Pogoń

The coat of arms of Lithuania features an armoured knight on horseback, wielding a sword and carrying a shield with a Jagiellonian cross. This emblem is known as ''Vytis'' ().

Since the early 15th century, it has served as the official coat of arms of Lithuania and stands among the oldest heraldic symbols in Europe. It is also referred to by different names across languages—for instance, ''Waykimas'' or ''Pagaunė'' in Lithuanian, and ''Pogonia'', ''Pogoń'', or ''Пагоня'' (''Pahonia'') in Polish and Belarusian, all roughly translating to "the Chase." The term ''Vytis'' itself can be interpreted as "Chaser," "Pursuer," "Knight," or "Horseman," bearing similarities to the Slavic '' vityaz'', meaning a brave or valiant warrior. Historically, it has also been described as ''raitas senovės karžygys'' (a mounted hero of ancient times) or in heraldic terms, ''raitas valdovas'' (a mounted sovereign).

The Lithuanian state was established by the pagan Lithuanians in response to the growing pressure from the Teutonic Order and the Swordbrothers, who had conquered present-day Estonia and Latvia and imposed Christianity by force. The Lithuanians stand out as the only Baltic people to have founded a state prior to the modern era. This external pressure propelled them to expand eastward, conquering vast areas that are now parts of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. This period of territorial expansion is symbolically captured by the image of the galloping knight in the Lithuanian coat of arms. Its use became even more widespread following the adoption of the Third Statute of Lithuania in 1588, which mandated that each county include the emblem on its official seal..

The horseback knight first appeared as a dynastic symbol of the Gediminid dynasty, representing the ruling family. In the early 15th century, Grand Duke Vytautas the Great formalized the image—a mounted knight against a red field—as the official coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was embraced also by noble families affiliated with the ruling lineage. The knight's shield was often adorned with the Columns of Gediminas or the Jagiellonian Double Cross, both symbols of dynastic heritage.

Today, Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, approved by national referendum in 1992, states: T''he Coat of Arms of the State shall be a white Vytis on a red field''.

Blazoning

The heraldic shield features the field gules (red) with an armoured knight on a horse '' salient'' argent (silver). The knight is holding in his dexter hand a sword argent above his head. A shield azure hangs on the sinister shoulder of the knight with a double cross/two-barred cross or (gold) on it. The horse saddle, straps, and belts are azure. The hilt of the sword and the fastening of the sheath, the stirrups, the curb bits of the bridle, the horseshoes, as well as the decoration of the harness, are or (gold).

Names of the coat of arms

In early heraldry, a knight on horseback is usually depicted as ready to defend himself and is not yet called . It is unknown for certain what Lithuania's coat of arms was initially called.

Lithuanian language

The origins of the Lithuanian proper noun Vytis remain unclear. At the dawn of the Lithuanian National Revival, Simonas Daukantas was the first to use the term ''vytis''—not in reference to the Lithuanian coat of arms, but specifically to the knight—in his historical work ''Budą Senowęs Lietuwiû kalneniu ir Żemaitiû'', published in 1846. It is believed either to be a direct translation of the Polish ''Pogoń'', a noun formed from the Lithuanian verb ''vyti'' ("to chase"), or, less likely, a borrowing from the East Slavic '' vityaz''. In the western South Slavic languages as well as Hungarian, ''vitez'' refers to the lowest rank of the feudal nobility. ''Vitez'' ultimately derives from the Old High German word ''Witing.''

The first theory, proposed by linguist Pranas Skardžius in 1937, was challenged by Leszek Bednarczuk, as ''pogoń'' does not have a recorded meaning of a "chasing knight." Lithuanian language features personal names with the root ''-vyt-,'' such as ''Vytenis'', and the noun ''vytis'' follows a morphological pattern typical for verbs-derived nouns According to Bednarczuk, Old Lithuanian had a word ''vỹtis'' (genitive ''vỹčio''), meaning "run, chase, pursuit, or general levy," which, at the time the coat of arms was adopted by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was translated into Polish and Ruthenian. Daukantas accurately reconstructed the word’s form from the verb ''výti'', but misinterpreted its meaning, an error followed by later authors.

In the 17th century, in his Polish–Latin–Lithuanian dictionary, Konstantinas Sirvydas translated the Polish word ''Pogonia''—in the sense of a person doing the chasing—into Lithuanian as ''Waykitoias'', and in the sense of the act of chasing as ''Waykimas''. In modern Lithuanian orthography, ''Waykimas'' is rendered as ''Vaikymas'', and today it is considered the earliest known Lithuanian-language name for the coat of arms of Lithuania. In the multilingual poetry collection ''Universitas lingvarum magno Palaemonii orbis et urbis hospiti'', published by Vilnius University in 1729, the Lithuanian coat of arms is referred to in Lithuanian as the "Horse of Palemon" (''Zyrge Palemona''). ' was also used into the 19th century, together with another Lithuanian name – '.

In 1884, Mikalojus Akelaitis referred to the coat of arms of Lithuania itself as in the ''Aušra'' newspaper.Šiandien visiem gerai žinomą vyčio terminą XIXa. viduryje, tiesa, ne herbui, bet raiteliui (riteriui) apibūdinti pirmasis panaudojo Simonas Daukantas, o herbui – 1884m. "Aušroje" jį pabandė pritaikyti Mikalojus Akelaitis The name quickly gained popularity and was eventually adopted as the official term in the independent Republic of Lithuania. Originally used in the first person singular dative case as ''Vytimi'', by the 1930s the form ''Vyčiu'' had become standard in the same grammatical case.

