''bec''.
bicar 'to kiss', debicar '(bird)pecking'. * bilha, 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk', akin to Old Irish ''bille'' 'large tree, tree trunk', Manx ''billey'' 'tree', Welsh ''pill'' 'stump', Breton ''pil''; cognate of French ''bille'' 'log, chunk of wood'. * bode 'billy-goat, male goat' from

*bukko- akin to French ''bouc'', loanword into

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

''bok''. *boi 'bull, male cow' Latinised form, from Celtic *bou'cow'.
boi-cavalo ''yak'', boieiro ''cow herder, cowboy'', garça-boieira ''cattle-egret'', boiuno ''bovine''. * borba 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-, cognate of French ''bourbe'' 'mud'; akin to Irish ''borb'' 'mud, slime', ''bearbh'' 'boiling', Welsh ''berw'' 'boiling', Breton ''berv'' 'broth, bubbling'.
borbotar 'to blossom, to bloom', borbulhar 'to burble, to boil', borbulha 'bubble, spot, pimple', borbulhante 'bubbly'. * borne 'terminal, metal part of an electrical circuit that connects to an external electrical circuit, inner bark of a tree, lukewarm' from

*botina 'troop', akin to

Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writt ...

''buiden'' and

Welsh Welsh may refer to: Related to Wales * Welsh, referring or related to Wales * Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales * Welsh people People * Welsh (surname) * Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...

''byddin'' 'army' (''*budīnā'').
bornear 'to align an object with the view, generally closing one eye, to put a gun/weapon to aim, i.e.: to aim a cannon'. * braga ' ldHoop iron that held the fetter, male type of trouser, wall that served as a fortification junk, type of naval crane to lift and move weights (ships), small four-string type of guitar'. From roto-Celtic*braco-, cognate of Galician, Spanish, Occitan ''braga'', French ''braie'', Italian ''brache''.
braguilha 'trouser-flier, braguinha 'small guitar', bragal 'coarse fabric whose plot is cord, underclothes, old measurement for land demarcation: Portion of a farm (7 or 8 poles) which served as the unit price in certain contracts, set of bucks and fetter', desbragar 'to make dissolute, profligate, to drop your buckles', desbragado 'riotous, foul-mouthed, indecorous, libertine, dissolute, immoral', desbragadamente 'indecorously', desbragamento 'riotous quality, ribaldry, impropriety (behaviour), Bracarense 'relating to Braga, native of that city', brácaro 'a person native of Braga', bracamarte 'old claymore sword which was swung with both hands'. * brim 'fabric, thread, brime' via Fra. 'brin' < Breton *brienen- * brio 'pride, courage, might, power', from Italian ''brio'', from Catalan/Old Occitan ''briu'' 'wild', from Celtic *brigos, cognate of Occitan ''briu'', Old French ''brif'' 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irish ''bríg'' 'power', Welsh ''bri'' 'prestige, authority', Breton ''bri'' 'respect'.
brioso 'proud, brave, exuberant', briosamente 'proudly, with dignity', desbrio 'lacking pride or courage, a cowardly act', desbrioso 'someone who acts without pride, a coward, a wimp' * cabra 'goat' Latinised 'capra' from Celtic *gabro- (OIr gabor, OB gabr, gl. caprus, OC gauar, gl. uel capelia, C (in LNN)gaver, ModW gafr, CPNE: 102, DGVB: 173, GPC: 1370-71; PECA: 48). Well attested in G PNN, Gabrus, Gabrius, Gabar, etc. (DLG: 173-74). Formation *kpro- IEW 529 (s.v. *kapro-). ACPN: 79-80; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v.; RGC: 172–73. Note that not all LNN in gabro- are by default Celtic; see A. Falileyev, Celtic presence in Dobrudja: Onomastic evidence, in Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest (Iaśi 2005), 296–303. * cais 'quay, jetty', maybe from French (itself from Norman) ''quai'', from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-, akin to Welsh ''cae'', Cornish ''ke'', Breton ''kae'' 'hedge'; French ''chai'' 'cellar'. * camba 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-, cognate of Old Irish ''camm'' 'crooked, bent, curved'. Cognate of Occitan ''cambeta'' 'part of plough', Limousin Occitan ''chambija'' (< ''*cambica'') 'part of plough'.
cambada, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish', cambela 'type of plough', cambota 'beam', encambar 'to string, to entangle', cambo 'pole, bent', cambaio, cambão 'crooked, lame', cambar 'to change, to alter, to move direction (nautical)', cambalhota 'tumble, gambol', cambalhotar 'to caper, to tumble'. * camboa 'trap, hole dug for capturing fish trapped at low tide', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.Meyer-Lübke 2387 * cambueira 'fishing net used for low tide catch', from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'. * caminho 'pathway', from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-, cognate of Italian ''cammino'', French ''chemin'', Spanish ''camino'', Catalan ''camí'', Occitan ''camin'', Old Irish ''céimm'', Breton ''cam'' 'step'.
caminhar 'to walk', caminhada 'walk, journey', caminhante, caminheiro 'hiker, walker, someone who loves to walk, pilgrim', caminheira 'sort of locomotive used in road transportation', caminhável 'area or place adept/safe to walk' * camisa 'shirt' from Latin, from Gaulish ''camisia''. cognate of Spanish/Occitan ''camisa'', Italian ''camicia'', French ''chainse''.
camisola 'jersey', camiseta 'undershirt, singlet', camisa-de-dormir 'nightgown', camisa-de-Venus or camisinha 'condom' (colloquial) * candado, cando dry tree-branch, stick or trunk, horse hoof, from Celtic *kando- 'bright, white', cognate of Welsh cann 'bright, light' * canga 'collar, yoke', from Celtic *kambika. * cangalha 'shoulder yoke, saddle yoke', from Celtic *kambika. * cangalheta 'rustic saddle, horse saddle', from Celtic *kambika. * cangalho 'worthless, trashy person or worn out animal', from Celtic *kambika. * canto 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-, akin to Old Irish ''cét'' 'round stone pillar, Welsh ''cant'' 'tire rim', Breton ''kant'' 'disk'; cognate of Old French ''chant'', Occitan ''cant''.
cantoneiro 'road worker', cantonar 'railway traffic control', recanto 'corner', cantinho 'small corner', Cantão, Cantonal 'Swiss Canton, relating to Canton's legal affairs or government, acantoar or acantonar 'to hide, to isolate', canteiro 'vegetable plot, flowerbed, border', acanteirar encanteirar 'to place/arrange in pods'(gardening, bottles, etc.), encanteirado 'in a pod', cantonado 'engraved corner (heraldry)'. * carqueja, carqueijeira 'gorse', from

*''carcasia'', *''querquesia'', or similar.< Indo-European *pérkus, *pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-, t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name . * carquilha 'wrinkle, crinkle, furrow', from Celtic *carquila.
encarquilhar 'to crinkle', encarquilhado 'wrinkled, with deep (skin) wrinkles'. * carro 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latin ''carrum'', from proto-Celtic *karro-, cognate of Rumanian ''car'', Italian ''carro'', French ''char'', Provençal ''car'', Spanish ''carro''; akin to Irish ''carr'', Welsh ''car'', Breton ''karr''.
carroça 'cart', carregar 'to load', acarretar, acartar 'to cart, to carry', carreta 'cart', carrear 'to guide animals in a cart, to drive', carroçaria 'bodywork' (vehicle), carruagem 'carriage', carreto 'load', carrinha 'van', carro-de-mão 'wheelbarrow', carrossel 'carousel', charrete 'carriage, horsecart'. * caixigo 'oak; Portuguese oak', from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted', akin to Irish ''cas'' 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welsh ''cas''cord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturian ''caxigu'', Aragonese ''caixico'', Gascon ''casse'', French ''chêne'' 'oak' (< *cassanos). * centola, santola '

European spider crab ''Maja squinado'' (the European spider crab, spiny spider crab or spinous spider crab) is a species of Animal migration, migratory crab found in the north-east Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The appearance of the European spi ...

', akin to Gaulish personal name CINTULLOS 'the first one', from PCl *kintu- 'first'. * cerveja 'beer', from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia, from Gaulish Cognates: French ''cervoise'', Provençal, Spanish ''cerveza''; akin to Old Irish ''coirm'', Welsh ''cwrw'', Breton ''korev''.
cervejaria 'brewery, brasserie, beer hall', cervejeiro 'brewer' * cheda 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', via Medieval Latin ''cleta'', from proto-Celtic *klētā-, cognate of Irish ''cloí'' (''cloidhe'') 'fence', ''clíath'' 'palisade, hurdle', Welsh ''clwyd'' 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', Cornish ''kloos'' 'fence', Breton ''kloued'' 'barrier, fence'; cognate of French ''claie'' 'rack, wattle fencing', Occitan ''cleda'', Catalan ''cleda'' 'livestock pen', Basque ''gereta''. * choco 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-, akin to Old Irish ''clocc'', Welsh ''cloch'', Breton ''kloc'h''; cognate of Asturian ''llueca'' and ''llócara'' 'cowbell', French ''cloche'' 'bell', German ''Glock''.
chocar 'to bang, to shock', chocalho 'cowbell', chocalhar and chacoalhar 'to shake smthg or someone, to insult someone'. * cibalho 'bird food' from Gaelic *cib- 'reed', akin to Irish 'cibeach' * coelho 'rabbit', likely from Celtiberian *''cun-icos'' 'little dog' akin to Irish ''coinân'', Cornish ''conyn'', Manx ''coneeyn'', Gaelic ''coineanach'', Galician ''coello'', Welsh ''cwningen'', Catalan ''conill'', Danish/Swedish/Norwegian ''kanin'', Dutch ''konijn'', Finnish ''kani'', Frisian ''knyn'', German ''Kanninchen'', Icelandic ''kanína'', Italian ''coniglio'', Romansh ''cunigl'', Spanish ''conejo'', Veneto ''conéjo''.
coelheira 'rabbit hutch', coelheiro '(dog) good at hunting rabbits', rabicoelha(ornithology) also rabiscoelha 'corncrake, spotted crake', coelhinha 'bunny' * colmeia 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', from * kŏlmos 'straw', which gave Leonese ''cuelmo''; cf. Welsh ''calaf'' "reed, stalk", Cornish ''kalav'' "straw", Breton ''kolo'' "stalk").
colmeeiro 'hiver', colmeal 'beekeeping space, area' * comba 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā, cognate of North Italian ''comba'', French ''combe'', Occitan ''comba''; akin to Irish ''com'', Welsh ''cwm'' 'hollow (land form)', Cornish ''komm'' 'small valley, dingle', Breton ''komm'' 'small valley, deep water'. * combo (adj.) 'curved, bent', from Celtic *kumbo-, cognate of Provençal ''comb'', Spanish ''combo''.
combar 'to bend'. * cômoro also combro 'mound, hillock, limit of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare-(yo)-, cognate of Old Irish ''comair'' 'in front of', Welsh ''cyfair'' 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.
acomarar 'to mark out a field (literally to dote with cômoros)'. * corno 'horn'(OIr corn, OB to PIE *k´er-IEW: 576 (cf. Lat. cornu pl. 'roe'). Although the word has been considered a loan from Latin, there is no reason to deny its Celtic origin (see: P. Sims-Williams, Degrees of Celticity in Ptolemy's Names, in Ptolemy, 9; PNPG, Celtic elements, s.v.). * curral 'corral, pen; corner', from Celtic *korro-, akin to Middle Irish ''cor'' 'circle, turn', ''corrán'' 'sickle', Welsh ''cor'' 'enclosure', Cornish ''kor'' 'turn, veering'. * Deus 'God' via Latin, 'deus' from Celtic *dēuo-, *dīuo- 'god' (cognate OIr día, MB dou, OC duy, Gl. deus, C. dev in LNN, OW in dúiútít 'divinity', CPNE: 82; EGOW: 51; GPC: 1101; LEIA D-64; PECA: 41). Well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. PNN Deo-gnata, diuuo-gna (GPN: 191-92; KGP: 190-91). Traditionally, to PIE *dhei-'shine' IEW: 183–87, LIV: 108 (Skt. deva-, Lat. deus, etc.). ACPN: 70-71; DLG: 142-43; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v. * dorna 'a type of boat; trough, measurement (volume)', from proto-Celtic *durno- 'fist', Irish ''dorn'' fish, Breton ''dorn'' 'hand'; Akin to Old French, Occitan ''dorn'', 'a handful'. Nevertheless, the Asturian ''duerna'' 'bowl' demand a form **dorno-. * embaixada 'embassy', from Provençal ''ambaissada'', from ''ambaissa'' 'service, duty', from proto-Celtic *ambactos 'servant', akin to Welsh ''amaeth'' 'farm', Cornish ''ammeth'' 'farming', Old Breton ''ambaith''.
embaixador 'ambassador', embaixatriz 'madam-ambassador' * gabela, gavela 'handful, faggot', from Proto-Celtic *gabalā or *gabaglā-, cognate of French ''javelle'', Provençal ''gavela'', Spanish ''gavilla''; akin to Old Cornish ''gavael'' 'catch, capture', Irish ''gabháil'' 'get, take, grab, capture', ''gabhal'' 'fork'. * galga 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone', akin to Irish ''gall'', French ''galet'' 'gravel' ''gallete'' 'plain cake'.
galgar 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'. * gorar 'sickness, rotting of an egg (hatching), to get confused (thought)', from

*gʷor-, akin to

''guirid'',

and Cornish ''gori'' 'to hatch (eggs)' and

''goriñ''.
goro 'unfertilized egg, failure, misfortune', gorado 'an egg which didn't hatch, a failed situation or unfortunate person'. * jarrete 'knee-cap, hock, hamstring' from Gaulish *garra 'leg', akin to Welsh 'garr', which is of uncertain origin; possibly sharing a common origin with Proto-Greek άκαρα 'leg, shank' * lago 'lake', Latinised 'lacus' from Celtic *locu-, *loco- 'lake' (OIr loch 'lake', OB in lohan gl., lochhaam gl. stagno, OW lichou gl. palu e, luchauc, gl. paluster, Mod W llwch DGVB: 242; EGOW: 103; GPC: 2173; PECA: 72). According to E. Hamp in ZCP 46(1994), 12, independent loans from an unknown substratum language (as well as Lat. lacus, OE lagu, etc.; differently DLG: 206). * landa lande 'uncultivated or sandy plot' from Proto-Celtic *landā, akin to

''lann'' 'land, church',

''lann'' 'church lands', French ''lande'' 'sandy plot', Provençal and

Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...