Slavic languages

The words ''pogoń'' and ''pogonia'' have been attested in Polish since the 14th century, originally meaning "pursuit" or the legal obligation to chase a fleeing opponent. It was not until the 16th century that the term began to be used to describe an armed horseman.

The word entered heraldic usage in 1434, when King Władysław II granted a coat of arms bearing the name ''Pogonya'' to Mikołaj, the mayor of Lelów. The design depicted a hand wielding a sword emerging from a cloud. Given its resemblance to the Lithuanian royal coat of arms, it is possible that this was an abatement—a simplified or modified version—of the ruler's own arms.

The term ''pogonia'' to refer specifically to the Lithuanian coat of arms first appeared in Marcin Bielski’s chronicle, published in 1551. However, Bielski made an error: while describing the Lithuanian arms, he actually referred to a Polish noble coat of arms, writing, "From this custom the Lithuanian principality uses Pogonia as its coat of arms, that is, an armed hand bearing a bare sword." The term gradually became established with the spread of the Polish language and culture. is also found in Prince Roman Sanguszko's documents from 1558 and 1564.

The emblem was described a century earlier. In a document issued by Supreme Duke Władysław III, confirming the rights of the Czartoryski family, descendants of Karijotas, to use their ducal seal (; ). Similar descriptions are found in Jan Długosz's or the early 16th-century Bychowiec Chronicle. Another popular Polish term was '.

The name ' was first recorded legally in the Third Statute of Lithuania in 1588.

Possible early beginnings

The leader of neo-pagan movement Romuva, Lithuanian ethnologist and folklorist Jonas Trinkūnas suggested that the Lithuanian horseman depicts Perkūnas, considered as the god of the Lithuanian soldiers, thunder, lightning, storms, and rain in Lithuanian mythology. It is believed that the may represent Perkūnas as supreme god or Kovas who was also a war god and has been depicted as a horseman since ancient times. Very early on, Perkūnas was imagined as a horseman and archeological findings testify that Lithuanians had amulets with horsemen already in the 10th–11th centuries, moreover, Lithuanians were previously buried with their horses who were sacrificed during pagan rituals, and prior to that it is likely that these horses carried the deceased to the burial sites. One of the pendants made from brass and symbolizing a horseman was found in tumulus in the Plungė District Municipality, dating to the 11th–12th centuries.

Lithuanian mythologists believe that the bright rider on the white horse symbolizes the ghost of the ancestral warrior, reminiscent of core values and goals, giving strength and courage. Gintaras Beresnevičius also points out that a white horse had a sacral meaning to Balts. These interpretations coincide with one of the interpretations of the German coat of arms, that suggests an '' adler'' being the bird of Odin, a god of war, which is commonly depicted as a horserider.

Emblems of Lithuania's rulers (before 1400)

The old Lithuanian heraldry of the Lithuanian nobles was characterized by various lines, arrows, framed in shields, colored and passed down from generation to generation. They were mostly used until the Union of Horodło (1413) when 47 Lithuanian families were granted various Polish coat of arms, yet some Samogitian nobles retained old Lithuanian heraldry up to the mid-16th century.

The second redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicles, compiled in the 1520s at the court of Albertas Goštautas mentions that semi-legendary Grand Duke Narimantas (late 13th century) was the first Grand Duke to adopt knight on horseback as his and the Grand Duchy's coat of arms. It describes it as an armed man on a white horse, on the red field, with a naked sword over his head as if he was chasing someone, as the author explains that is why it is called "погоня" (''pohonia''). A slightly later edition of the chronicle, so-called Bychowiec Chronicle, tells a similar story, without mentioning coat of arms name: "when Narimantas took the throne of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, he handed his Centaur coat of arms to his brothers and made a coat of arms of a rider with a sword for himself. This coat of arms indicates a mature ruler capable of defending his homeland with a sword".

The legend of the adoption of the Lithuanian coat of arms at the time of Narimantas in the version of Bychowiec Chronicle is repeated by later authors: Augustinus Rotundus, Maciej Stryjkowski, Bartosz Paprocki and later historians and heraldists of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Symbols of Mindaugas

The symbols used by the earliest rulers of Lithuania remain unknown. One of the few relics that have survived to our times is the seal of Mindaugas. Mindaugas succeeded in uniting several Lithuanian tribes, and in 1251 he embraced Roman Catholicism. Two years later, in 1253, he was crowned King of Lithuania by a papal legate, and his domain was officially elevated to the status of a kingdom. However the authenticity of a partially survived seal, attached to the act of 1255, according to which Selonia was transferred to the Livonian Order, is disputed. A 1393 description of the seal, made when the inscription was still legible, records the legend as: ().

In 1263, following the assassination of King Mindaugas and his family members by Daumantas and Treniota, Lithuania plunged into a period of internal turmoil. Over the next seven years, three of Mindaugas’ successors—Treniota, his son-in-law Švarnas, and his son Vaišvilkas—were all assassinated. Stability was eventually restored under the reign of Traidenis, who was appointed Grand Duke around 1270. Around the same time, the ancient Lithuanian capital of Kernavė was first mentioned in historical sources. In 1279, the ''Livonian Rhymed Chronicle'' recorded that an army of the Livonian Order devastated areas within Traidenis’ realm (part of early military clashes prior to the Lithuanian Crusade). The coat of arms, seals, or personal symbols of Traidenis have not survived, if they ever existed. However, archaeological excavations at the 13th–14th century necropolis in Kernavė have revealed a striking variety of decorative symbols and ornaments. Among the most prominent are motifs of plants, herbs, palmettes, and suns (swastikas) engraved on headbands and rings. These designs are characteristic of the pagan period, prior to Lithuania's Christianization.

Symbols of Gediminas

Grand Duke Gediminas's authentic symbols did not survive to this day. On 18 July 1323 in Lübeck imperial scribe John of Bremen made a copy of three letters sent by Gediminas on 26 May to the recipients in Saxony. According to the notary's transcript, the oval seal of Gediminas had a twelve corners edging, at the middle of the edging was an image of a man with long hairs, who sat on a throne and held a crown (or a wreath) in his right hand and a sceptre in his left hand, moreover, a cross was engraved around the man along with a Gediminas' title in Latin.

Symbols on coins of Vytautas and Jogaila

The unique symbol of a spearhead with a cross appeared on Pečat'-type coin minted in the late 14th century. These coins are usually attributed to Jogaila and Vytautas.Several very rare Lithuanian coins were found with a lion or leopards and the Columns of Gediminas, dated to the reign of Vytautas the Great and Jogaila in the 14th century (one of them was found in Kernavė). There is still disagreement where these coins were minted, with the most likely location being Smolensk, other proposed are Polotsk, Vyazma, Bryansk, Ryazan or Vilnius. Such coins symbolized the Ruthenian vassalship. The leopards were depicted with lily-shaped tails, which symbolized a sovereign ruler, therefore such coins must have been minted after the Pact of Vilnius and Radom in 1401 when Vytautas became fully in charge of the Lithuanian affairs. Vytautas minted such coins with leopards in the Principality of Smolensk before its Uprising of 1401 and after 1404 when it became a permanent part of Lithuania. Another type of coins with lion and node symbol are found in eastern Lithuania and Vilnius, researchers associate them with Skirgaila or Jogaila, however such associations lack genuine evidence as the seal of Jogaila attached to the Union of Krewo and the 1382 seal of Skirgaila were not preserved. Despite that, it is possible that the Ruthenian lion also was one of the early coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as Jogaila in the Union of Krewo styled himself as: (). Historian suggested that the lion was abolished as the Lithuanian coat of arms after the Union of Krewo because in medieval heraldry it was equivalent to the Polish Eagle (lion is the king of animals, while eagle is the king of birds) and Lithuania at the time became a vassal state of the Kingdom of Poland, thus with a lower status.

The Lithuanian dukes and nobles declined Uliana of Tver's, Jogaila's mother, suggestion to baptise the Lithuanians as Orthodox before the Union of Krewo and sought Catholicism instead. Grand Duke Jogaila also rejected the Grand Prince of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy's offer to marry his daughter Sofia, convert Lithuania into an Orthodox state and to recognize himself as a vassal of Dmitry Donskoy, instead he chose Catholicism and married Queen Jadwiga of Poland, while also continuing to title himself as ruler of all the Rus' people, therefore minting coins with his portrait (as a horseman) on the obverse and a lion with a braid above him on the reverse, other Jogaila's coins features the Polish Eagle instead of his portrait on one side and a lion on the other side. In 2021, a treasure was discovered in Raišiai, with 40 Jogaila's coins (Denars), some of which are with lions while others are with horsemen wielding swords or spears, most of these coins were minted in 1377–1386 (prior to crowning of Jogaila as the Polish King).

The Treasure of Verkiai, discovered in 1941, has 1983 coins of Vytautas the Great which resembles the ''Pečat''-type coins, however, they likely have a crossbow bolt (instead of an arrowhead or a spearhead) and a cross on one side and the Columns of Gediminas on the other side, thus they presumably have been minted later than the ''Pečat''-type coins. Quite a lot of such coins of Vytautas the Great were also found in other places of Lithuania (mostly in the southeastern and central part, but also in Samogitia), Ukraine (especially in Volhynia), and Belarus. In comparison, coins attributed to Jogaila, which have a similar appearance to the ''Pečat-type coins, has a spearhead and a cross on one side and the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians () in a shield on the other side.

Following the Christianization of Lithuania, in circa 1388, Grand Duke Jogaila minted new coins: with a fish rolled into a ring ( Christian sign of the fish) and inscription ''КНѦЗЬ ЮГА'' (Duke Jogaila) on the obverse and with a Double Cross of the Jagiellonians in a shield on the reverse. It is believed that such coins were minted to commemorate the Christianization of Lithuania and the Christian sign of the fish could have been chosen when Pope Urban VI officially recognized Lithuania as a Catholic state (such recognition occurred on 17 April 1388). Nevertheless, a fish–blossom symbol, depicted on the coins, can also be associated with an earlier date of 11 March 1388 when Pope Urban VI recognized the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vilnius, which was established by Grand Duke Jogaila. In any case, the main purpose of this symbol was to showcase the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a Catholic state, recognized and under the auspices of the Pope. Lithuania was the last state in Europe to be Christianized.