''landa''. * lage 'stone slab', from the medieval form ''lagena'', from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, cognate of Old Irish ''lágan'', ''láigean'', Welsh ''llain'' 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish ''láighe'' 'mattock, spade'. * légua 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of French ''lieue'', Spanish ''legua''; akin to Old Irish ''líe'' (genitive ''líag'') 'stone', Irish ''lia'' * leira 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from the medieval form ''laria'', from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-, akin to Old Irish ''làr'' 'ground, floor', Breton ''leur'' 'ground', Welsh ''llawr'' 'floor'.
leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot', leirar 'land working', leiroto, leiria 'place of small plots, allotments'. * lerca 'skinny, malnourished cow or cattle in general, skinny woman', from proto-Celtic *wliskā 'stick', cognate of Old Irish ''flesc''. * lousa also loisa 'flagstone', 'trap', from Proto-Celtic *laws-, cognate of Provençal ''lausa'', Spanish ''losa'', French ''losenge'' 'diamond'.
enlousar 'to cover with flagstones', lousado 'roof', lousão 'large flagstone', louseiro or loiseiro' 'stonemason', enlousar to cover with stones, to make a stone wall, to trap, to trick or fool someone' * lota 'fish auction/market', Latinised borrowing 'lota' < Gaulish *lotta 'flat fish' akin to French lotte, Old Irish lethaid 'he extends, expands', Welsh lledu, llydan 'flounders' Cornish leyth 'flounder, flat-fish'. * mar 'sea' Latinised 'mare' from Celtic *mori- (OIr muir 'sea', OB mor in compounds, e.g. morgablou gl. aestuaria .i. per quae mare reciprocum tum accedit tum recedit, MB mor; OC mor gl. mare, C (in LNN) mor; OW mor (Liber Landavensis), and in mormeluet gl. testudinum, ModW mor CPNE: 168; DGVB: 259; EGOW: 115; GPC: 2485; LEIA: M-73; PECA: 80). The word is well attested in Continental Celtic, cf. G. more. gl.mare, morici gl. marini (Endlicher Glossary), Pliny's mori marusa (mare congelatum), G. PNN Mori-tasgus, Mori-rigis; see GPN: 232–33, KGP: 245. To PIE *mori- IEW: 748 (Lat. mare, Go. marei, OE mere, E mere). ACPN: 92-93; DLG: 229, PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v. * menino menina 'kid, child, baby', from medieval ''mennino'', from proto-Celtic *menno-, akin to Old Irish ''menn'' 'kid (goat)', Irish ''meannán'', Welsh ''myn'', Breton ''menn''.
meninice or meninez 'childhood, infancy, childishness', meninote 'nipper', * minhoca 'earthworm', from medieval *milocca, from

*mîlo-, akin to Asturian ''milu, merucu'' 'earthworm', Irish ''míol'' 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton ''mil'' 'animal'.
Derivative: minhoquice 'unfounded suspicions, brooding on smthg unimportant' * nau 'ship, vessel' Latinised 'navis' from Celtic *nauo- (> navigability) (OIr nau 'ship', M(od)W noe vessel, bowl, platter' GPC: 2592; LEIA: N-5). Cf. Auson. (Epist. 22,1) nausum. To PIE *neh2u- 'boat' IEW: 755-56 (Skt. nau, Lat. navis 'ship', ON nór 'id.', etc.). DLG: 232, s.v. nauson; PNPG, Celtic Elements, s.v. nauo.
navegar 'to sail', navegante, Navegador 'sailor', 'Seafarer', nave(archaic) 'ship, boat', navio 'ship'. * olga 'small farming land, plain between hills', from

*ɸolkā, cognate of French ''ouche'' and Provençal ''olca''. * peça 'piece', from Vulgar Latin *pettia, from Gaulish ''petsi'', from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi, cognate of Italian ''pezza'', French ''pièce'', Spanish ''pieza''; akin to Old Irish ''cuit'' (Irish ''cuid'') 'piece, share, part', Welsh ''peth'' 'thing', Breton ''pez''.
pedaço, pedacinho, pedação 'piece, little piece, big piece'- ** uncertain whether from Lat.pittacĭu < Gr. pittákion or Proto-Celtic *pettia 'piece'. * pequeno 'small, kid', from Gaelic *bec-, becan-, beag, beagan- 'small'.
pequerrucho pequerruchichinho 'little one', pequenagem, pequenez 'small thing, infancy', pequenino, pequenote, pequeninote pequenininho 'small child, small thing or object', empequenecer empequenitar 'to make small, to make someone feel small', pequenada, pequerruchada 'a group of small children'. * pitada 'pinch, handful' from Celtic *pit-, pet-, cuid-, cuit-, coda- 'piece'.
petar 'to break in small pieces, to tell lies', petiscar 'to knible, to snack, to eat delicacies, to touch slightly, to have a vague knowledge about something or someone', petisco 'delicacy, speciality dish, small bites, snack', petisqueira, petiscaria 'snack-bar, restaurant specialising in local dishes', petanisco 'poking stick', pitéu 'delicacy (food)', petiz 'child, kid', petizada 'kids, children', carrapito 'bob (hair), midget (derogatory)', carapeto 'wild pear', carapeteiro 'wild pear tree, liar', carrapeta, carapeta 'small pion, short person', peta 'white lie'. * piteira 'drunkenness (colloquial), agave plant, ballast (fishing), debt, default, cigarette holder, cut or blow in the head' from Celtic *pett, pitt- 'small'. * rego 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā, akin to Welsh ''rhych'', Breton ''reg'', Scottish/Irish ''riach'' 'trace left from something'; cognate of French ''raie'', Occitan, Catalan ''rega'', Basque ''erreka'', Italian ''riga'' 'wrinkle'.
regueira 'small water canal', regato 'stream, gully, glen', regatear 'to haggle, to bargain', regateio 'quibble', regateável 'arguable (price)', regateiro 'person who haggles, presumptuous' * rodovalho 'hefty, short man (with a beard), 'pleuronectidae type of fish (round and flat in shape)' from

*roto-ball-jo- da forma composta celta *roto-ball-jo-, meaning 'round edges', akin to

''roth'' 'wheel',

''rhod'', and

''rod'' combined with

''ball'' 'member, organ'. * saiote 'peticoat, under-skirt' and saia 'skirt', from the medieval form ''sagia'', from an ancient Celtic form from which also Latin ''sagum'' 'robe', Greek ''ságos'' from Gaulish *sagos- 'coat', fr *seg- 'to hold on or together'. * seara also senra(archaic), sown field recently broken up, but which is left fallow', from a medieval form ''senara'', a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish ''sain'' 'alone', Welsh ''han'' 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'. (cf. Welsh ''âr'', Irish ''ár'' 'ploughed field').
seareiro 'cereals farmer, small farmer' * tasca and tasquinha 'swingle', related to Galatian ''taskós'' 'peg, stake'. * tola ''furrow'' from Proto-Celtic *tullo- 'pierced, pricked' / f akin to Irish ''toll'' 'hole, hollow', Welsh ''twll'' 'hole', Breton ''toull'' 'hole'; Catalan ''toll'' and Old French ''tolon'' 'hill'. * toleima, tolémia 'foolishness' from ancient Celtic *TULLESMENA (empty, devoid of brains) * tona 'skin, bark, scum of milk, surface of any liquid', from proto-Celtic *tondā, cognate of Old Irish ''tonn'', Welsh ''tonn''.
toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk', tonel 'wine barrel' cognate of Old French ''tonel'', French ''tonneau'' 'barrel, cask'. * tojo 'gorse, furze (''Ulex europaeus'')', from Celtic *togi-, akin to Spanish/Gascon ''toja'', French dialectal ''tuie''.
fura-tojos 'marten'; tojal, tojeira 'place with tojos'. * touça, toiça 'young wood, shrub' from ancient Celtic *TOUTIA < *TEUTIĀ (tribal, communal property) * toucinho also toicinho 'bacon, lard, pork rash' via Latin 'tuccinum (lardum)', from Celtic ''tucca'' 'buttery juice'.
toucinheiro, toicinheiro 'lard seller, butcher', toucinho-do-céu 'Portuguese regional sweet made with almonds and egg yolk' * trado 'auger', from

*taratro-, cognate of Irish ''tarathar'', Welsh ''taradr'', Breton ''tarar'', Occitan ''taraire'', Catalan ''taradre'', Spanish ''taladro'', French ''tarière'', Romansch ''tarader''.
tradar, tradear 'to drill'. * tranca tranco 'beam, pole, penis', from proto-Celtic *tarankā, tarinca, cognate of Spanish ''tranca'' 'club, cudgel', French ''taranche'' 'screw bar, ratchet (wine press)', Provençal ''tarenco''; akin to OIr ''tairinge'' 'iron nail, tine', Ir ''tairne'' 'metal nail, Sc ''tairnge'' 'nail'.
trancar 'to close, lock or block', destrancar 'to open, unlock or unblock smthg. or someone', trancada 'to hit someone or smthg. with a bat, copulation', trancaria 'pile of wood logs', destrancador 'opener', trança '(hair) brade', entrantrançado 'weaved', tranqueta 'lock, latch, bolt'. * trevo 'clover', from Proto-Celtic *trebno- farm house, homestead, akin to

''treb'', Cornish ''tre'',

''tref'', Asturian ''truébanu'', French ''trèfle'',

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...

''trébol'' and

''trèvol''. * trengo 'silly, nitwit, little brat, idiot', from Celtic *trenco 'short, small'. * trincar 'to bite, to snap', possible Latin loanword *trinicāre- (cut into three pieces) from Gaulish *trincare, trancare-''to cut (the head)'', cognate of old Provençal ''trencar'', Catalan ''trencar'', French ''trancher''.
tranche 'slice', retrincar, retrinco 'to chew, to cut into smaller pieces', 'patch of a bigger piece', trinco 'latch, lock, bolt', trinca, trincadela, 'bite, knibble, small cut' from Gaulish, possibly from Proto-Celtic *trenco- 'small piece'. * trincha 'brush, roller, wood carving knife or chisel', from Celtic *trenco 'short, small'. * truta 'trout', from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. Cognate of French ''truite'', English ''trout'', Catalan ''truita'', Spanish ''trucha'', Italian ''trota''. * varga 'hut; wall made of hurdles; hurdle, fence', from Celtic *wraga, French ''barge'', akin to Old Irish ''fraig'', Irish ''fraigh'' 'braided wall, roof, pen', Br ''gwrac'hell'' 'haybale, rick of hay'. * vasculho 'bundle of straw; broom', from proto-Celtic *baski- 'bundle', cognate of Gascon ''bascojo'' 'basket', Asturian ''bascayu'' 'broom', Breton ''bec'h'' 'bundle, load'. * vassalo from Vulgar Latin ''vassalus'', from proto-Celtic *wasso- or *wasto- 'young man, squire', cognate of French ''vassal'', Spanish ''vasallo'', Middle Irish ''foss'' 'servant', Welsh ''gwas'' 'servant; lad', Breton ''gwaz''.
avassalar 'to overwhelm, to stagger, to overpower', avassalador avassalante 'overwhelming' * vassoura or vassoira 'broom' from Proto-Celtic *basca- or *baski- 'bind, tangle', via Gaulish ''bascauda'', akin to French bâche 'canvas sheet, tarpaulin' Gascon bascojo 'hanging basket', Asturian bascayu, Béarn bascoyes, Welsh basg 'plaiting', Middle Irish basc 'neckband'.
vassoirar or vassourar 'to sweep with a broom', vassourada or vassoirada 'broom sweep, broomstick strike/hit' * vereda 'main road', from the medieval form ''vereda'', from Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-, 'pathway'; akin to Welsh ''gorwydd'' 'steed', Vulgar Latin ''veredus'' 'horse', French ''palefroi'' 'steed' (< *para-veredus).
enveredar 'to take or chose a path or direction in life or profession' * vidoeiro (alternative, archaic spellings bidoeiro or bidoeira 'birch', from Celtic *betu- or *betū-, cognate of Catalan ''beç'', Occitan ''bèç'' (< bettiu), French ''bouleau'', Italian ''betulla'' (< betula); akin to Irish ''beith'', Welsh ''bedw'', Breton ''bezv''.
vidoeiral 'place with birch-trees'.

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the

Suebi The Suebi (or Suebians, also spelled Suevi, Suavi) were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic. In the early Roman era they included many peoples with their own names ...

and

Visigoths The Visigoths (; la, Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is ...

(also Buri and

Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic peoples, Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal Kingdom, Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century. The ...

). Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like ganhar (to gain), town and placenames such as

Aldão Aldão is a civil parish in the municipality of Guimarães in the Braga District of Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Pen ...

, Alderete,

Albergaria-a-Velha Albergaria-a-Velha () is a town and a Municipalities of Portugal, municipality in the Aveiro District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 25,252, in an area of 158.83 km². It had 19,687 eligible voters in 2006. History In 1117, Theresa, ...

, Albergaria-a-Nova (from Gothic 'haribergo'),

Ermesinde Ermesinde is a civil parish in the municipality (''concelho'') of Valongo, in continental Portugal, northeast of Porto. The population in 2011 was 38940,Esposende Esposende () is a city and a municipality in Braga District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 34,254, in an area of 95.41 km². The city itself (the parish Esposende, Marinhas e Gandra) had a population of 9,197 in 2001. It gained city ...

, where ''sinde'' and ''sende'' for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous

derivations like,

Freamunde Freamunde is a Portuguese parish in the municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subo ...

(from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde,

Gimonde Gimonde is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança Municipality, Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 341, in an area of 16.50 km2.Aldão Aldão is a civil parish in the municipality of Guimarães in the Braga District of Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Pen ...

, Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei (from Geodefredis), Esmoriz, Esmeriz (toponymics of Hermeric, king of the Suebians), Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves,

Gondar Gondar, also spelled Gonder (Amharic: ጎንደር, ''Gonder'' or ''Gondär''; formerly , ''Gʷandar'' or ''Gʷender''), is a city and woreda in Ethiopia. Located in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Gondar is north of Lake Tana on t ...

, Gondomar (from Gundomarus), Gondarém, Gudim,

Guimarães Guimarães () is a city and municipality located in northern Portugal, in the district of Braga. Its historic town centre has been listed as a UNESCWorld Heritage Sitesince 2001, in recognition for being an "exceptionally well-preserved and a ...

(from Vimara),

Torres Vedras Torres Vedras () is a municipality in the Portuguese district of Lisbon, approximately north of the capital Lisbon in the Oeste region, in the Centro of Portugal. The population was 83,075, in an area of . History In 1148, Afonso I took th ...

(from Turres Veteras, 'old tower'), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and

Terras de Bouro Terras de Bouro () is a municipality in the district of Braga in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,253, in an area of 277.46 km². It is bordered to the north by Ponte da Barca and Spain, to the east by Montalegre, to the south by Vieira ...

(land of the Buri),

Serra do Bouro Serra do Bouro is a former civil parish in the municipality of Caldas da Rainha, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Caldas da Rainha — Santo Onofre e Serra do Bouro. The civil parish had an area of and had a population of ...

, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho (

Braga Braga ( , ; cel-x-proto, Bracara) is a city and a municipality, capital of the northwestern Portuguese district of Braga and of the historical and cultural Minho Province. Braga Municipality has a resident population of 193,333 inhabitants (in ...

) and Douro (

Porto Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropol ...

) regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the

Suebic Kingdom The Kingdom of the Suebi ( la, Regnum Suevorum), also called the Kingdom of Galicia ( la, Regnum Galicia) or Suebi Kingdom of Galicia ( la, Galicia suevorum regnum), was a Germanic post-Roman kingdom that was one of the first to separate from ...

in the middle-ages. rechila

Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the

who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the

who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty.

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

Frankish Frankish may refer to: * Franks, a Germanic tribe and their culture ** Frankish language or its modern descendants, Franconian languages * Francia, a post-Roman state in France and Germany * East Francia, the successor state to Francia in Germany ...

Langobardic Lombardic or Langobardic is an extinct West Germanic language that was spoken by the Lombards (), the Germanic people who settled in Italy in the sixth century. It was already declining by the seventh century because the invaders quickly adopted ...

Middle Dutch Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. It was spoken and written between 1150 and 1500. Until the advent of Modern Dutch after 1500 or c. 1550, there was no overarch ...

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; german: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. High ...

Middle Low German Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (autonym: ''Sassisch'', i.e. " Saxon", Standard High German: ', Modern Dutch: ') is a developmental stage of Low German. It developed from the Old Saxon language in the Middle Ages and has been documented i ...

Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...

Old High German Old High German (OHG; german: Althochdeutsch (Ahd.)) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 750 to 1050. There is no standardised or supra-regional form of German at this period, and Old High ...

Old Norse Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian, is a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and t ...

Old Swedish Old Swedish (Swedish language, Modern Swedish: ) is the name for two distinct stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages: Early Old Swedish (), spoken from about 1225 until about 1375, and Late Old Swedish (), spoken fro ...

, and

Visigothic The Visigoths (; la, Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is kno ...

and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese, with a tendency to increase due to

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in

loanword A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because th ...

s from other

language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

s. Some of these words have alternate

etymologies Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words and ...

and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different

. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an

asterisk The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...

(*) is unattested and therefore

hypothetical A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous obser ...

from Frankish

* estandarte= a

military standard In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours (or colors), standards, flags, or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt som ...

: from Old French ''estandart'', probably from Frankish (*)''standhard'' "standard that marks a meeting place", (implicit sense: "that which stands firmly"), from (*)''standan'' "to stand", (from Germanic (*)''standan'', from the IE root (*)''sta-'' "to stand") + (*)''hard'' "hard, firm", see ardid below in Germanic section. * forro=

lining Lining may refer to: * Lining (sewing), the process of inserting an inner layer of fabric, fur, or other material * Lining of paintings, the process of restoration paintings by attaching a new canvas to the back of the existing one * Brake linin ...

(garment), liner,

ceiling A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a story above. Ceilings ...