Knight on horseback

The coat of arms of Lithuania originate from rulers depictions on seals. Originally the riding horseman symbolized the ruler of the Duchy of Lithuania (Duchy of Vilnius), which was the most important land of the state. Algirdas was probably the first ruler to use a seal with a depiction of himself on horseback. The seal, which was attached to Polish-Lithuanian treaty of 1366, wasn't preserved, and we know its appearance only thanks to historian Tadeusz Czacki who claimed to have seen the seal. The oldest preserved such seal is Jogaila's seal that he was using in years 1377–1380, when he became Grand Duke of Lithuania. Duke of Kernavė Vygantas' seal of 1388 is the oldest preserved seal with a riding knight depicted on the shield, giving it a status of a coat of arms. Jogaila and other Algirdas sons: Skirgaila, Lengvenis, Kaributas, Vygantas, and Švitrigaila all were using seals with a horseman-type images. The horseman was chosen due to at the time flourishing culture of knighthood in Europe. At first, the charging knight was depicted riding to left or right, and holding a lance instead of the sword: two seals of Lengvenis of 1385 and of 1388 exhibit this change. Initially Kęstutis and his son Vytautas were depicted on their seals as standing warriors. Only later Vytautas adopted, like other Lithuanian dukes, the image of a riding knight.

The establishment of the sword in the heraldry of the Lithuanian rulers is related to the ideological changes of the ruling Gediminids dynasty. The lance was more often exhibited on the seals of Skirgaila and Kaributas. In 1386, after Jogaila was crowned as King of Poland, a new heraldic seal was made for him, with four coat of arms: white eagle, representing Kingdom of Poland, knight on a horse, with lance in hand and a Double Cross on his shield, representing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and coat of arms Kalisz land and Kuyavia. It was the first time that a double cross was depicted on the Lithuanian horseman's shield. The Double Cross was adopted by Jogaila after his baptism as Władysław and marriage with a queen Jadwiga of Poland in 1386, daughter of Louis I of Hungary, therefore the Double Cross was most likely taken over from the Kingdom of Hungary where it spread in the 12th century from the Byzantine Empire. It is also possible that the new coat of arms was made in imitation of the Holy Cross relics from the sanctuary of Łysa Góra, and with this gesture the newly crowned king emphasised his sincere faith. The symbolism of the Double Cross was connected with this event's significance for both Jogaila and the entire land. A similar cross in Western heraldry is called the patriarchal Cross of Lorraine, and it is used by archbishops while the cross itself symbolizes baptism.

File:Seal of duke Lengvenis Algirdaitis with Vytis (Waykimas), 1379.jpg, Seal of duke Lengvenis, 1379
File:Lithuanian Denar of Jogaila with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), minted in 1388–1392.jpg, Lithuanian Denar of Jogaila with horseman, minted in the 14th century
File:Seal of Jogaila with the Polish Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), 1386.png, Seal of Jogaila, 1386
File:Seal of Kaributas with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), 1386.jpg, Seal of Kaributas, 1386
File:Seal of Skirgaila with Vytis (Waykimas), 1387.jpg, Seal of Skirgaila, 1387
File:Seal of Vygantas (Duke of Kernavė) with Vytis (Waykimas), 1388.jpg, Seal of Vygantas, the Duke of Kernavė, 1388
File:Vitaŭt Vialiki, Pahonia. Вітаўт Вялікі, Пагоня (1385).jpg, Seal of Vytautas the Great, 1385
File:Vitaŭt Vialiki, Pahonia. Вітаўт Вялікі, Пагоня (K. Kielisiński, 1390, 1842).jpg, Seal of Vytautas the Great, 1390 (1842)
File:Coat of arms of Lithuania Vytis (Waykimas), depicted on Tenebrat Bell (which was possibly funded by Jogaila and Jadwiga in circa 1388) of St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, Poland.jpg, Lithuanian ' on Tenebrat Bell (which was possibly funded by Jogaila in circa 1388) of St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków
File:Lithuanian Groschen of Jogaila with the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas).jpg, Lithuanian Groschen of Jogaila with the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians and Lithuanian ', minted between 1392 and 1434
File:Trinity Chapel in Lublin - North wall choir - The equestrian image of King Władysław Jagiełło.jpg, The equestrian image of Jogaila in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle, painted in ~1407

Columns of Gediminas

The Columns of Gediminas are one of the earliest surviving national symbols of Lithuania and its historical coats of arms. Historian Edmundas Rimša, who analyzed the ancient coins, suggested that the Columns of Gediminas symbolize the Trakai Peninsula Castle Gates. There is no data that they were used by Grand Duke Gediminas himself, and it is believed that their name originated when Gediminas was considered the founder of the Gediminids dynasty. Since 1397, the Columns of the Gediminids were undoubtedly used on Vytautas the Great coat of arms, and it is believed that a similar symbol may have been used by his father Kęstutis, who was Duke of Trakai and Grand Duke of Lithuania, titles which Vytautas inherited. After Vytautas' death, the symbol was taken over by his brother Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis. At first, the Columns used to represent the family of Kęstutis, and since the 16th century, when Grand Duke Jogaila's successors started using them in Lithuania as well, the Columns became the symbol of all Gediminids. It was Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon who made the Columns of the Gediminids as the coat of arms of his dynasty after becoming the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1440.

In heraldry, the Columns of Gediminas were usually pictured in gold or yellow on a red field, while they were occasionally portrayed in silver or white since the second half of the 16th century. There is no doubt that the Columns of the Gediminids are of local origin as similar symbols can be found on the insignias of the Lithuanian nobility. It is believed that the Columns of the Gediminids were derived from signs used to mark property.