(house) from Frankish fôdare * forrar(v)= to cover, to insulate, to wallpaper, to line, to sheathe * desforra= vindication, revenge, revanche * ginja= sweet

cherry A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus ''Prunus'', and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit). Commercial cherries are obtained from cultivars of several species, such as the sweet ''Prunus avium'' and the sour ''Prunus cerasus''. The nam ...

from Frankish *wihsila- * guante=

glove A glove is a garment covering the hand. Gloves usually have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb. If there is an opening but no (or a short) covering sheath for each finger they are called fingerless gloves. Fingerless glov ...

, gauntlet: from Frankish (*)''want'' "gauntlet." * megengra(o), muzengro, majangro=

titmouse ''Baeolophus'' is a genus of birds in the family Paridae. Its members are commonly known as titmice. All the species are native to North America. In the past, most authorities retained ''Baeolophus'' as a subgenus within the genus ''Parus ...

(bird), from Frankish ''meisinga'', this in turn related to Celtic ''meann'', ''menn''(small). * tasca=

tavern A tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food such as different types of roast meats and cheese, and (mostly historically) where travelers would receive lodging. An inn is a tavern that h ...

inn Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also provided accommo ...

: from Frankish *taska

from Norwegian

* slalom= slalom (from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian 'slalåm': "sla," meaning slightly inclining hillside, and "låm," meaning track after skis

: * rufia, rufião= ruffian, thug, bully: from Langobardic *hruf

from Middle Dutch

* rumo= direction, course, route, pomp, ostentation: from

Old Spanish Old Spanish, also known as Old Castilian ( es, castellano antiguo; osp, romance castellano ), or Medieval Spanish ( es, español medieval), was originally a dialect of Vulgar Latin spoken in the former provinces of the Roman Empire that provided ...

''rumbo'' "each of the 32 points on a

compass A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with ...

", from

''rume'' "

space Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider ...

, place,

rhumb line In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north. Introduction The effect of following a rhumb li ...

, storeroom of a ship", from Germanic ''rūmaz'' "space, place", from the IE root (*)''reu-'' "space, to open".

from Middle High German

* estroina= fast liver, bohemian, spend-thrifty, reveller, vagabond: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon- * estroinice= pleasure seeker's, bohemian conduct or behaviour: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon- * estroinar (v)= living the high-life, to live beyond one's means: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- or Old Eng. *strēon-

from Middle Low German

from Old English

* arlequim=

harlequin Harlequin (; it, Arlecchino ; lmo, Arlechin, Bergamasque dialect, Bergamasque pronunciation ) is the best-known of the ''zanni'' or comic servant characters from the Italian language, Italian ''commedia dell'arte'', associated with the city o ...

: from

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

''arlecchino'', from Old French ''Herlequin'' " mythic

chief Chief may refer to: Title or rank Military and law enforcement * Chief master sergeant, the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force * Chief of police, the head of a police department * Chief of the boa ...

of a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

", probably from

Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English p ...

''Herle king'', from Old English ''Herla cyning, Herla Kyning'' literally King Herla, a king of

Germanic mythology Germanic mythology consists of the body of myths native to the Germanic peoples, including Norse mythology, Anglo-Saxon mythology, and Continental Germanic mythology. It was a key element of Germanic paganism. Origins As the Germanic language ...

identified with Odin/Woden. ''Cyning'' "

king King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...

" is from Germanic (*)''kunjan'' "family" (hence, by extension

royal family A royal family is the immediate family of kings/queens, emirs/emiras, sultans/ sultanas, or raja/ rani and sometimes their extended family. The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or empress, and the term ...

), from the IE root (*)''gen-'' "to birth, regenerate". * bote= a small, uncovered boat: from Old French ''bot'', from

''bot, boot'', from

''bāt'', from Germanic (*)''bait-'', from the IE root (*)''bheid-'' "to split". * caneco= jug: from

*canne < from Proto-Germanic kunnan/kanna * caneca= mug: *see above * este= east: from French ''est'', from

''est'', from Old English ''ēast'', from Germanic (*)''aust-'', from the IE root (*)''awes-, aus'' "to shine". * norte= north: from Old French ''nord'', from

''north'', from Germanic (*)''north-'', from the IE root (*)''nr-to'' "north", from (*)''nr-'' " wikt:under, to the left" * oeste= west: from

''west'', from

''west'', from Germanic (*)''west-'', from (*)''wes-to-'', from (*)''wes-'', from (*)''wespero-'' "evening,

dusk Dusk occurs at the darkest stage of twilight, or at the very end of astronomical twilight after sunset and just before nightfall.''The Random House College Dictionary'', "dusk". At predusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, enou ...

" * sul= south (combining form): from Old French ''sud'' "south", from

''sūth'', from Germanic (*)''sunthaz'', from the IE root (*)''sun-'', ''swen-'', variants of (*)''sāwel-'' "

sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun radiates this energy mainly as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radi ...

from Old Norse

* bife=

steak A steak is a thick cut of meat generally sliced across the muscle fibers, sometimes including a bone. It is normally grilled or fried. Steak can be diced, cooked in sauce, such as in steak and kidney pie, or minced and formed into patties, ...

, beefsteak: from

''beefsteak'', from ''

beef Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (''Bos taurus''). In prehistoric times, humankind hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. Since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantity ...

'' (ultimately from

''bōs, bovis'' "

cow Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ma ...

", from the IE root (*)''gwou-'' "ox, bull, cow") + ''

'', from

''steyke'', from Old Norse ''steik'' "piece of

meat Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted, farmed, and scavenged animals for meat since prehistoric times. The establishment of settlements in the Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of animals such as chic ...

cooked on a spit", from Germanic (*)''stik-'', see estaca below in the Germanic section. * guindar to lift, to be pretentious from (Old) French ''guinder'' from Old Norse ''vinda'' 'to toss' * guinda= hoisting rope from Old Norse ''vinda'' * guindaste= crane, winch via French ''guindeau'' < Old French ''guindas'', from Old Norse ''vindáss'' * vaga=

wave In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (res ...

possibly from Old Norse ''vagr'' or Gothic ''vega'' from Germanic ''vigan'' akin to French 'vague'

from Old Swedish

* dinamite=

dynamite Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay), and Stabilizer (chemistry), stabilizers. It was invented by the Swedish people, Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, Northern Germa ...

, compound word by Swedish inventor and chemist

Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedes, Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and Philanthropy, philanthropist. He is best known for having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel ...

* rena=

reindeer Reindeer (in North American English, known as caribou if wild and ''reindeer'' if domesticated) are deer in the genus ''Rangifer''. For the last few decades, reindeer were assigned to one species, ''Rangifer tarandus'', with about 10 subspe ...

, from Old Swe. 'ren' * tungsténio=

tungsten Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolat ...

, from Old Swe. 'tung' (heavy) and 'sten' (stone) * tungsténico= relative to tungsten

from Gothic, Suebian

* ''Aguerridamente (fiercely, bravely) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Aguerrido (fierce, courageous, fighter) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Aguerrir Aguerreirar (to fight, to combat, to challenge without fear) from Gothic wirro'' * ''albergar'' (to host or shelter someone) from Gothic ''haribergo'' * ''albergue'' (hostel, youth hostel) from Gothic ''haribergo'' * ''aleive'' (treason, traitor) from Gothic ''lavjan'' * ''aleivosia'' (treason, deception) from Gothic ''lavjan'' * ''aleivoso'' (person/act of a treacherous nature, traitor) from Gothic ''lavjan'' * ardil= (trap, trick, conspiracy) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (''hardus'') 'hard' or Frankish ''ardjan'' * ardiloso= (cunning, deceptive, tricky) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ''ardjan'' * ''aringa'' (military camp) from Gothic ''hrings'' * ''Atreguar (to discuss/negotiate conditions of a truce) from Gothic trigivo'' * ''Banca (banks, banking system, bench) from Gothic banka'' * ''Bancário (bank, banker)from Gothic banka'' * ''Banco (bank, bench) from Gothic banka'' * ''Banqueiro (banker, financier) from Gothic banka'' * ''Brasa from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Brasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Brasão from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Braseiro from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Brasido from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Brasil (Brazil) from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Brasonado from Gothic *bras, brasa'' * ''Destacar (to assign troops, to stand out, to surpass) from Gothic stakka'' * ''Destaque (surpass, highlight) from Gothic stakka'' * duende= elf, gnome, from *tomt akin to Swedish 'tomten' * ''Elmo from Gothic hilms'' * ''Escanção (sommelier) from Gothic skankja'' * ''Escançar Escancear Escanchar (to measure and serve wine) from Gothic skankja'' * ''Espora (spur) from Gothic spaúra'' * ''Esporão (spur) from Gothic spaúra'' * ''Estaca (stake) from Gothic stakka'' * ''Estacada (stockade) from Gothic stakka'' * ''Estacar (to stake) from Gothic stakka'' * ''Fona from Gothic fon'' * ''Fornir from Gothic frumjan'' * ''Godo/Gótico from Gothic guthans'' * ''Guerra, Guerreio (war, conflict) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Guerreão (troublemaker, ruffian) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Guerrear (to fight) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Guerreiro (warrior, fighter) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Guerrilha (guerrilla) from Gothic wirro'' * ''Guia (guide) from Gothic wida'' * ''Guiar (to guide, to lead, to drive a vehicle) from Gothic wida'' * ''Intrabancário (interbanking (system), interbank) from Gothic banka'' * ''Lasca (chip, splinter) from Gothic laska'' * ''Lascar (to cleave, to flake smthg off, to chip smthg) from Gothic laska'' * ''Lascarino or Lascarinho (joker, troublemaker, petty thief) from Gothic laska'' * ''Marta from Gothic marthus'' * ''Multibanco (Cash dispenser, ATM) from Gothic banka'' * ''Roca from Gothic ruka'' * ''Tampa from Gothic tappa'' * ''Tascar from Gothic taskon'' * ''Texugo'' or ''Teixugo'' (badger) from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus- * ''Trégua (truce) from Gothic trigivo'' * ''Triscar from Gothic thriskan'' * ''Ufa from Gothic ufjo'' * ''Ufanear or Ufanar (to glorify, to praise) from Gothic ufjo'' * ''Ufano (glorious, vain) from Gothic ufjo'' * ''Vaga'' (wave) from Gothic vega < vigan

from Germanic languages

* abandonar (v)= to abandon: from Old French ''a bandon'', from '' a'' + ''bandon'' "control" from ''ban'' "

proclamation A proclamation (Lat. ''proclamare'', to make public by announcement) is an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements known. Proclamations are currently used within the governing framework of some nations ...

jurisdiction Jurisdiction (from Latin 'law' + 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice. In federations like the United States, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels. Jur ...

power Power most often refers to: * Power (physics), meaning "rate of doing work" ** Engine power, the power put out by an engine ** Electric power * Power (social and political), the ability to influence people or events ** Abusive power Power may a ...

", from Germanic (*)''banwan'', (*)''bannan'' "to proclaim, speak publicly" * ''Aguardar (to wait i.e. at a queue) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer'' * alemão= of Germany (

adjective In linguistics, an adjective (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a word that generally grammatical modifier, modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun. Tra ...

), the German language: from

Late Latin Late Latin ( la, Latinitas serior) is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.Roberts (1996), p. 537. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the , and continuing into the 7th century in t ...

''Alemanni'', an ancient

Germanic tribe This list of ancient Germanic peoples is an inventory of ancient Germanic cultures, tribal groupings and other alliances of Germanic tribes and civilisations in ancient times. The information comes from various ancient historical documents, beginn ...

, from Germanic (*)''alamanniz'' (represented in

Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

''alamans''), from ''ala-'' "all" + ''mannis'',

plural The plural (sometimes abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This de ...

of ''manna-''/''

mannaz *Mannaz is the conventional name of the ''m''-rune of the Elder Futhark. It is derived from the reconstructed Common Germanic word for "man", ''*mannaz''. Younger Futhark ᛘ is maðr ("man"). It took up the shape of the algiz rune ᛉ, repl ...

'' "man" (Gothic ''manna'') from the IE root (*)''man-'' "man" * ''Barão, Baronesa (baron, baroness) from Germanic baro'' * bóia= a buoy: probably from Old French ''boie'', from Germanic, possibly from

''bouhhan'', from Germanic (*)''baukna-'' "signal", from the IE root (*)''bha-'' "to shine" * ''Branca (female name, white female) from Germanic blanka'' * ''Branco (common Portuguese surname) from Germanic blank'' * ''Branco (white, pale) from Germanic blank'' * branco= white, white person, blank: from

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal Register (sociolinguistics), registers of Latin spoken from the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve ...

(*)''blancus'', from Germanic (*)''blank-'' "to shine", from the IE root. * ''Brancura (whiteness) from Germanic blank'' * ''Branqueio (to bleach, to whiten or launder smthg i.e. money laundering) from Germanic blank'' * ''Branquela (pejorative for White person) from Germanic blank'' * ''Branquicento (of faded, pale appearance) from Germanic blank'' * brincadeira= joyful play, joke, prank from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. * brincar= to play from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. * brinquedo= toy from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. * churrasco, churrasqueira, churrascaria, churrascar from Suebian/Gothic ''SAURUS'' * ''Escarnecedor'', from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarnicação'', from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarniçador'', etc. from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarniçar'' (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarninhamente'', from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarninho'', from Germanic skernjan * ''Escárnio'', from Germanic skernjan * ''Escarnir *''Escarniçar (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan * estaca= a stake: from Germanic (*)''stak-'', from the IE root (*)''steg-'' "

pale Pale may refer to: Jurisdictions * Medieval areas of English conquest: ** Pale of Calais, in France (1360–1558) ** The Pale, or the English Pale, in Ireland *Pale of Settlement, area of permitted Jewish settlement, western Russian Empire (179 ...

, post pointed stick". * ''Ganhar (to gain) from Germanic waidanjan'' * ''Ganho (gain, profit) from Germanic waidanjan'' * ''Gavião (hawk) from Germanic gabilans'' * ''Guarda (guard, warden, police) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer'' * ''Guardar (to guard, to safekeep, to protect) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer'' * guardar= to guard, watch over, keep, observe (a

custom Custom, customary, or consuetudinary may refer to: Traditions, laws, and religion * Convention (norm), a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted rules, norms, standards or criteria, often taking the form of a custom * Norm (social), a r ...

): from Germanic (*)''wardōn'' "to look after, take care of", from the IE root (*)''wor-to-'', "to watch", from (*)''wor-'', (*)''wer-'' "to

see See or SEE may refer to: * Sight - seeing Arts, entertainment, and media * Music: ** ''See'' (album), studio album by rock band The Rascals *** "See", song by The Rascals, on the album ''See'' ** "See" (Tycho song), song by Tycho * Television * ...

, watch,

perceive Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system ...

" * ''Guardião (guard, legal guardian) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer'' * ''Resguardar (to shelter, to cover, to protect smthg or someone i.e. from the elements) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer'' * ''Roubador (robber, thief) from Germanic raubon'' * ''Roubalheira (robbery, theft) from Germanic raubon'' * ''Roubar (to rob) from Germanic raubon'' * ''Roubo (robbery) from Germanic raubon'' * sopa = ''soup'', * venda= blindfold: from Proto-Germanic * bǐnda-

Others

=A

= * abandonar; abandono= "to abandon" ; "abandon" * atacar= "to attack" * abordar= "to attack (a problem)"

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those (and similarly to most European/Western countries inherited also a number of ancient Greek and Hebrew names) today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names (and other origins) exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the

Suevi The Suebi (or Suebians, also spelled Suevi, Suavi) were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic. In the early Roman era they included many peoples with their own names ...

(who settled in northern

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

and Galicia in 409 AD),

, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common

- Galician names during the early and high

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern

, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the

kingdom of the Suebi The Kingdom of the Suebi ( la, Regnum Suevorum), also called the Kingdom of Galicia ( la, Regnum Galicia) or Suebi Kingdom of Galicia ( la, Galicia suevorum regnum), was a Germanic post-Roman kingdom that was one of the first to separate from ...

during the

early Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century. They marked the start of the Mi ...

from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

Germanic names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia (Gallaecia) during the early and

high Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...

, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity. The names, primarily of

East Germanic East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fac ...

origin, were used by the

Goths The Goths ( got, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, translit=''Gutþiuda''; la, Gothi, grc-gre, Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe ...

and

Burgundians The Burgundians ( la, Burgundes, Burgundiōnes, Burgundī; on, Burgundar; ang, Burgendas; grc-gre, Βούργουνδοι) were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes. They appeared in the middle Rhine region, near the Roman Empire, and ...

. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic

onomastic Onomastics (or, in older texts, onomatology) is the study of the etymology, history, and use of proper names. An ''orthonym'' is the proper name of the object in question, the object of onomastic study. Onomastics can be helpful in data mining, w ...

system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a

patronymic A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (avonymic), or an earlier male ancestor. Patronymics are still in use, including mandatory use, in many countries worldwide, alt ...

. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records. and in local toponyms. Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were

hypocorism A hypocorism ( or ; from Ancient Greek: (), from (), 'to call by pet names', sometimes also ''hypocoristic'') or pet name is a name used to show affection for a person. It may be a diminutive form of a person's name, such as ''Izzy'' for I ...

s formed from a composite name or deriving from it. Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective. These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance, which were variations (passing one element of the name;

Rechiar Rechiar or Flavius Rechiarius (after 415 – December 456) was the third Suevic king of Gallaecia, from 448 until his death, and also the first one to be born in Gallaecia. He was one of the most innovative and belligerent of the Suevi monarch ...

was the son of

Rechila Rechila (died 448) was the Suevic king of Galicia from 438 until his death. There are few primary sources for his life, but Hydatius was a contemporary Christian (non- Arian) chronicler in Galicia. When his father, Hermeric, turned ill in 438, h ...

, who was the son of

Hermeric Hermeric (died 441) was the king of the Suevi from at least 419 and possibly as early as 406 until his abdication in 438. Biography Before 419 Nothing is known for sure about Hermeric before 419, the year in which he is first mentioned; ...

) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound;

Maldras Maldras (or Masdras) (died February 460) was the Suevic king of Galicia from 456 until his death. After the execution of Rechiar by the victorious Visigoths, the Suevi are said to have established Maldras on the throne. During his reign the Suevic ...

was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of

western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most �into or and the conversion of into before a consonant. was initially preserved, although noted as or ybefore becoming w(or, less commonly, . These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant

lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonority hierarchy, sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronic analysis, s ...

and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo.

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the

Gallaecia Gallaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania, approximately present-day Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Leon and the later Kingdom of Gallaecia. The Roman cities included ...

during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: ''

us, Heremigarius,

ius, Agriulfum,

, Massila,

Framta Framta, Framtan or Framtane (Latin: ''Framtanus'', Spanish: ''Frantán''; died 457) was one of the kings of the Suevi in Galicia in 457. After the death of the Suevic king Rechiar, executed by the conquering Visigoths, and the Warnic king Aioulf, ...

Frumar Frumar (or Frumarius) (died 464) was a Suevic warlord who succeeded Maldras (who was assassinated in February 460), as leader of the Suevic group then raiding Lusitania.Thompson, 167. Hydatius wrote: ''Inter Frumarium et Rechimundum oritur de regni ...

ius,

Rechimund Richimund or Rechimund was a Suevic leader in Galicia from 457 until about 464. He was not recorded as a king (''rex''), though Hydatius wrote that ''inter Frumarium et Rechimundum oritur de regni potestate dissensio'' ("between Frumar and Rechimun ...

us,

Remismund Remismund (or Rimismund) (died 469) was the Suevic king of Galicia from c. 464 until his death. According to Isidore of Seville, Remismund was a son of Maldras. Remismund's early career was spent as an ambassador between Galicia and Gaul, which tr ...

us, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric,

Eboric Eboric or Euric was the last legitimate Suevic King of Galicia. He was the adolescent son of Miro and Sisegutia (or Siseguntia) and he succeeded his father in 583, ruling for a year before being deposed by his mother's second husband, Audeca, who ...

us, Siseguntia f,

Audeca Audeca or Andeca ( la, Audacer) was the last Suevic King of Galicia from 584 until his deposition in 585. He deposed Eboric and usurped the throne by marrying the young king's mother, Siseguntia (or Sisegutia), the widow of Eboric's father and pr ...

Malaric Malaric or Amalaric was the last man to claim the kingship of the Suevi of Galicia. In 585, after the last king, Audeca, was defeated and captured by the Visigoths, Malaric, who claimed to be related to king Miro, rose in rebellion. According to ...

us, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.'' Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón, Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá, Tuimil and Toimil.

Roots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (''bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-''),

totem A totem (from oj, ᑑᑌᒼ, italics=no or ''doodem'') is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system. While ''the wo ...

ic animals (''ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-'') and weapons (''brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-''); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (''fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-''). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (''fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus''). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (''conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-''), and another appears to refer to Huns (''Hun-''), Suevi (''Sav-''), Goths (''Gut-''), Vandals (''Vandal-''), Celts (''Vala-''), Vendians/Slavs (''Venet-''), Galindians/Balths (''Galind-''), Franks (''Frank-''), Saxons (''Sax-''), Angles (''Engl-''), Danes (''Dan-'') and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic

anthroponymy Anthroponymy (also anthroponymics or anthroponomastics, from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος ''anthrōpos'' / 'human', and ὄνομα ''onoma'' / 'name') is the study of ''anthroponyms'', the proper names of human beings, both individual and co ...

(''And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks''), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the

Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...

region: ''Florens, Fortis, Crescens''. Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for

Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branc ...