Compared to the Double Cross of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Columns of the Gediminids had been used more predominantly in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Columns of the Gediminids were featured on the Lithuanian coins of the 14th and subsequent centuries; the banners of the regiments led by Grand Duke Vytautas at the Battle of Grunwald; the 15th- and 16th-century church paraphernalia given to Vilnius Cathedral; the 15th-century seals of the Lithuanian Franciscans and major state seals in 1581–1795; book graphics; and the pieces of work by Vilnius' goldsmiths. Combined with the knight on horseback, the Columns of Gediminas were also embedded on the Lithuanian cannon barrels in the 16th and 17th centuries. The symbol also decorated horse bridles and landmarks of the dominions of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. In 1572, after the death of the last male Gediminid descendant, Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus, the Columns of Gedimimas remained in the insignias of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the secondary (alongside the knight on horseback) coat of arms of the state. In later years, the Columns of Gediminas were called simply as the Columns (it is known from the early 16th century sources).

Official coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

15th century

File:Seal of Vytautas the Great.jpg, Seal of Vytautas the Great with the Lithuanian coat of arms, featuring horseman, in his left hand, circa 14th–15th centuries
File:AGAD Pieczec konna Witolda, wielkiego ksiecia litewskiego.png, Seal of Vytautas the Great with ', which features the Columns of Gediminas on the shield, 1404
File:Vitaŭt Vialiki, Pahonia. Вітаўт Вялікі, Пагоня (K. Kielisiński, 1404, 1842).jpg, Seal of Vytautas the Great with ''Vytis'' and coats of arms of his ruled lands, 1404 (1841)
File:Flag of Vytautas the Great with a standing knight of Kęstutaičiai and Lithuanian Vytis (Waikymas), used during the Council of Constance in 1416.jpg, One of the earliest surviving depictions of ' in a flag of Vytautas the Great. Painted in 1416 by a Portuguese herald, who attended the Council of Constance.
File:Coat of arms of Vytautas the Great with a standing knight of Kęstutaičiai and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), used during the Council of Constance from 1414 to 1418 (cropped).jpg, Coat of arms of Vytautas the Great, which features the standing knight of Kęstutaičiai and ', used during the Council of Constance. Painted by Ulrich of Richenthal, 15th century.
File:Žygimont Karybutavič - Жыгімонт Карыбутавіч, Pahonia - Пагоня.jpg, Duke Sigismund Korybut and his troops flying the Lithuanian banner in Prague, 15th century
File:Seal of Sigismund Kestutis.PNG, Seal of Sigismund Kęstutaitis with ' in his left hand, 15th century
File:Lietuvos herbas Vytis.Lithuanian CoA Vytis of 15th c.jpg, ' with Columns of Gediminas from the 15th-century ''Codex Bergshammar''. Attributed to Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis.

The meaning of the Lithuanian ruler's coat of arms and the coat of arms of the Lithuanian state was given to the horseman not by Jogaila, but by his cousin, the Grand Duke Vytautas the Great. Firstly, around 1382, he changed the infantry on his coat of arms, inherited from his father Grand Duke Kęstutis, to a horseman, then made the portrait heraldic – in Vytautas' majestic seal (early 15th century), he is surrounded by the coat of arms of lands belonging to him, in one hand he holds a sword, which represents the power of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, in the other hand – a raised shield (on which a horseman is depicted), which, like an apple of royal power, symbolizes the Lithuanian state ruled by him. Furthermore, Vytautas the Great minted coins with the horseman on one side and the Columns of Gediminas on the other side.

In the 15th century, Jan Długosz claimed that Vytautas brought forty regiments to the victorious Battle of Grunwald in 1410 and that everyone used red flags of which thirty regiments flags had an embroidered armored horseman with a raised sword riding on a white, sometimes black, bay or dappled horse, while the rest of ten regiments flags had embroidered Columns of Gediminas with which Vytautas marked his elite troops with horses. According to Długosz, those flags were named after lands or dukes: Vilnius, Kaunas, Trakai, Medininkai, Sigismund Korybut, Lengvenis, and other. It is believed that the regiments with the Columns of Gediminas were brought from Vytautas' homeland (the Duchy of Trakai), and with a horseman – from other areas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Sigismund Korybut during his visit to Prague at the invitation of the Czech Hussites in 1422 as a delegate of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great, was depicted in a drawing wherein he carries his armorial banner decorated with a white charging knight on a red field; at its top, there is a narrow streamer, which the Germans, in particular, were fond of depicting in the 15th century.

The history between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Jagiellonian dynasty and the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia is closely related as Władysław III Jagiellon, the eldest son of Władysław II Jagiełło and his Lithuanian wife Sophia of Halshany, was crowned as the King of Hungary and King of Croatia on 15 May 1440 in Visegrád, moreover, following his father's death, he also inherited the title of the Supreme Duke () of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, held it in 1434–1444 and presented himself with it, as such share of powers was agreed in the Union of Horodło of 1413 between his father and Grand Duke Vytautas the Great. The Royal Seal of Władysław III Jagiellon includes a Lithuanian (') with wings laid out above the coat of arms of Hungary and alongside the Polish Eagle.

At the end of the 14th century, the knight on horseback appeared on the first Lithuanian coins, however, this figure had not yet fully formed, therefore in some coins, the knight is depicted as riding to the left, in others – to the right. In some he holds a spear while others depict a sword; the horse can either be standing in place or galloping. The Double Cross was used in isolation on the Lithuanian coins of the late 14th century and on the banner of the royal court referred to in the Lithuanian language as ().

During Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon's reign in Lithuania from 1492 to 1506, the depiction of the knight's direction was established – the horse was always galloping to the left (in the heraldic sense – to the right). Also, the knight was for the first time depicted with a scabbard, while the horse – with a horse harness, however, the knight does not yet have on his shoulder a shield with the double-cross of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Moreover, Alexander's coins also depict an eagle as the symbol of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania's dynastic claim to the Polish throne. During the reign of Grand Duke Sigismund I the Old, who ruled Lithuania from 1506 to 1544, the image of the horseman was moved to the other side of the coins – the reverse, thus marking that it was the coin of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The knight was also for the first time depicted with a shield with the Double-Cross of the Jagiellonian dynasty. In heraldry, such an image of the horseman is only associated with the Lithuanian state. In the 15th century, the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians became an integral part of the Lithuanian coat of arms and was started to be depicted on the horseman's shield.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the colors and composition of the seal became uniform: on a red field a white (silver) charging knight with a sword raised above his head, with a blue shield with a Double Golden Cross to his left shoulder (during the reign of Kęstutaičiai dynasty – red shield with the golden Columns of Gediminas); horse bridles, leather belts and a short girdle – colored in blue. Metals (gold and silver) and the two most important colors of medieval coats of arms were used for the Lithuanian coat of arms – Gules (red) then meant material, or earthly (life, courage, blood), Azure (blue) – spiritual, or heavenly (heaven, divine wisdom, mind) values.

File:Majestic Seal of Jogaila (King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania), featuring Polish Eagle, Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and other coats of arms, 1411.jpg, Majestic Seal of Jogaila which features ', 1411
File:Flag of Jogaila with the Polish Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), used during the Council of Constance from 1414 to 1418.jpg, Flag of Jogaila with the Polish Eagle and ', used during the Council of Constance in 1416
File:Pogon nagrobek Jagielly.jpg, ' on the tomb monument of Jogaila in the Wawel Cathedral
File:AGAD Pieczec Zofii Holszanskiej, krolowej polskiej.png, Seal of Sophia of Halshany, 1435
File:Vytis (Pogonia) from the Bavarian State Library (1475).jpg, Lithuanian coat of arms, dating to 1475, which, judging from its archaic look, was likely redrawn from an even earlier painting
File:Vytis from Cosmographia universalis.jpg, ' in the atlas ''Cosmographia universalis'' by Sebastian Münster, 1544
File:Lithuanian Denar of Kazimieras Jogailaitis with the Columns of Gediminas and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) 2.jpg, Lithuanian Denar of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon with horseman and the Columns of Gediminas, 15th century
File:Columns of Gediminas (Gedimino stulpai) from the Codex Bergshammar, 1440.jpg, Columns of Gediminas from the 15th-century ''Codex Bergshammar''
File:Half-Groschen of Aleksandras Jogailaitis with Vytis (Waykimas), minted in 1495–1506.jpg, Half-Groschen of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon with ' from the late 15th century or early 16th century

16th century

Only in the 16th century a distinction between the ruler (Grand Duke) and state emerged (it was the same entity previously), from which time one also finds mention of a state flag. In 1578, Alexander Guagnini was the first to describe such a state flag, according to him the state flag of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was made of red silk and had four tails, its principal side, to the right of the flag staff, was charged with a white mounted knight underneath the ducal crown; the other side bore an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The highly revered Blessed Virgin Mary was considered the patron saint of the state of Lithuania, and even the most prominent state dignitaries favoured her image on their flags, thus the saying: "Lithuania – land of Mary". Later only the knight is mentioned embroidered on both sides of the state flag.

After the Union of Lublin, which was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, thus a joint coat of arms of the new country was adopted. Nevertheless, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained a separate state within the Commonwealth and had a separate army which continued using the coats of arms of Lithuania on its uniforms. Its four quarterly fields portrayed, in diagonal, the eagle and the riding knight as the symbols of the two constituent states. Hence, the old colors of the coat of arms of Lithuania, probably influenced by the colors of the coat of arms of Poland (red, white, and yellow), began to change: sometimes the horse blanket was depicted in red or purple, the leather belts in yellow; however the horseman's shield with the golden Double Cross changed less. In 1588 the third Statute of Lithuania was adopted and in the 12th article of the fourth chapter of the Statute it is stated that each county is given seals with the coat of arms of Lithuania for approval of decisions, and the name of the county must be written on these seals.

In 1572, following the death of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus, the last male descendant of the Jagiellonian dynasty as he did not leave any male heir to the throne, the Double Cross remained as a symbol in the national coat of arms and was started to be referred to as simply the Cross of ' after losing the connection with the dynasty.