. * ''ab-'', to PGmc *abōn "man": ''Abbelinus'' * ''abr-'', to PGmc *abraz "huge, strong": ''Abragasia, Abrecan, Abronilli'' * ''ad-'' (later ''a-''), to PGmc *haþuz "battle, fight": ''Adefonsus, Adegundia, Adeqisio, Aderedus, Aderico, Adesindus, Adica, Adiero, Adarius, Adila, Adileobo, Adileova, Adimirus, Adolinus, Adosinda'' * ''adal-'', to PGmc *aþalaz "noble": ''Adala, Addalinus, Adegaster, Adelasindo, Atalamondo'' * ''agi-, egi-'' (later ''ei-''), to PGmc *agez "fear" or *agjō "edge": ''Agimadus, Agio, Agiulfus, Aidio, Egeredus, Egica, Egila, Agila, Egildus, Agildus, Egilo, Ailo, Eigonza, Eileuva, Eilleus, Eimirus, Eindu, Eirigu, Eisindus, Haginus'' * ''agr-'' possibly to PGmc *akraz "field, open land": ''Agrivulfum, Agromirus'' * ''aist-'', to PGmc *aistēn "to give reverence": ''Aistando'' * ''ala-'', to PGmc *ala "all, wholly": ''Alaguntia, Alamiro, Alaricus, Alarius, Alatrudia, Alobrida, Aloindo, Aloitus, Alvarus'' * ''alb-'', to PGmc *albaz "elf": ''Albiaster, Alvaricus, Alvatus'' * ''ald-'', to PGmc *aldaz "old": ''Aldemirus, Aldereto, Aldericus, Aldia, Aldinus'' * ''aldr-'', to Proto-Germani *aldran "age, life": ''Aldras, Aldroitus'' * ''ali-'', to PGmc *aljaz "other": ''Alia, Alio, Aliaricus, Alifreda, Aliulfus, Aliverga, Alivergo, Aliverko, Aliverta, Alivertus, Alliefredus'' * ''am-, eim-, em-, en''-, to PGmc *haimaz "dear": ''Amingus, Eimoricus, Emila, Emilo, Emiso, Enaredus, Engildus, Entrudi'' * ''amal-'', to PGmc *amal- "valiant, brave": ''Amalilli'' * ''amed-'', to PGmc *amitaz "continuous": ''Amedon, Amedeiro'' * ''an-'', to PGmc *an- "forefather": ''Anagildus, Analsus, Anila, Anilo, Anualdus, Anulfo'' * ''and-, ant-'', to PGmc *anda "throughout": ''Andeatus, Andericus, Andiarius, Andifonso, Andila, Andilevo, Andilo, Anditio, Ando, Andosindus, Andulfus, Antemirus'' * ''ans-'', to PGmc *ansuz "god": ''Ansedeus, Ansemarus, Ansemirus, Ansemondus, Anseredo, Ansericus, Ansetrudia, Ansila, Ansileova, Ansilo, Ansiulphus, Ansiunda, Ansobrida, Ansoi, Anson, Ansuallo, Ansuario, Ansueto, Ansuildi, Ansvertus'' * ''aquis-'', to PGmc *akwesiz "axe": ''Aquisilde'' * ''ar-'', to PGmc *arnōn "eagle" or *arwaz "swift, ready": ''Aragunti, Arosinda, Arosindus, Arualdus, Aruildi, Arumundo'' * ''ard-'', to PGmc *harduz "hard" or *arduz "land": ''Ardabastus, Ardericus, Ardaldus, Ardesendus, Ardilo, Ardulfus, Artemiro, Erdebredo'' * ''ari-, argi-'', to PGmc *harjaz "army": ''Arebuldo, Argeberto, Argefonsus, Argemirus, Argemondo, Argenilli, Argeredus, Argericus, Argesindus, Argeva, Argevadus, Argevitus, Argifonsa, Argifredus, Argileuva, Argilo, Argioi, Argiuolus, Argivastro, Ariulfus'' * ''aria-'', to PGmc arjaz "noble": ''Arias, Ariastre'' * ''arn''-, to PGmc *arnuz "eagle": ''Arnadius, Arnaldus, Arnulfo'' * ''asc-'', to PGmc *askaz "ash-tree": ''Ascarigus, Ascarius, Asculfo'' * ''ase-'', to PGmc *haswaz "grey": ''Asemondus, Asileva, Asinoy, Asiulfus, Asofuda, Asoi, Asoredus'' * ''asp-'', to PGmc *aspōn "aspen": ''Asparigus'' * ''ast-'', to PGmc *astaz "branch" or *austaz "east": ''Astaguerra, Asterigo, Astileuva, Astredo, Astualdu, Astulfus'' * ''astr-, ostr-, obstr-, stor-'', to PGmc *austraz "east": ''Astragis, Astragundia, Astramondus, Astratus, Astremarus, Astriverga, Astrogoto, Astruara, Astruario, Astruedu, Astruildi, Astrulfus, Obstrisinda, Ostamalus, Ostosia, Ostrofreda, Ostrofredo, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Storesindo'' * ''at-'' (later ''ad-'') to PGmc *haþuz "war": ''Ataulfus, Atarius, Atericus, Aton'' * ''atan-, tan-'', to PGmc *aþnaz "year": ''Atanagildus, Atanaricus, Atanus, Tanina, Tanino, Atanitus, Tano, Tanoi, Tenildi'' * ''att-'', to PGmc *attōn "father": ''Atauldus, Attan, Attila, Attina'' * ''aud-, od-'', to PGmc *audaz "wealth": ''Audeca, Audesinda, Audila, Audinus, Audibertus, Audofredo, Audugus, Ausendus, Oda, Odemundus, Odamirus, Odericus, Odisclus, Odorica, Odoynus, Oduarius, Otualdo'' * ''aur-, or-'', to PGmc *auraz "sand, sea": ''Auresindus, Aurilli, Orosinda'' * ''aus-, os-'', to PGmc *aus- "shining": ''Osoarius, Osobredus, Osmundo, Osoredo, Osorico, Ausarigus, Osoy, Ossila, Ozandus'' * ''bad-'' (later ''ba-''), to PGmc *badwō "battle": ''Badamundus, Bademirus, Badila, Badosindus'' * ''bait-'', to PGmc *baitaz "ship, boat": ''Baitus'' * ''bald-, balt-'', to PGmc *balþaz "bold": ''Baldemarius, Baldemirus, Balderedo, Balderico, Baldesindo, Baldila, Baldoi, Baldoigius, Baltarius, Baltino, Balto'' * ''bar-'', to PGmc *baraz "man": ''Barilli, Barsilli, Baron, Baroncellus, Baronza, Barvaldus'' * ''bat-'', to PGmc *bataz "good": ''Bati, Batinus, Baton'' * ''baud-'', to PGmc *baudiz "ruler": ''Baudemirus, Baudesindus'' * ''baz-'', to PGmc *bazaz "naked": ''Bazarius'' * ''beg-, bag-, bec-, bac-'', to PGmc *bēgaz "contest, quarrel": ''Baga, Bega, Becilla, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Bagina, Bagino, Baquina, Baquino, Begica, Pegito'' * ''ber-'', to PGmc *berōn "bear": ''Bera, Bergundi, Berila, Berildi, Berosildi, Berilo, Berina, Berinus, Beroi, Berosindus, Berulfus'' * ''berg-, verg-'', to PGmc *bergaz "shelter": ''Bergas, Bergila, Vergilli, Vergina, Virgia'' * ''bern-'', to PGmc *bernuz "bear": ''Bernaldus'' * ''bert-, vert-'', to PGmc *berhtaz "bright": ''Berta, Bertamirus, Bertarius, Bertinus, Berto, Bertosinda, Bertuara, Betrulfus, Bretenandus, Vertila'' * ''bett-, bitt-'', probably to PGmc *bitraz "bitter": ''Betellus, Betericus, Bitilo, Bitto'' * ''bid-'', to PGmc *bidō "request, prayer": ''Biddi, Bidualdus'' * ''bil-, bel-'', to PGmc *bilaz "good" or *bīþlan "axe": ''Bela, Belavrida, Belesarius, Belestrio, Belfonsus, Bellengo, Bellerto, Bello, Belloy, Belmirus, Billa'' * ''bland-'' to PGmc *blandiz, likely an adjective derived from *blandaną "to blend, make murky; to mix, mingle": ''Blandila'' * ''bliv-'', to PGmc *blēwaz "blue": ''Bliviaricus'' * ''bon-'', to PGmc *bōniz "prayer, petition": ''Bonesindus, Bonilde, Bonimiro, Boninus, Boniza, Bonoi'' * ''bot-, but-'', to PGmc *bōtō "good, profit": ''Botan, Butila'' * ''brand-'', to PGmc *brandaz "fire, sword": ''Brandericus, Brandila, Brandinus, Brandiulfus, Brandon'' * ''brun-'', to PGmc *brunjōn "breastplate": ''Brunildi'' * ''burgal-'', to *Bulgar- "? Bulgarian": ''Burgala'' * ''ca-,'' to PGmc *ga- "with": ''Camundus'' * ''canut-'', to PGmc *knūtaz "bold": ''Canuto'' * ''car-, kar-'', to PGmc *karō "care": ''Karmirus'' * ''carl-'', to PGmc *karlaz "man": ''Carlo'' * ''cart-, kart-'', to PGmc *krattaz "cart, wagon": ''Cartinus, Cartemirus'' * ''cen-'', to PGmc *kwenōn "woman": ''Cenabrida, Cenusenda'' * ''cend-, kend-, zend-, quint-'', to PGmc *kenþan "child": ''Cendamiro, Cendas, Cendon, Kenderedus, Kendulfus, Kindiverga, Quintila, Quintilo, Zendasindo'' * ''cens-, zens-'', possibly to PGmc *zinz "tribute" or *kwēniz "woman": ''Censerigus, Censoi, Zenzitus'' * ''conia-'', to PGmc *kunjan "tribe, nation": ''Coniaricus'' * ''cresc-'', possibly to Latin crescens "thrive": ''Crescemirus'' * ''criz-'', to PGmc *krēsō "dainty, food": ''Crizila'' * ''dad-, ded-'', to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": ''Dada, Dadila, Dadilo, Dadinus, Dado, Dede'' * ''dag-, dac-'', to PGmc *dagaz "day": ''Dacamiro, Dacoi, Dagadrudia, Dacaredus, Dago, Daildus'' * ''dan-, da-'', to PGmc *daniz "Dane": ''Damiro, Damondus, Danila'' * ''dest-, test-'', possibly to Latin dexter "right, skilful": ''Destoy, Destericus, Desteilli'' * ''doc-, duc-'', to PGmc *dōgiz "day": ''Docemiro, Ducila'' * ''dod-'', no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *dēdiz "deed": ''Dodo, Doda'' * ''dom-'', to PGmc *dōmaz "judgement, ruling": ''Domerigo'' * ''dulc-, dolc-'', to PGmc *dulgan "enmity", *dulgaz 'law, debt': ''Dulcemirus, Dolcemondus'' * ''ebr-, ebur-, evor-'', to *eburaz "boar": ''Ebragundia, Ebreguldus, Ebregulfus, Ebrildi, Eburicus, Evorinus'' * ''elp-'', to PGmc *helpō "help": ''Elperico'' * ''elpand-'', to Germanic *elpandus "elephant": ''Elpandus'' * ''engl-'', to PGmc *angilaz "Angles": ''Engladius'' * ''engo-'', to PGmc *Ingwaz "a god": ''Engomirus, Engoredus, Engorigus'' * ''ens-'', possibly to Latin ''ensis'' "sword": ''Ensalde, Iensericus'' * ''er-, her-'', to PGmc *heruz "sword": ''Erifonsus, Eroigius, Eruulfus, Herus'' * ''erm-, herm-'', to PGmc *ermenaz "great": ''Ermaldus, Ermedrudia, Ermefara, Ermefreda, Ermefredo, Ermegildus, Ermegis, Ermego, Ermegoto, Ermegotus, Ermegundia, Ermelindus, Ermemirus, Ermericus, Ermerote, Ermesinda, Ermiarius, Ermila, Ermildi, Ermileuva, Ermitus, Ermoleo, Ermosindus, Ermoygius, Ermulfo, Heremigarium, Hermecisclus, Hermellus'' * ''evo-'', to PGmc *ehwaz "horse": ''Euvenandus, Eva, Evorido, Evosindo, Ivolicus, Ibilli'' * ''faf-'', to PGmc *faff-, possibly related to Indo-European *papp- "dad": ''Faffila, Faffia'' * ''fag-'', to PGmc *fagenaz "glad, joyful": ''Fagila, Fagildus, Fagilo, Faginus'' * ''fald-'', to PGmc *faldiz "fold, cloak": ''Falderedo, Falgildus, Fardulfus'' * ''fand-'', to PGmc *fanþjōn "infantryman": ''Fandila, Fandina, Fandinus, Fannus'' * ''faq-, fak-'', to PGmc *fah- "glad, joyful": ''Facalo, Facco, Fakino, Faquilo'' * ''far-'', to PGmc *faran "journey, ship": ''Faregia, Farella, Farino, Farita, Farnus, Framiro, Fraredus, Frarigo, Fregulfus, Ferildi'' * ''fat-'', to PGmc *fatan "cloth; vessel": ''Fatu, Fateredus'' * ''fel-, fil-'', to PGmc *felu "much, very": ''Felellus, Felgirus, Felmiro, Filisteus, Filivertus, Filon'' * ''flor-'', to PGmc *flōraz "floor" or Latin ''florens'' "blooming, prosperous": ''Floresindus'' * ''fof-'', possibly to PGmc *fōþrą "load, wagonload": ''Fofo, Fofinus, Fofellus'' * ''fons-, funs-'', to PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": ''Fonso, Fonsa, Fonsinus, Fonsellus'' * ''fradi-'', to PGmc *fraþīn "efficacy": ''Fradegundia, Fradila, Fradiulfus'' * ''fram-'', to PGmc *framaz "forward; valiant": ''Framila, Framilli, Framtan, Framuldo'' * ''frank-, franc-'', to PGmc *frankōn "javelin; Frank": ''Francellus, Francemirus, Franco, Francoi, Francolino, Frankila, Frankilo'' * ''fred-, frid-'', to PGmc *friþuz "peace" or *frīdaz "fair, beautiful": ''Freda, Fredamundus, Fredario, Fredegundia, Fredemiro, Fredenanda, Fredenandus, Fredericus, Fredesinda, Fredilli, Fredisclus, Fredoaldus, Fredoindus, Fredosindus, Freduarius, Fredulfus, Fredus, Fridiverto'' * ''froa-, frau-, frog-, froy-, fron-'', to PGmc *frawjōn "lord, master": ''Froarengus, Fralenko, Frogeva, Frogildi, Frogina, Frogiulfo, Froiellus, Froila, Froilo, Froiloba, Froisenda, Froisendus, Fronildi, Fronosili, Fronuldo, Froya, Froyo, Froyslo, Fruaricus, Frugildus, Fruginus, Frauino, Frumirus, Frunilo'' * ''frum-, from-'', to PGmc *frumōn "foremost, first" and *frumistaz "first": ''Fromista, Fremosilli, Fromaldus, Fromaricus, Fromildus, Fromosinda, Fromosindus, Fruma, Frumarius, Frumellus, Frumildi'' * ''fulc-'', to PGmc *fulkan "crow, army": ''Fulcaredus'' * ''gad-, gat-'', to PGmc *gadōn "comrade": ''Gademiro, Gadenanda, Gaton'' * ''gael-, gel-'', to PGmc *gailaz "merry": ''Gaella, Gelmiro, Geloira'' * ''gaf-, gef-, geb-'', to PGmc *gebō "gift": ''Gaffo, Gebuldus, Gefera'' * ''gaid-'', to PGmc *gaidō "spearhead, arrowhead": ''Gaidus'' * ''gaif-'', to PGmc *waibjanan "to surround": ''Gaifar'' * ''galind-, kalend-'', to PGmc *galind- "Galindian" (a Baltic people): ''Galindus, Kalendus'' * ''gan-'', possibly to Germanic ''gan'' "enchantment": ''Ganati, Ganilli, Ganiti, Ganoi'' * ''gand-'', to PGmc *gandaz "wand, staff": ''Gandila, Gandinus, Gandulfo, Gandus'' * ''gard-'', to PGmc *gardaz "house, enclosure": ''Gardingus, Gardulfus'' * ''gas-, ges-, gis-, ger-, gir-'', to PGmc *gaizaz "spear": ''Gasuildi, Gera, Gesa, Gero, Geserigus, Gesmira, Germira, Gesmiro, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Giraldus, Gismundus, Germundus, Gisovredus, Gisvado'' * ''gast-'', to PGmc *gastiz "guest": ''Gastre'' * ''gaud-, caud-'', no clear etymology; possibly to *gaut- "Goth" or Latin ''gaudeo'' "rejoice": ''Caudemirus, Gauderigus, Gaudesindo, Gaudilani, Gaudilli, Gaudinas'' * ''gav-, gau-, gogi-, cogi-, gagi-, cagi-, kegi-,'' to PGmc *gaujan "district": ''Cagildo, Cagita, Cagitus, Gagica, Gaufredus, Gaulfus, Gavila, Gavina, Gavinus, Gega, Gegitus, Gigelus, Gogia, Gogilli, Gogina, Gogitus, Gogius, Goymundus, Guimundus, Guginus, Gugivertus, Guimirus, Guiricus, Guisenda, Goysenda, Guisindus, Kagilda, Keila'' * ''geld-, gild-, kelt-'', to PGmc *geldan "tribute, recompense": ''Geldemirus, Gildaricus, Gildo, Keltoi'' * ''gen-, ian-, ion-'', to PGmc *gennan "beginning": ''Genildi, Ionilde, Genlo, Genobreda, Gemundus, Ianardo, Ionarico'' * ''gend-'', possibly to PGmc *gantijaną "To make whole; make complete": ''Gendo, Gendina'' * ''get-, git-'', "glory": ''Geda, Getericus, Getilli, Getina, Getoy, Gidiberto, Gitarius, Gitesindus, Gitio'' * ''gisl-, viscl-, cisl-'', to PGmc *gīslaz "hostage": ''Cisla, Viclavara, Viscaverga, Visclafredo, Visclamirus, Visclamundus, Visclario'' * ''givel-'', to PGmc *geb(e)lōn "skull, gable": ''Givellan'' * ''glad-'', to PGmc *gladaz "bright, glad": ''Gladila'' * ''god-, gud-'' (later ''go-, gu-''), to PGmc *gōdaz "good": ''Godefredus, Godegildus, Godella, Godellus, Godemiro, Godenanda, Godesinda, Godoigia, Godomundus, Gudenandus, Guderedus, Guderigo, Gudesindus, Gudesteus, Gudigeba, Gudila, Gudileuva, Gudilo, Gudilulfo,Gudiverga'' * ''gol-,'' to PGmc *gōljanan "to greet", gōlaz "pride": ''Golinus, Gollo'' * ''gom-, gum-'', to PGmc *gumōn "man": ''Gomadus, Gomaldo, Gomaredus, Gomarigus, Gomesindo, Gomita, Gomulfus, Gomundus, Guma, Gumarius, Gumellus, Gumila, Gumito'' * ''gram-'', to PGmc *gramaz "furious": ''Gramila'' * ''gran-'', to PGmc *grannaz "slim, slender" or *granō "moustache": ''Granilo'' * ''grim-'', to PGmc *grīmōn "mask, helmet": ''Grima, Grimaldus'' * ''gris-'', to PGmc *grīsanan "to dread" or *grīsaz "grey": ''Grisulfus, Gresomarus'' * ''guald-'', to PGmc *waldaz "powerful, mighty": ''Gualdarius, Gualdeo'' * ''guandal-'', to PGmc *wandilaz "Vandal": ''Guandalisco, Guandalar'' * ''guld-'', to PGmc *wulþuz "splendour": ''Goldegildo, Goldredo, Guldarius, Gulderigus'' * ''guldr-, goltr-'', to PGmc *wulþraz "wonderful, precious": ''Goldregodo, Gulderes, Gualdramirus'' * ''gulf-, golf-'', to PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": ''Golfarico, Gulfarius, Gulfemirus'' * ''gund-, gunt-, gunz-, cunt-, gond-'', to PGmc *gunthz "fight": ''Gonceria, Gondella, Gondenanda, Gonso, Gonta, Gontemondus, Gontere, Gonderes, Gontoi, Gontualdo, Gonza, Guncitus, Gundarius, Gundebredo, Gundebrida, Gundelinus, Gundemarus, Gunderamnus, Gunderedo, Gunderigus, Gunderona, Gundertia, Gundesindus, Gundifortis, Gundigeva, Gundila, Gundilo, Gundisalva, Gundisalvus, Gundiscalcus, Gundivadus, Gundivaldo, Gundivera, Gundiverga, Gundon, Gundulfo, Guntato, Guntedrudia, Guntellus, Guntemirus, Gunterotis, Gunti, Guntiesclo, Guntigio, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Guntina, Guntinus, Guntuigia'' * ''gut-'' (later ''god-''), to PGmc *gutōn "Goth": ''Gotesendus, Goto, Gota, Goton, Gudegisus, Gutellus, Gutemirus, Gutemondo, Gutilli, Gutilo, Gutina, Gutinus, Guto, Guta, Gutumarus'' * ''hend-, ind-, hand-'', probably related to Burgundian ''hendinus'' "king": ''Endulfus, Hamdino, Indisclus'' * ''hild-, ild-, eld-, ald-'', to PGmc *heldjō "battle": ''Alderedus, Alduarius, Eldan, Eldebona, Eldegeses, Eldegotus, Eldegundia, Eldemirus, Eldemundus, Eldesinda, Eldesindus, Eldigia, Eldinus, Eldivercus, Eldivertus, Eldo, Eldoigius, Elleca, Ildebredus, Ildefonsus, Ilderigus, Ildiverga, Ildoi, Ildoncia, Ildras, Ilduara, Ildulfus'' * ''ik-, eq-, ig-'', possibly to PGmc *eka "I": ''Igo, Ika, Ikila'' * ''it-, id-'' (no clear etymology): ''Idiverto, Itila, Itilo, Itimondo, Itaultus'' * ''iuv-, iub-'' no clear etymology; possibly to Latin iuvenis "young" or a metathesis of PGmc *webaną "to weave" (cf. *wesuz → ius-, *westan → iust-): ''Iovellinus, Iubarius, Iubinus, Iuuisclus, Iuvatus, Iuvericus, Iuvila, Iuvitus'' * ''ket-, qued-, quid-'', to PGmc *kweþanan "to say": ''Kedisilo, Ketemera, Ketenando, Keti, Ketoi, Quedesendo, Quedulfus, Quidemirus, Quidericus, Quitarius, Quitoi'' * ''lal-, lel-, lil-'' probably to Latin lallus "lullaby": ''Lalla, Lalli, Lallina, Lallinus, Lallus, Lelino, Leliola, Lilliola, Lelli, Lilla, Lilli, Lillo, Lilla'' * ''leo-'', to PGmc *hlewaz "glory, renown": ''Leomirus'' * ''leode-, leude-'', to PGmc *leudiz "man, people": ''Ledla, Leodarius, Leodefredus, Leodegasti, Leodegisius, Leodegundia, Leodemiro, Leodemundo, Leoderigus, Leodesindo, Leodeuigus, Leodo, Leodulfus'' * ''leov-, leub-'', to PGmc *leubaz "beloved": ''Leovaldo, Leovegildus, Leovegoto, Leoveredus, Leoverigus, Leoverona, Leoverto, Leovesenda, Leovesindus, Leovilli, Leovus, Leuba, Leubegutus, Liuvilo, Lovoi, Lubellus, Lubila, Lubinus'' * ''lot-'', to PGmc *hludaz "famous": ''Lotarius'' * ''mact-'' (later ''meit-''), to PGmc *mahtiz "power, might": ''Meitinus, Matericus, Mectubrida, Meitilli, Meitulfus'' * ''mag-'', to PGmc *magenan "might, power": ''Magan, Magila, Magitus, Maniaricus, Maniarius, Magnitus, Maniulfus, Megildus'' * ''mal-'' (unclear etymology, possibly related to PGmc *malanan "to grind"): ''Malaricus, Malaredus'' * ''malasc-'', possibly to PGmc *malskaz "proud": ''Malasco'' * ''maldr-'', possibly to PGmc *maldriz "flour": ''Maldras'' * ''man-'' (later ''ma-''), to PGmc *manan "fellow": ''Manildi, Manusildi, Manileuva, Manilla, Maninus, Manosenda, Manosindus, Manualdus, Manulfus, Menegundia'' * ''mand-, mant-'', to PGmc *manþaz "kind": ''Mandila, Mandinus, Mandulfo, Mantellus'' * ''mann-'' (later ''man-''), to PGmc *mannz "man": ''Manitus, Manna, Mannello, Manni, Manno, Manoim, Mansuara'' * ''marc-'', to PGmc *markō "region, border" or *marhaz "horse": ''Marco, Marcosendus, Marcitus'' * ''mart-'', possibly to PGmc *marþuz "

marten A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus ''Martes'' within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on t ...