File:Coat of arms of Lithuania Vytis (Waykimas), depicted in the Coat of arms of Aleksandras Jogailaitis, 1501.jpg, Coat of arms of Lithuania Vytis (Waykimas), depicted in the Coat of arms of Grand Duke Aleksandras Jogailaitis, 1501.
File:Aleksandras Jogailaitis (Alexander Jagiellon) in 1506 (cropped from an authentic painting).jpg, A 1506 depiction of Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon in the Polish Senate, surrounded by Lithuanian and Polish coat of arms, one of them are the golden Columns of Gediminas
File:AGAD Pieczęć większa litewska Zygmunta I, króla polskiego, wielkiego księcia litewskiego.jpg, The Great Seal of Lithuania with ' in the centre, belonging to Sigismund I the Old, 1529
File:Statut Vialikaha Kniastva Litoŭskaha, Pahonia. Статут Вялікага Княства Літоўскага, Пагоня (1531).jpg, The first page of the Latin copy of Laurentius (1531) of the First Statute of Lithuania. ' is drawn on a damasked shield.
File:Heraldic tapestry of Žygimantas Augustas with Lithuanian coat of arms Vytis, Polish eagle and coats of arms of Volhynia, Smolensk, Kyiv voivodeships, circa 1548.jpg, Tapestry with the coat of arms of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus and Gediminas' Cap, circa 1548
File:Lithuanian coin of Sigismund II Augustus with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas, minted in 1568.jpg, A 1568 Lithuanian coin of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus with Gediminas' Cap, horseman and Columns of Gediminas
File:Green room of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius, decorated with Jagiellonian tapestries of Žygimantas Augustas with Polish Eagles and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), manufactured in Brussels, Flanders, circa 1560 (3).jpg, One of the halls in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, decorated with tapestries commissioned by Sigismund II Augustus and manufactured in circa 1560
File:Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with Vytis (Waykimas), Columns of Gediminas, Polish Eagle and family symbol of Steponas Batoras.jpg, Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with ', decorated with the Columns of Gediminas, used during the reign of Grand Duke Stephen Báthory
File:Krakow Wawel 20070804 0930.jpg, ' (') on the Sigismund III Vasa Tower (1595) of the Wawel Castle in Kraków, alongside the Polish Eagle and the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians

17th century to 1795

File:Vytis_on_Dawn_Gate_2007_05_29.jpg, Authentic ' depicted on the Gate of Dawn, which survived annexations
File:Coat of arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the Polish Eagle and Vytis (Waykimas), 1550-1609.jpg, Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of the Vasa dynasty
File:Tablica erekcyjna Saint Casimir chapel.JPG, Authentic ' depicted on the outer wall of the Chapel of Saint Casimir
File:15 ducats of Sigismund III Vasa from 1617.png, Coin of 15 golden Ducats of Grand Duke Sigismund III Vasa with ', 1617
File:Vytis in great seal of Lithuania.png, The Great Seal of Lithuania with ' and Columns of Gediminas, belonging to Władysław IV Vasa
File:Golden Lithuanian half-Ducat of Jonas Kazimieras Vaza with Vytis (Waykimas), 1665.jpg, Golden Lithuanian Ducat of Grand Duke John II Casimir Vasa with ', 1665
File:Seal of John II Casimir Vasa with the Polish Eagle, Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and coat of arms of the House of Vasa, 17th century.png, Seal of John II Casimir Vasa with ' and Polish Eagles
File:Ort koronny 1684 Bydgoszcz.jpg, Coin of Grand Duke John III Sobieski with ' and the Polish Eagle, 1684
File:Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie - panoramio.jpg, ' (') on the façade of the Wilanów Palace in Warsaw, 1696

The Renaissance introduced minor stylistic changes and variations: long feathers waving from the tip of the knight's helm, a long saddle-cloth, the horsetail turned upwards and shaped as nosegay. With these changes, the red flag with its white knight survived until the end of the 18th century and Grand Duke Stanislaus II Augustus was the last Grand Duke of Lithuania to employ it. His flag was colored in crimson, had two tails, and was decorated with the knight on one side and the ruler's monogram – SAR (Stanislaus Augustus Rex) on the other side. SAR monogram was also inscribed on the flagpole finial. In 1795, after the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed to the Russian Empire, with a smaller part going to the Kingdom of Prussia, and traditional coat of arms of Lithuania, which represented the state for more than four centuries, was abolished and the Russification of Lithuania was imposed.

File:Talar koronny 1702.jpg, Thaler of Grand Duke Augustus II the Strong with ', 1702
File:10 dukatów 1756.jpg, Coin of 10 golden Ducats of Grand Duke Augustus III with ', 1756
File:Seal of the Treasury of Lithuania with Vytis (Waykimas), 18th century.jpg, Seal of the Treasury of Lithuania, 18th century
File:Vilnia, Pahonia. Вільня, Пагоня (1707).jpg, Coat of arms of the Vilnius University, 1707
File:Dresden Hofkirche 2012 Wappen.jpg, Coats of arms on the Dresden Cathedral in Dresden, 18th century
File:Cartouche of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius with the Polish Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis (Waikymas).jpg, Authentic Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius
File:Гродна. Новы замак (03).jpg, Wall fragment with the Polish–Lithuanian coat of arms in the New Grodno Castle, built in the early 18th century
File:Grand Seal of the 1st Cavalry Brigade of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania "Husarska" (XVIII century).PNG, The 1st Lithuanian National Cavalry Brigade's Grand Seal (late 18th century)
File:Coat of Arms of Stanisław August Poniatowski with colland of Order of White Eagle.PNG, Coat of arms in the Warsaw Royal Castle, 18th century
File:Handle of the Ceremonial sword of Stanisław Augustus Poniatowski.PNG, Handle of the ceremonial sword of Stanislaus II August Poniatowski, 18th century
File:The Great Seal of Lithuania (with Vytis) from the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski, circa 1764.png, The Great Seal of Lithuania with ' in the centre, belonging to Stanislaus II Augustus, 1764
File:Coat of arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the Polish Eagle and Vytis (Waykimas), 1764-1795.jpg, Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, used during the reign of Stanislaus II Augustus, 1764–1795
File:Pahonia. Пагоня (F. Reilly, 1793).jpg, Lithuanian coat of arms with the Jagiellonian Double Cross, depicted by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly in 1793