": ''Martila'' * ''matl-, matr-'', to PGmc *maþlan "assembly": ''Matrosindus, Matrinus, Matroi'' * ''maur-'' (later ''mour-''), possibly to PGmc *mauraz "ant" or Latin ''maurus'' "Moor": ''Mauran, Maurentan, Maurican, Mauron'' * ''medum-'' (later ''meom-''), to PGmc *medumaz "middling, moderate": ''Meduma'' * ''mer-, mir-, mar-'', to PGmc *mērjaz "famous": ''Margilli, Merila, Meroildi, Mervigius, Mira, Mirella, Mirellus, Miro, Mirosinda, Mirualdo'' * ''mod-, mud-'', to PGmc *mōdaz "anger, wrath": ''Modericus, Moderido, Modildus, Modilli, Mudario, Mudila'' * ''mun-, mon-'', to PGmc *muniz "thought": ''Monefonsus, Monobredo, Munisclus'' * ''mund-, mond-'', to PGmc *mundō "protection": ''Monderico, Mondoi, Mundellus, Mundila, Mundildus, Mundinus, Mundus'' * ''nand-, nant-'', to PGmc *nanþaz "bold, courageous": ''Nandamundus, Nandaricus, Nandinus, Nandoi, Nandulfo, Nandus, Nantemiro, Nantildo'' * ''naust-'', to PGmc *naustą "a ship-shed, boathouse": ''Naustus, Naustila'' * ''neu-, nu-'', to PGmc *neujaz "new": ''Nuilla, Nuillo, Neufila'' * ''nit-'', to PGmc *nīþaz "hatred" or *niþjaz "kinsman": ''Nitigisius'' * ''not-'', to PGmc *nauthiz "need": ''Notarius'' * ''of-'', to PGmc *ubjōn "abundance": ''Offa, Ofila, Offilo'' * ''old-'', to PGmc *hulþaz "kind, clement": ''Olda, Oldaricus'' * ''opp-'', possibly to PGmc *ōbjanan "to celebrate solemnly" (related to Latin ''opus'' "work"): ''Oppa, Oppila'' * ''osd-'', to PGmc *huzdan "treasure": ''Osdulfus'' * ''pant-'', to PGmc *pandan "pledge" or *banti "district": ''Pantardus, Panto, Pantinus'' * ''pap-, pep-'' no clear etymology; possibly to PGmc *pipo "A pipe or flute; a wind instrument." or Latin pāpiliō "butterfly, moth": ''Papellus, Papitus, Pappinus, Pappo, Pepi, Pipericus, Pipinus'' * ''penn-, pen-'' possibly to Latin penna "feather": ''Penetrudia, Penus, Pennino'' * ''rad-, rat-'', to PGmc *rēdaz "advice": ''Rademirus, Rademundus, Radesindus, Radulfus, Ratario, Retericus'' * ''ragi-, ragn-'' (later ''rei-''), to PGmc *raginą "advice, decision": ''Ragesenda, Ragesindus, Ragian, Ragifredo, Ragimiru, Ragito, Ragolfus, Raiola, Raiolo, Reginaldus, Reimondus, Reirigus'' * ''rak-'', to PGmc *rakan "reason, talk" or *wrakaz "pursuer": ''Rakericus'' * ''ram-'', to PGmc *rammaz "strong; ram": ''Ramila, Ramon, Ramulo'' * ''rana-, rani-'' (later ''ra-''), probably to PGmc *rannjanan "to run": ''Ranarius, Ranemira, Ranemirus, Ranemundus, Ranilo, Ranisclus, Raniverga, Raniverta, Ranivertus, Ranosenda, Ranosindus, Ranualdus, Ranulfus'' * ''rand-, rant-'', to PGmc *randaz "shield": ''Randemirus, Randili, Randinus, Rando, Randuarius, Randulfus, Rendericus'' * ''raup-'', to PGmc *raupjanan "to plunder, to spoil": ''Rauparius'' * ''rec-, req-, ric-'', to PGmc *rīkjaz "mighty, noble": ''Recaredus, Reccafredus, Recebrida, Recedrudia, Recelli, Recemera, Recemirus, Recemundus, Recesenda, Recesindus, Recesuinda, Recesuindus, Rechiarius, Recilli, Requilli, Recinus, Recualdus, Regaulfus, Reicionda, Rekeritus, Requefonsus, Rezevera, Ricardo, Riquila, Riquilo, Riquilodo, Riquoi'' * ''ref-'', to PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": ''Refulfo'' * ''rem-'', to PGmc *remez "rest, calmness": ''Remegildus, Remesario, Remesilli, Remesindus, Remestro, Remismundus, Remisol, Rimionda'' * ''rest-'', to PGmc *ristiz "rising up": ''Restericus'' * ''rod-, rud-'', to PGmc *hrōþaz "fame": ''Rodemirus, Rodevertus, Rodosildi, Rodougus, Roelindus, Rouvredo, Rudericus, Rudesindus, Rudila, Rudilo'' * ''rom-, rum-'', to PGmc *hrōmaz "fame": ''Romarigus, Romila, Rumario'' * ''sala-'' (later ''sa-''), to PGmc *salaz 'hall, dwelling': ''Salamirus, Salamarus, Salla'' * ''sand-, sant-'', to PGmc *sanþaz "truth, justice": ''Sandinus, Sando, Santimirus'' * ''sar-'', to PGmc *sarwan "arm, armament": ''Saroi, Saruilli'' * ''sax-'' (later ''seix-''), to PGmc *sahsan "knife" and *sahxōn "Saxon": ''Saxo, Seixomir'' * ''scap-'', to PGmc *skapan "vessel": ''Scapa'' * ''scarc-'', to PGmc *skalkaz "servant; sword": ''Scarcila'' * ''scer-,'' to PGmc *skīriz "pure": ''Scerinus'' * ''sed-'', to PGmc *seduz "custom": ''Sedino'' * ''sedeg-'', to PGmc *sedīgaz "well-bred, well-behaved": ''Sedeges'' * ''seg-, sag-, sig-'' (later ''se-, si-''), to PGmc *segez "victory": ''Sagatus, Sagildo, Sagulfus, Segemundus, Segesindo, Segestro, Segga, Segika, Segimarus, Segioi, Segomirus, Seguinus, Sigeberto, Sigefrida, Sigeredus, Sigericus, Sigesgundia, Sigesinda, Sigila, Sigu, Segio'' * ''sel-'', to PGmc *sēliz "good, kind": ''Selmirus, Seloi'' * ''selv-'', to PGmc *selbaz "self": ''Selvas, Selvatus'' * ''sen-, sin-'', to PGmc *senaz "ever, old": ''Senatrudia, Seniberta, Senildi, Senuita, Senuldo, Sinerta, Sinifredus'' * ''send-, sent-'', to PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": ''Senda, Sendamirus, Sendello, Sendericus, Senderiga, Sendina, Sendinus, Sendoi, Sendon, Sendredus, Senduitu, Sendulfus, Senta, Sentarius, Sindamundus, Sindi, Sindigis, Sindila, Sindileuba, Sindilo, Sindiverga, Sindo, Sinduara'' * ''ser-'', to PGmc *swēraz "valued, honoured": ''Seririgo, Serulfus, Servaldus'' * ''sigunt-'', to PGmc *sebunþōn "seventh": ''Sigunterigo'' * ''sis-, ses-'', possibly related to

''sisu'' "funerary song, ritual": ''Sescutus, Sesericus, Sesina, Sesmiro, Sesmundo, Sesoi, Sesuito, Sisa, Sisebutus, Sisegundia, Sisellus, Sisildus, Sisileova, Sisilli, Sisilu, Sisinus, Sisiverta, Sisiverto, Sisivigia, Sisnandus, Sisualdo, Sisuita, Sisuldus, Sisulfus, Zisila'' * ''sit-'', to PGmc *setan "seat": ''Sitagellus, Siti, Sitividis'' * ''smer-'', to PGmc *smerwōn "fat": ''Smerlo'' * ''sontr-, suntr-'', to PGmc *sunþrjaz "southern": ''Sontrilli, Suntria'' * ''span-'', to PGmc *spananan "to lead": ''Spanaricu, Spanarius, Spanilo, Spanosendo, Spanubrida'' * ''spand-'', possibly to *spannanan "to join": ''Spandaricus'' * ''spar-'', to PGmc *sparwaz "sparrow": ''Espallo, Sparuildi'' * ''speraut-'', to PGmc *spreutanan "to sprout": ''Sperautan'' * ''spint-'', to PGmc *spenþa "fat": ''Spintilo, Spintino'' * ''spod-'' (later ''espo-''), possibly to PGmc *spōdiz "prosperity, success": ''Spodemiro, Spoderigo'' * ''stan-'', to PGmc *stainaz "stone": ''Stanildi'' * ''stod-'', possibly to PGmc *stōdą "a herd of horses": ''Stodildi'' * ''strouc-'', to PGmc *streukanan "to stroke": ''Strouco'' * ''suab-, sab-, sav-, sev-'', to PGmc *swēbaz "Suebian": ''Sabaredus, Sabegoto, Sabila, Sabita, Sabitus, Savaracus, Savaricus, Savegodus, Savildi, Savoy, Sevegildo, Suabas, Suavar'' * ''sue-'', to PGmc *swe- "own": ''Sueredus, Suimirus'' * ''sund-, sunt-'', to PGmc *sunþiz "south": ''Sundemirus, Suntarius'' * ''suni-, seni-, sani-, soni-'', to PGmc *sunjō "truth": ''Sanigia, Seniaredus, Seniulfus, Sonegildus, Songimera, Soniaricus, Sonifreda, Sonita, Suniagisclus, Suniarius, Suniemirus, Sunila, Sunildi, Sunilo, Sunitus'' * ''sunn-'', to PGmc *sunnan "sun": ''Sonna'' * ''tanc-'', to PGmc *þankaz "favor, grace": ''Tancila, Tancinus, Tancus, Tanquilli'' * ''tanth-'', to PGmc *tanþz "tooth": ''Tandus'' * ''tat-, zaz-'', to PGmc *taitaz "radiant; bright": ''Tata, Tatina, Zazitus, Zazo'' * ''teg-'', to PGmc *þegnaz "thane, freeman": ''Tegila, Tegino, Tegio, Tegitus'' * ''teq-'', possibly to PGmc *tēkaną "to touch, to grasp" or *tehwō "order, array" via alteration of H to K: ''Tequilo, Texilli'' * ''teud-, teod-, tod-, ted-'' (later ''teo-''), to PGmc *þeudō "nation" and *þeudanaz "king": ''Teadario, Tederona, Tedoy, Teobaldus, Teoda, Teodefredo, Teodegildo, Teodegondia, Teodemirus, Teodemundus, Teodenandus, Teoderados, Teoderago, Teoderedus, Teodericus, Teodesinda, Teodesindus, Teodeverga, Teodiberta, Teodila, Teodildi, Teodilo, Teodinus, Teodisclus, Teodiu, Teodoriga, Teodulfus, Teton, Teudecutus, Teudisila, Theodivertus, Tiotevadus, Todegia, Todegogia, Toduldo, Tota, Tudiscaisum'' * ''tit-, tet-'', to PGmc *taitōn "little boy": ''Tetina, Titila'' * ''tors-, turis-'', to PGmc *þursaz "giant": ''Torsario, Turisulfus'' * ''trad-'', to PGmc þrēdaz "quick": ''Tradus, Tradinus'' * ''tras-'', to PGmc *þrasō "move, fight": ''Tracinus, Trasaricus, Trasarius, Trasavara, Trasendus, Trasido, Trasilli, Trasiuadus, Trasmira, Trasmiro, Trasmondo, Trasoi, Trassemutus, Trasuarius, Trasuinda, Trasulfus'' * ''trast-'', to PGmc *traustaz "strong": ''Trastalo, Trastelus, Trastemiro, Trastidia, Trastina, Trastulfus, Trastivigia'' * ''trevu-'', to PGmc *trewwaz "faithful": ''Trevuleus'' * ''truct-'' (later ''troit-'') to *druhtiz "people, army" and druhtīnaz "lord, master": ''Tructinus, Tructa, Tructemiro, Tructemondo, Tructericus, Tructesinda, Tructesindus, Tructilli, Tructus, Truitellus, Truitero'' * ''trud-'', to PGmc *drūdaz "friend, beloved": ''Truda, Trudigildus, Trudildi, Trudilo, Trudina, Trudinus, Trudulfus'' * ''tund-, tunt-'', to PGmc *tunþuz "tooth": ''Tumtuldo, Tundulfus, Tuntila'' * ''un-, on-'', to PGmc *hūnaz "cub" and "Hun": ''Uniscus, Unisco, Onaredus, Onegilda, Onegildo, Onemirus, Onesindus, Onildi, Unilli, Onoricus, Onosinda, Unemundus, Unileus, Unilla'' * ''vad-, guad-'' (later ''gua-, ga-''), to PGmc *wadaz "ford": ''Guadla, Uaduuara, Vadamundus, Vademirus'' * ''vala-, guala-, quala-'', to PGmc *walaz "the slain, battlefield" or *walhaz "Celt": ''Gualamarius, Gualamira, Gualamirus, Qualatrudia, Qualavara, Valarius'' * ''vamb-'', to PGmc *wambō "belly": ''Vamba'' * ''vand-, guand-'', to PGmc *wanduz "wand, rod": ''Guanadildi, Guandila, Guandilo, Guantaldus, Vandino, Vuanda'' * ''ven-, guin-'', to PGmc *weniz "friend": ''Guina, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guinus'' * ''venet-, guend-, vened-, genit-'', to PGmc *wenedaz "Vendian, Slav": ''Genitigia, Guendo, Venedario, Venetricus'' * ''ver-'', to PGmc *wērō "pledge; true": ''Vera, Vermundus, Veremudus'' * ''via-'', possibly to PGmc *wīhan "temple": ''Viaricus, Viamundus'' * ''vidr-, vedr-, quitr-'', to PGmc *wiþra "against": ''Quitre, Vederoi, Vedragese, Vedrailli, Vidragildus, Vidraldus, Vidramirus'' * ''vidub-'', to PGmc *widuwaz "widowed": ''Vidubas'' * ''vig-, veg-'', to PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": ''Uegitus, Vigila, Vigilli, Vigilo, Vigiltu, Vigoy'' * ''vil-, guil-, quil-'', to PGmc *weljōn "will": ''Guiliberto, Quella, Uiliaredus, Uilloi, Gilloi, Vilesinda, Viliamirus, Vilian, Viliaricu, Viliarius, Viliatus, Viliefredus, Vilifonsus, Viligus, Vilitro, Viliulfus, Vilivado, Villavaria, Villelmus, Villisendo, Villo'' * ''vim-'' to PGmc *wīgą "fight, battle": ''Guimarigus, Uimaredus, Viman, Vimara'' * ''vinc-'', to PGmc *wenkjanan "to move sideways, to avoid": ''Venze, Vincila'' * ''vis-, ius-'', to PGmc *wesuz "good": ''Iusuandus, Uisulfus, Usegildus, Visaldus, Visaridus, Visellu'' * ''visand-'', to PGmc *wisundaz "bison": ''Visandus'' * ''vist-, iust-'', to PGmc *westan "west": ''Iusterigo, Iustiarius, Iustila, Vistemundo, Vistesinda, Iustesenda, Vistiberga, Vistisclo, Vistivara, Wistiz'' * ''vistr-, iustr''-, to PGmc *westraz "westward": ''Iustri, Uistrello, Uistrileuba, Vestregoti, Visterla, Visterlo, Vistragildus, Vistramundi, Vistraricus, Vistrarius, Vistravara, Vistravarius, Vistregia, Vistremiro, Vistresindus, Vistrevius, Vistrildi, Vistresilli, Vistroi'' * ''vit-'' (later ''vid-''), to PGmc *witan "knowledge": ''Uita, Vidila, Vitinus, Vitisclus'' * ''vitt-, vict'' (later ''vit-''), to PGmc *witjan "comprehension": ''Uiti, Uittina, Victemirus, Victericus, Vitarius, Vitas, Vitila, Vitildus, Vitiza, Vittimero'' * ''viv, oyv-'', to PGmc *wīban "wife, woman": ''Oyeuio, Vivildus'' * ''viz-, quiz-'', unclear etymology, the alteration of v to qu suggests that the original word started with an hw- cluster, possibly to PGmc *hwis "to hiss, to rush, make a rushing sound": ''Quizino, Viza, Vizamundus, Vizila, Vizoi''

Feminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include: * ''-berta, -verta'', PGmc *berhtō "bright": Aliverta, Raniverta, Sisiverta, Teodiverta * ''-berga, -verga'', PGmc *bergō "shelter": Aliverga, Astriverga, Gundiverga, Ildiverga, Kindiverga, Raniverga, Sindiverga, Teodeverga, Viscaverga, Vistiberga * ''-drudia/-trudia'' (later -druia), PGmc *drūd-jō "friend, beloved": Alatrudia, Aniedrudia, Ansetrudia, Dagadrudia, Entrudi, Ermedrudia, Guntedrudia, Penetrudia, Qualatrudia, Recedrudia, Senatrudia * ''-fara'', PGmc *farō "journey": Ermefara * ''-freda/-breda/-brida/-vrida'', PGmc *friþ-ō "peace": Alifreda, Alobrida, Ansobrida, Belavrida, Genobreda, Gundebrida, Mectubrida, Recebrida, Sigefrida, Sonifreda, Spanubrida * ''-fonsa'', PGmc *funs-ō "eager, ready": Argifonsa * ''-go'', PGmc *gauj-ō "region, district": Ermego * ''-geba/-geva'' (later -eva), PGmc *gebō "gift": Argeva, Frogeva, Gudigeba, Gundigeva * ''-gelda'', PGmc *geld-ō "reward": Kagilda, Onegilda * ''-isila'', -gīsl-ō "hostage, sprout": Teudisila * ''-goto/-godo'', PGmc *gaut-ō "Goth woman": Astrogoto, Ermegoto, Goldregodo, Leovegoto, Sabegoto, Vestregoti * ''-cuntia/-cundia/-guntia/-gundia/-gunza/-onda'', PGmc *gunþ-jō "fight": Adegundia, Alaguntia, Ansiunda, Aragunti, Astragundia, Bergundi, Ebragundia, Eigonza, Eldegundia, Ermegundia, Fradegundia, Helaguntia, Ildoncia, Leodegundia, Menegundia, Reicionda, Rimionda, Sigesgundia, Siseguntia, Teodogoncia, Treitegundia * ''-ildi, -illi'', PGmc *heldiz "battle": Abronilli, Amalilli, Ansuildi, Argenilli, Aruildi, Astruildi, Aurilli, Barsilli, Barilli, Berildi, Berosildi, Bonilde, Brunildi, Desteilli, Donadildi, Ebrildi, Ebrailli, Ermildi, Framilli, Fremosilli, Frogildi, Fronildi, Fronosili, Frumildi, Ganilli, Gasuildi, Gaudilli, Genildi, Ionilde, Getilli, Gogilli, Guanadildi, Guananildi, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Gutilli, Ibilli, Leovilli, Manildi, Manusildi, Margilli, Meitilli, Meroildi, Modilli, Onildi, Unilli, Randili, Recilli, Requilli, Remesilli, Rodosildi, Saruilli, Sarilli, Savildi, Senildi, Sisilli, Sontrilli, Sparuildi, Stanildi, Stodildi, Sunildi, Tanquilli, Tenildi, Teodildi, Texilli, Trasilli, Trasuildi, Tructilli, Trudildi, Vedrailli, Vergilli, Vigilli, Vistrildi, Vistresilli * ''-leuba, -leova'', PGmc *leub-ō "beloved": Adileova, Ansileova, Argileuva, Asileva, Astileuva, Eileuva, Ermileuva, Froiloba, Gudileuva, Manileuva, Sindileuba, Sisileova, Uistrileuba * ''-mira, -mera'', PGmc *mēr-ō "famous, excellent": Gesmira, Germira, Giudimira, Gualamira, Ketemera, Ranemira, Recemera, Songimera, Trasmira * ''-nanda'' (later ''-anda''), PGmc *nanþ-ō "bold, courageous": Fredenanda, Gadenanda, Godenanda, Gondenanda * ''-rica'' (later ''-riga''), PGmc *rīk-ō "ruler": Odorica, Senderiga, Teodoriga * ''-rotis'', PGmc *rōt-iz "glad, cheerful": Gunterotis * ''-rona'', PGmc *rūnō "mystery, secret": Gunderona, Leoverona, Tederona * ''-senda, -sinda'', PGmc *senþ-ō "companion" or *swenþ-ō "strong": Adosinda, Arosinda, Audesinda, Bertosinda, Cenusenda, Eldesinda, Ermesinda, Eudisinda, Fredesinda, Froisenda, Fromosinda, Godesinda, Guisenda, Goysenda, Leovesenda, Manosenda, Mirosinda, Obstrisinda, Onosinda, Orosinda, Peruisenda, Ragesenda, Ranosenda, Recesenda, Sigesinda, Teodesinda, Tructesinda, Vilesinda, Vistesinda, Iustesenda * ''-suenda, -suinda'', PGmc *swenþ-ō "strong": Recesuinda, Trasuinda * ''-vara'', PGmc *warō "care, attention; possession": Astruara, Bertuara, Ilduara, Mansuara, Qualavara, Rezevera, Sinduara, Trasavara, Uaduuara, Visclavara, Villavaria, Vistivara, Vistravara * ''-vera'', PGmc *wērō "pledge, plight": Gelvira, Gundivera * ''-vigia, -igia'', PGmc *wīg-jō "fighter": Genitigia, Godoigia, Guntuigia, Sanigia, Sisivigia, Trastivigia, Vistregia * ''-vita, -vidis'', probably related to PGmc *witjan "knowledge, comprehension": :Senuita, Sisuita, Sitividis Suffixes used to derive

hypocoristic A hypocorism ( or ; from Ancient Greek: (), from (), 'to call by pet names', sometimes also ''hypocoristic'') or pet name is a name used to show affection for a person. It may be a diminutive form of a person's name, such as ''Izzy'' for I ...

feminine names include: * ''-alo'': Facalo, Trastalo * ''-ilo'' (later ''-io''): Acilo, Andilo, Anilo, Ansilo, Ardilo, Argilo, Berilo, Bitilo, Cisilo, Dadilo, Egilo, Ailo, Emilo, Esmerlo, Espallo, Fagilo, Faquilo, Frankilo, Froilo, Frunilo, Genilo, Genlo, Geodilo, Gracilo, Granilo, Guandilo, Gudilo, Gundilo, Gutilo, Itilo, Liuvilo, Nisilo, Nuillo, Nunnilo, Quintilo, Ranilo, Riquilo, Rudilo, Sindilo, Sisilu, Spanilo, Spintilo, Sunilo, Tafila, Teodilo, Tequilo, Trudilo, Vigilo, Visterlo * ''-ina'': Bagina, Baquina, Berina, Fandina, Frogina, Gavina, Gendina, Getina, Gogina, Guntina, Gutina, Lallina, Nunnina, Sendina, Sesina, Tanina, Tidina, Tetina, Trastina, Trudina, Vergina, Zanina * ''-ita'' (later ''-ida''): Acita, Cagita, Farita, Gomita, Nunnita, Sabita, Sonita * ''-ella'': Farella, Gondella, Mirella, Nunella

Masculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include: * ''-badus, -vadus'', PGmc *badwō "fight": Argevadus, Gisvado, Gundivadus, Tiotevadus, Trasiuadus, Vilivado * ''-baldus, -valdus'', PGmc *balþaz "bold": Gundivaldo, Teobaldus * ''-bertus, -vertus'', PGmc *berhtaz "bright": Alivertus, Ansvertus, Argeberto, Audibertus, Eldivertus, Filivertus, Fridiverto, Geodevertus, Gidiberto, Gugivertus, Guiliberto, Idiverto, Leoverto, Ranivertus, Rodevertus, Sigeberto, Sisiverto, Theodivertus * ''-butus'', PGmc *bōtō "profit, usefulness": Sisebutus * ''-fredus, -fridus, -bredus, -vredus'' (later ''-vreu''), PGmc *friþuz "peace": Alliefredus, Argifredus, Audofredo, Erdebredo, Ermefredo, Geodefredo, Gisovredus, Godefredus, Gundebredo, Ildebredus, Leodefredus, Monobredo, Osobredus, Ostrofredo, Ragifredo, Reccafredus, Rouvredo, Sinifredus, Teodefredo, Viliefredus, Visclafredo * ''-funsus, -fonsus, -bonsus'', PGmc *funsaz "eager, ready": Adefonsus, Andifonso, Argefonsus, Belfonsus, Erifonsus, Ildefonsus, Monefonsus, Requefonsus, Vilifonsus * ''-fortis'', probably

''fortis'' "strong": Gundifortis * ''-gis, -ges, -geses, -garius'', PGmc *gaizaz "spear": Adeqisio, Astragis, Eldegeses, Ermegis, Felgirus, Gudegisus, Heremigarium, Leodegisius, Nitigisius, Sindigis, Tudiscaisum, Vedragese * ''-gaster, -bastus'', PGmc *gastiz "guest": Adegaster, Albiaster, Algaster, Ardabastus, Argivastro, Donagastro, Leodegasti * ''-gotus, -godus'', PGmc *gautaz "Goth": Eldegotus, Ermegotus, Leubegutus, Savegodus, Sescutus, Teudecutus, Visigotus * ''-gogia'', PGmc *gaujan "district": Todegogia * ''-gildus, -ildus'', PGmc *geld-az "reward": Anagildus, Aquisildus, Atanagildus, Cagildo, Daildus, Donegildus, Egildus, Agildus, Engildus, Ermegildus, Fagildus, Falgildus, Fredilli, Fromildus, Frugildus, Gaudilti, Geodegildus, Goldegildo, Leovegildus, Megildus, Modildus, Mundildus, Nantildo, Onegildo, Pabregildus, Pederagildu, Remegildus, Sagildo, Sevegildo, Sisildus, Sitagellus, Sonegildus, Tarildus, Teodegildo, Tudeildus, Trenelldus, Trudigildus, Uanagildi, Usegildus, Vidragildus, Vigiltu, Vistragildus, Vitildus, Vivildus * ''-gisclus, -isclus'', to -gīslaz "hostage, sprout": Fredisclus, Guntiesclo, Hermecisclus, Indisclus, Iuuisclus, Kedisilo, Munisclus, Odisclus, Ranisclus, Suniagisclus, Teodisclus, Vistisclo, Vitisclus * ''-ardus'', PGmc *harduz "hard": Ianardo, Pantardus, Ricardo * ''-arius'' (later ''-eiro''), PGmc *harjaz "army, host": Adarius, Agarius, Alarius, Amedeiro, Andiarius, Ascarius, Atarius, Aunarius, Baltarius, Bazarius, Belesarius, Bertarius, Cufarius, Donazarius, Ermiarius, Fredario, Frumarius, Gaifarius, Gitarius, Gualdarius, Guldarius, Gulfarius, Gumarius, Gundarius, Iubarius, Iustiarius, Leodarius, Lotarius, Magnarius, Mudario, Notarius, Olcarius, Quitarius, Ranarius, Ratario, Rauparius, Rechiarius, Remesario, Rumario, Sentarius, Spanarius, Suavarius, Suniarius, Suntarius, Teadario, Torsario, Trasarius, Truitero, Uandalarius, Valarius, Venedario, Viliarius, Visclario, Vistrarius, Vitarius * ''-atus'' (later ''-ado''), PGmc *haþuz "war": Alvatus, Andeatus, Astratus, Eugienadus, Ganati, Gomadus, Guanatus, Guntato, Iuvatus, Sagatus, Selvatus, Viliatus * ''-elmus'', PGmc *helmaz "helm": Villelmus * ''-leus'', PGmc *hlewaz "renown": Eilleus, Trevuleus, Unileus * ''-ramnus'', PGmc *hrabnaz "crow": Gunderamnus * ''-ringus, -lenco'', PGmc *hrengaz "ring": Froaringus, Fralenko * ''-licus'', PGmc *laikaz "dance, game, battle": Ivolicus * ''-lindus'', PGmc *lenþaz "gentle, mild": Ermelindus, Roelindus, Teodelindus * ''-leobo, -levo'', PGmc *leubaz "dear": Adileobo, Andilevo * ''-marius, -marus'' (later ''-meiro''), PGmc mērjaz "great, famous": Ansemarus, Astremarus, Baldemarius, Gresumarus, Gualamarius, Gundemarus, Gutumarus, Leudemarus, Salamarus, Segimarus, Zamarius * ''-madus'', PGmc *maþ- "good": Agimadus * ''-mirus, -mero'', PGmc *mērjaz "famous, excellent": Acimiro, Adimirus, Agromirus, Alamiro, Aldemirus, Ansemirus, Antemirus, Ariamiro, Argemirus, Artemiro, Aumiro, Bademirus, Baldemirus, Baudemirus, Belmirus, Bertamirus, Bonimiro, Cartemiro, Caudemirus, Cendamiro, Crescemirus, Crodemirus, Dacamiro, Damiro, Docemiro, Dulcemirus, Eimirus, Eldemirus, Engomirus, Ermemirus, Felmiro, Framiro, Francemirus, Franomiro, Fredemiro, Frumirus, Gademiro, Geldemirus, Gelmiro, Geodemirus, Gesmiro, Godemiro, Gualamirus, Guimirus, Guldremirus, Gulfemirus, Guntemirus, Gutemirus, Karmirus, Leodemiro, Leomirus, Nantemiro, Odamirus, Onemirus, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Quidemirus, Rademirus, Ragimiru, Randemirus, Ranemirus, Recemirus, Rodemirus, Salamirus, Santimirus, Saxomirus, Segomirus, Selmirus, Sendamirus, Sesmiro, Spodemirus, Suimirus, Sulfemirus, Sundemirus, Suniemirus, Teodemirus, Trasmiro, Trastemiro, Tructemiro, Vademirus, Victemirus, Vidramirus, Viliamirus, Visclamirus, Vistremiro, Vittimero * ''-modus'', PGmc *mōdaz "courage, anger, wrath": Trassemutus, Vermudus * ''-mundus'' (later ''-mondo''), *mundaz "protection, guardianship": Ansemondus, Argemondo, Arumundo, Asemondus, Astramondus, Atalamondo, Badamundus, Camundus, Damondus, Dolcemondus, Eldemundus, Fredamundus, Gemundus, Geodemondo, Gismundus, Germundus, Godomundus, Gomundus, Gontemondus, Goymundus, Guimundus, Gutemondo, Hermundus, Itimondo, Keremondus, Leodemundo, Nandamundus, Odemundus, Olemundus, Rademundus, Ranemundus, Recemundus, Reimondus, Remismundus, Rosamundus, Segemundus, Sesmundo, Sindamundus, Teodemundus, Trasmondo, Tructemondo, Unemundus, Vadamundus, Viamundus, Visclamundus, Vistemundo, Vistramundi, Vizamundus, Zamondo * ''-nandus'' (later ''-ando''), PGmc *nanþ-az "bold, courageous": Bretenandus, Ermenandus, Euvenandus, Fredenandus, Gudenandus, Ketenando, Reinantus, Riquinandus, Sisnandus, Teodenandus, Vittinandus * ''-redus, -radus, -ridus'' (later ''-reu''), PGmc *rēdaz "advice": Aderedus, Alderedus, Anseredo, Argeredus, Asoredus, Astredo, Balderedo, Dagaredus, Egeredus, Enaredus, Engoredus, Evorido, Falderedo, Fateredus, Fraredus, Fulcaredus, Goldredo, Gomaredus, Guderedus, Gunderedo, Kenderedus, Leoveredus, Malaredus, Moderido, Onaredus, Osoredo, Provaredo, Recaredus, Sabaredus, Sendredus, Seniaredus, Sigeredus, Sueredus, Teoderedus, Uiliaredus, Uimaredus, Visaridus * ''-ricus'' (later ''-rigo''), PGmc *rīkz "ruler, lord": Accaricus, Aderico, Alaricus, Aldericus, Aliaricus, Alvaricus, Andericus, Ansericus, Ardericus, Argericus, Ascarigus, Asparigus, Asterigo, Atanaricus, Atericus, Balderico, Betericus, Bliviaricus, Brandericus, Censerigus, Iensericus, Coniaricus, Desterigus, Domerigo, Eburicus, Eimericus, Eirigu, Elperico, Engorigus, Ermericus, Fredericus, Fromaricus, Fruaricus, Gauderigus, Geserigus, Getericus, Gildaricus, Golfarico, Gomarigus, Guderigo, Guimarigus, Guiricus, Gulderigus, Gunderigus, Ilderigus, Ionarico, Iusterigo, Iuvericus, Leoderigus, Leoverigus, Magnaricus, Malaricus, Matericus, Modericus, Monderico, Nandaricus, Odericus, Onoricus, Osorico, Ausarigus, Pipericus, Quidericus, Rakericus, Reirigus, Rendericus, Restericus, Retericus, Romarigus, Rudericus, Savaricus, Sendericus, Seririgo, Sesericus, Sigericus, Sigunterigo, Soniaricus, Spanaricu, Spandaricus, Spoderigo, Teodericus, Trasaricus, Tructericus, Turpericus, Venetricus, Vendericus, Genitrigus, Viaricus, Victericus, Viliaricu, Vistraricus * ''-racus'' (later ''-rago''), PGmc *rakaz "straight": Savaracus, Teoderago * ''-rote'', PGmc *rōtaz "glad": Ermerote * ''-sendus, -sindus'', PGmc *senþaz "companion" or *swenþaz "strong": Adelasindo, Adesindus, Andosindus, Ardesendus, Argesindus, Arosindus, Auresindus, Ausendus, Badosindus, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Baldesindo, Baudesindus, Berosindus, Bonesindus, Eisindus, Eldesindus, Ermosindus, Evosindo, Floresindus, Fortesindus, Fredosindus, Froisendus, Fromosindus, Gaudesindo, Geodesindus, Gitesindus, Gomesindo, Gotesendus, Gudesindus, Guisindus, Gundesindus, Leodesindo, Leovesindus, Manosindus, Marcosendus, Onesindus, Quedesendo, Kedesendo, Radesindus, Ragesindus, Ranosindus, Recesindus, Remesindus, Rudesindus, Segesindo, Spanosendo, Storesindo, Teodesindus, Trasendus, Tructesindus, Villisendo, Vistresindus, Zendasindo * ''-scalcus'', PGmc *skalkaz "servant": Gundiscalcus * ''-suendo, -suindo'', PGmc *swenþaz "strong": Reccesuindus * ''-teus, -deus, -dius'', PGmc *þewaz "servant": Ansedeus, Arnadius, Engladius, Filisteus, Gudesteus * ''-ualdus, -aldus, -gualdus, -allo'', PGmc *waldaz "ruler, mighty": Ansuallo, Anualdus, Ardaldus, Arnaldus, Arualdus, Astualdu, Avaldus, Barvaldus, Bernaldus, Bidualdus, Ensaldus, Ermaldus, Fredoaldus, Fromaldus, Giraldus, Gomaldo, Gontualdo, Grimaldus, Guantaldus, Leovaldo, Manualdus, Mirualdo, Otualdo, Ranualdus, Recualdus, Reginaldus, Servaldus, Sisualdo, Trasoldi, Vidraldus, Visaldus * ''-uarius, -oarius'', PGmc *warjaz "inhabitant, defender": Alduarius, Ansuario, Astruario, Freduarius, Oduarius, Osoarius, Randuarius, Trasuarius, Vistravarius * ''-oindus'', PGmc *wendaz "wind": Aloindo, Eindu, Fredoindus * ''-oynus'', PGmc *weniz "friend": Odoynus * ''-uerco'', related to PGmc *werkan "work": Aliverko, Eldivercus * ''-uigio, -uigus'', PGmc *wīgaz "fighter": Audugus, Baldoigius, Eldoigius, Ermoygius, Eroigius, Erigio, Guntigio, Leodeuigus, Mervigius, Rodougus, Viligus, Vistrevius * ''-oytus, -vitus'', probably related to PGmc *witōn "wise": Aldroitus, Aloitus, Argevitus, Senduitu, Sesuito * ''-ulfus, -gulfus'', PGmc *wulfaz "wolf": Adaulfus, Ataulfus, Agiulfus, Agrivulfum, Aliulfus, Andulfus, Ansiulphus, Anulfo, Ardulfus, Ariulfus, Arnulfo, Asarulfo, Asculfo, Asiulfus, Astrulfus, Astulfus, Aulfus, Berulfus, Betrulfus, Brandiulfus, Ebregulfus, Endulfus, Ermulfo, Eruulfus, Fardulfus, Fradiulfus, Fredulfus, Fregulfus, Frogiulfo, Gandulfo, Gardulfus, Gaulfus, Geodulfus, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Gigulfo, Gomulfus, Gresulfo, Gudilulfo, Gundulfo, Ildulfus, Kendulfus, Leodulfus, Mandulfo, Maniulfus, Manulfus, Meitulfus, Nandulfo, Osdulfus, Quedulfus, Radulfus, Ragolfus, Randulfus, Ranulfus, Refulfo, Regaulfus, Sagulfus, Sendulfus, Seniulfus, Serulfus, Sisulfus, Teodulfus, Trastulfus, Trasulfus, Trudulfus, Tundulfus, Turisulfus, Uisulfus, Venariufi, Viliulfus * ''-uldus, -guldus'', PGmc *wulþuz "splendor": Arebuldo, Atauldus, Ebreguldus, Framuldo, Frineguldus, Fronuldo, Gebuldus, Itaultus, Senuldo, Sisuldus, Toduldo, Tumtuldo Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are: * ''-eca, -ica'' (later ''-ega''): Abrecan, Adica, Audeca, Begica, Egica, Elleca, Gagica, Segika * ''-ila'' (later ''-ia''): Adila, Andila, Anila, Ansila, Attila, Audila, Azilane, Badila, Baldila, Becilla, Bergila, Berila, Blandila, Brandila, Butila, Cixila, Crizila, Cutella, Dadila, Danila, Ducila, Egila, Agila, Emila, Ermila, Fafila, Fafia, Fagila, Fandila, Favila, Fradila, Framila, Frankila, Froila, Gandila, Gaudilani, Gavila, Gladila, Gramila, Guadla, Guandila, Gudila, Gulfila, Gumila, Gundila, Ikila, Itila, Iudila, Iustila, Iuvila, Keila, Kinquila, Ledla, Lubila, Magila, Manilla, Mantila, Martila, Massila, Mellilla, Merila, Mudila, Mugila, Mumila, Mundila, Naustila, Nuilla, Neufila, Nunnila, Ofila, Oila, Opila, Ossila, Quintila, Ramila, Riquila, Romila, Rudila, Sabila, Scarcila, Sigila, Sindila, Sunila, Tancila, Tegila, Teodila, Titila, Tuntila, Unilla, Vertila, Vidila, Vigila, Vincila, Visterla, Vitila, Vizila, Zisila * ''-inus'' (later ''-ino''): Addalinus, Aldinus, Bagino, Baltino, Baquino, Batinus, Berinus, Bertinus, Blandinus, Boninus, Brandinus, Cartinus, Crescino, Dadinus, Dalinus, Eldinus, Evorinus, Fandinus, Farino, Favino, Fofino, Fonsinus, Fruginus, Frauino, Gandinus, Gaudinas, Gavinus, Gentino, Gendinus, Golinus, Guginus, Gulfinus, Gultinus, Guntinus, Gutinus, Haginus, Hamdino, Iubinus, Karinus, Lallinus, Lelino, Lubinus, Mandinus, Maninus, Matlinus, Muginus, Mundinus, Nandinus, Naninus, Nunninus, Odinus, Audinus, Pantinus, Pappinus, Pennino, Pipinus, Quizino, Randinus, Recinus, Sandinus, Scerinus, Sedino, Sendinus, Sisinus, Spintino, Suffini, Tancinus, Tanino, Tatina, Tetina, Tegino, Teodinus, Tracinus, Tradinus, Tructinus, Trudinus, Uittina, Uittinus, Vandino, Goandinus, Vitinus, Zanino * ''-linus, -llinus'': Abbelino, Adolinus, Francolino, Gundelinus, Iovellinus * ''-itus'' (later ''-ido''): Cagitus, Carito, Crescitu, Donnitus, Froritum, Ganiti, Gegitus, Gogitus, Gumito, Guncitus, Iuvitus, Magitus, Magnitus, Manitus, Marcitus, Maxitus, Nannitus, Nonnitu, Papitus, Pegito, Pinnitus, Ragito, Sabitus, Sunitus, Sonnito, Tanitus, Atanitus, Tegitus, Trasido, Uegitus, Zanitus, Zazitus, Zenzitus * ''-ellus'' (later ''-elo''): Betellus, Felellus, Francellus, Froiellus, Frumellus, Gigelus, Gumellus, Guntellus, Gutellus, Hermellus, Lubellus, Mannello, Mantellus, Mirellus, Mundellus, Nonellus, Papellus, Recelli, Sendello, Sisellus, Trastelus, Truitellus, Uistrello, Visellu, Zanellus Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: ''-iza'': Boniza, Wittiza ''-istaz'': Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro Other suffixes imply origin or relationship: * ''-ingaz'': Amingus, Bellengus, Gardingus * ''-iskaz'': Vandaliscus "Vandal" (male), Huniscus "Hun" (male) * ''-iskō'': Hunisco "Hun" (female)

Toponyms

Many of these names are also

toponyms Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...

(towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic

genitive In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can al ...

of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Portuguese-Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as ''vila'' (villa, palace, estate), ''vilar'' (hamlet) ''castro'' (castle), ''casa'' (house), ''porta'' (pass, ford), ''agro'' (field), ''sa'' (Germanic ''sala''; hall, house), ''busto'' (dairy), ''cabana'' (cabin), ''lama'' (pastures), ''fonte'' (well, spring), ''pena'' (fort), ''pomar'' (orchard) and ''vale'' (valley). This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal: b) Sigefredo (Siegfried = victorious peace), Gondomar (the first element means «sword»), Arganil (from hargis, army), Adães e Adufe (from hathus = fight); hildis (= fight) and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras (= dispute); for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths (= military expedition). Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa": *

Adães Adães is a Portuguese ''freguesia ''Freguesia'' (), usually translated as "parish" or "civil parish", is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. It is also the designation for local governm ...

(Barcelos) to Athus= fight *

(Feira) to Aldonaci < Alds or Altheis * Aldarete (Peso da Régua) to Alderedus * Adaúfe (Braga) to Ulfe= wolf * Aldreu (Barcelos) to Alde + reth < Alderedus * Santiago de Ribeira de Alhariz (Valpaços) to Aliarici, genitive of Aliaricus * Alvarenga (Aveiro) to Alfarr, from alfr ("elf") + herr ("army") * Amonde (Viana do Castelo) to Monde= Protection *

Arganil Arganil () is a town and municipality in Coimbra District, in Portugal. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 12,145, in an area of 332.84 km2. The present mayor is Luís Paulo Costa, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The munic ...

(Coimbra) to Hargis= army *

Armamar Armamar () is a municipality in Viseu District The District of Viseu ( pt, Distrito de Viseu ) is located in the Central Inland of Portugal, the District Capital is the city of Viseu. Municipalities The district is composed by 24 municipalitie ...

(Viseu) to Mar= Horse * Baltar (Paredes) to Baltarii, genitive of Baltharius * Dume (Braga) to döm= church, cathedral * Escariz (Arouca) to Rico= Lord *

Ermesinde Ermesinde is a civil parish in the municipality (''concelho'') of Valongo, in continental Portugal, northeast of Porto. The population in 2011 was 38940,Esmoriz (Aveiro) to Rico= Lord *

Esposende Esposende () is a city and a municipality in Braga District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 34,254, in an area of 95.41 km². The city itself (the parish Esposende, Marinhas e Gandra) had a population of 9,197 in 2001. It gained city ...

(Braga) to Sende= path * Fafiães (Marco de Canaveses) *

(Paços de Ferreira) to Mundis= protection * Germunde (Aveiro) to Mundis= protection * Gudim (Peso da Régua) to Suebian Goodwinn * Gomesende to Gumesindi, genitive of Gumesindus * Gondomar (Porto) to Gundemari, genitive of Gundemarus * Gondim (Maia) to Guntini, genitive of Guntinus *

to Vimaranis, to Weig-mar * São Paio de Merelim (Braga) to Merelinus + uilla *

Mondariz Mondariz is a town and municipality in the province of Pontevedra, autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It has a population of 4,440 inhabitants. Geography Parishes The municipality of Mondariz is formed by 12 ''parroquias'' (civil parishes) ...

to Munderici, genitive of Mundericus *

Mondim de Basto Mondim de Basto () is a municipality in the district of Vila Real in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,493, in an area of 172.08 km2. The present Mayor is Bruno Ferreira, elected by the psd Party. The municipal holiday is July 25. Pari ...

to Mundis + uilla * Redufe (St. Emilião) to Ulfe= wolf * Rendufe (Amares) * Resende (Viseu) to Sende= path * Roriz (St. Tirso) to Rico= Lord, noble * Ruães (Braga) to Rodanis, toponymic *

Sandim Sandim is a former civil parish in the municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia Vila Nova de Gaia (; cel-x-proto, Cale), or simply Gaia, is a city and a municipality in Porto District in Norte Region, Portugal. It is located south of the city of Porto ...

(Vila Nova de Gaia) to Sande= truthful * Sendim (Miranda do Douro) to Sende= path * Tagilde (Vizela) to Hildis= combat, fight * Tibães (Braga) to Tibianes < Tibianis(?) * Trasmil to thras= dispute, skirmish * Tresmonde (Ponte de Lima) to thras + mundis= skirmish-protection * Trouxemil (Coimbra) to Miro= famous Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Notes

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

* Orel, Vladimir (2003). ''Handbook of Germanic Etymology''. Leiden: Brill, 2003. . * Köbler, Gerhard. (2007). ''Germanisches Wörterbuch''. On-lin

* Kroonen, Guus. (2013). ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic''. Leiden: Brill, 2013. .

Germanic personal names

* Förstemanm, Ernst (1900)
Altdeutsches Namenbuch''
P. Hanstein: Bonn, 1900. * Fossner, Thorvald (1916)
''Continental-Germanic personal names in England in Old and Middle English times''
Uppsala, 1916. * Redin, Mats (1919)
''Studies on uncompounded personal names in old English''
Uppsala, 1919. * Schönfeld, M. (1911)
''Wörterbuch der Altgermanischen Personen und Völkernamen''
Heidelberg, 1911. * William George Searle, Searle, W. G. (1897)
''Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum''
Cambridge: 1897.

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

* Rivas Quintas, Elixio (1991) ''Onomástica persoal do noroeste hispano''. Alvarellos: Lugo, 1991. . * Boullón Agrelo, Ana I. (1999). ''Antroponimia medieval galega (ss. VIII-XII)''. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999. .

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

* Sachs, Georg (1932) ''Die germanischen Ortsnamen in Spanien und Portugal''. Jena: Leipzig, 1932. * Piel, J. (1933-1940) ''Os nomes germânicos na toponímia portuguesa''. I

vol. II-VII: Lisboa. *

Forenames

* Rodrigo= from Germanic ''Hrodric/Hrēðrīc/Rørik/Hrœrekr'' (

Roderick Roderick, Rodrick or Roderic (Proto-Germanic ''* Hrōþirīks'', from ''* hrōþiz'' "fame, glory" + ''* ríks'' "king, ruler") is a Germanic name, recorded from the 8th century onward.Förstemann, ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch'' (1856)740 Its Old Hi ...

, Rodrick, Roderich; a compound of hrod 'renown' + ric 'power(ful)'), from the Proto-Germanic ''*Hrōþirīk(i)az''; it was borne by the last of the Visigoth kings and is one of the most common Lusophone personal names of Germanic origin.[]

Surnames

* Araújo, Araujo= toponymic, from Gothic 'Ruderic' * (van) Zeller, VanZeller= Originally Flemish "Zellaer", in Portugal since the 13th century. From Germanic 'kellā̌ri',< Lat. 'cellārium' (cellar)

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic

Emirate of Cordoba An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. It can be considered equivalen ...

known as (

Al-Andalus Al-Andalus DIN 31635, translit. ; an, al-Andalus; ast, al-Ándalus; eu, al-Andalus; ber, ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, label=Berber languages, Berber, translit=Andalus; ca, al-Àndalus; gl, al-Andalus; oc, Al Andalús; pt, al-Ândalus; es, ...

). During that period, although the local populations continued to speak

Western Romance Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line. They include the Gallo-Romance and Iberian Romance branches. Gallo-Italic may also be included. ...

, and further south

Mozarabic Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...

dialects;

being the elite language, lent many new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

and the Western world in the

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

* alvenarias (''al-binaa'') البناءFERREIRA, A. B. H. ''Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa''. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 96,95.

Influences from outside Europe

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

External links

Contrastive Romance Lexicology at Orbis Latinus

A comparison of sound changes in Portuguese and other Romance languages

Free resources for Portuguese learners

at the website of the

Instituto Camões The Instituto Camões ( English: ''Camões Institute''), formally, Camões — Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua, I. P. ( English: ''Camões — Institute for Cooperation and Language, Public Institute''), is a Portuguese international instit ...

* WILLIAMS, E.B. ''From Latin to Portuguese'' * MACHADO, J.P. ''Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' {{refend Portuguese Germanic Vocabulary, Portuguese Vocabulary, Portuguese Lexis (linguistics)

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

Basque

=Names of Basque origin

Celtic

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Names

Forenames

Surnames

= A – L

= M – Z

General vocabulary

Germanic languages

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

from Frankish

from Norwegian

from Middle Dutch

from Middle High German

from Middle Low German

from Old English

from Old Norse

from Old Swedish

from Gothic, Suebian

from Germanic languages

Others

=A

Germanic Names

Germanic names

Adaptations

Names used by the Suevi

Roots

Feminine roots

Masculine roots

Toponyms

Notes

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Germanic personal names

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Forenames

Surnames

Arabic

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Influences from outside Europe

See also

References

Sources

External links