1795–1918

At first, the charging knight was interpreted as the country's ruler. As time passed, he became a knight who is chasing intruders out of his native country. Such an interpretation was especially popular in the 19th century, and the first half of the 20th century, when Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire and sought its independence. During the Lithuanian National Revival in the 19th century, Lithuanian intellectuals Teodor Narbutt and Simonas Daukantas claimed that the reviving Lithuanian nation is the inheritor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania heritage, including the Lithuanian coat of arms ', which was widely used in their organized events.

19th-century anti-Russian uprisings

Uprisings to restore the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth like the 1830–31 November Uprising and 1863–64 January Uprising saw ' being used as a symbol of rebellion against the Russian Empire. The Lithuanian Vytis was widely used alongside the Polish White Eagle throughout the uprisings on flags, banners, coins, banknotes, seals, medals, etc. After the dethronement of Emperor Nicholas I Romanov (Emperor of Russia since 1825, King of Poland 1825–1831) by the Sejm during its proceedings in Warsaw on 25 January 1831, the coats of arms of the Russian Emperors were removed from the mint dies and Polish złotys with Eagle and Vytis were introduced into circulation, which were manufactured at the Warsaw's Banknote Factory and minted at the Warsaw Mint, as on 9 December 1830 the Provisional Government appointed the Bank Polski to manage the Warsaw Mint.

File:Relics of the uprising of 1831 (in Vilnius).jpg, Relics of the Uprising of 1831, exhibited in the National Museum of Lithuania in Vilnius
File:Coat of arms of the November Uprising with the Polish Eagle and Vytis (Waykimas), 1830-1831.jpg, Coat of arms of the November Uprising, 1830–31
File:Banner with emblem of November Uprising.PNG, Banner with emblem of the November Uprising, 1830—31
File:2 złote 1831 powstanie - 1 z daszkami.jpg, The Provisional Government in Warsaw reintroduced ' (') and Eagle on the coins and banknotes during the 1830–31 November Uprising
File:Unia w Krewie.JPG, Painting commemorating Polish–Lithuanian union; ca. 1861. The motto reads "Eternal union".
File:Coat of arms of the January Uprising.svg, Emblem of the January Uprising, 1863–64
File:Cartouche with the coat of arms of the 1863–64 Uprising, featuring Polish Eagle, Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and Ruthenian Angel, 19th century.jpg, Cartouche with the coat of arms of the January Uprising, 19th century

The 1863–64 January Uprising spread especially wide in the ethnic Lithuanian lands, whereas many rebels demanded for a completely independent, sovereign Lithuanian state, however at the time the majority of the Lithuanians decided to support the Polish–Lithuanian union in order to fight the Russian oppression more effectively. In the Soviet times, the 1863–64 January Uprising was interpreted as a class struggle between peasantry and landed aristocracy, while since 1990, it came to be seen in Lithuania as a strife for liberation from the Russian rule. On 22 November 2019, upon the rediscovery of their remains on the Gediminas' Hill, the 1863–64 January Uprising commanders Konstanty Kalinowski and Zygmunt Sierakowski were buried at the Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius, while the flags covering their coffins were presented to the President of Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda.

In the Russian Empire (1795–1915)

Following the partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was absorbed by the Russian Empire and Vytis was incorporated into the Greater Coat of arms of the Russian Empire. Vytis was the coat of arms of the Vilna Governorate following the incorporation of Vilnius and surrounding lands into the Russian Empire. Statues of Vytis placed on the White Columns of Vilnius greeted visitors at the entrances to Vilnius from 1818 until 1840, when the statues were replaced with the double-headed eagles – the state symbol of the Russian Empire. In 2019, the Mayor of Vilnius Remigijus Šimašius suggested that the White Columns of Vilnius in the city's eldership of Naujamiestis should be restored. A notable example of the coat of arms of Lithuania usage during the Tsarist period is on the bridge railings above the Vilnelė River in Vilnius. Several authentic coat of arms of Lithuania survived the occupations and annexations. For example, on the side wall of the Vilnius Cathedral, on the main portal of the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit and on the Gate of Dawn.

File:Герб Княжества и области белорусские и литовские 1882.svg, Coats of arms with ''Vytis'', which incorporated (near the top) into the Greater Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, 19th century
File:Vilnia, Antokal, Pahonia. Вільня, Антокаль, Пагоня (K. Bachmatovič, 1837).jpg, The White Columns of Vilnius (1818–1840) with ''Vytis'' (''Pogonia''), which were later replaced with the double-headed eagles
File:Insignia of the Lithuanian Regiment of the Imperial Guard of the Russian Empire with Vytis (Waykimas), 1910.jpg, Insignia of the
File:Pahonia, Spas na Kryvi.JPG, Mosaics featuring the coats of arms with ''Vytis'' on the Church of the Savior on Blood in Saint Petersburg, completed in 1907
File:Seal of the city of Vilnius with the Russian Eagle and Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), 19th century.jpg, Seal of the Duma of the City of Vilnius, 19th century
File:Seals of the Vilnius University with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), middle of the 19th century.jpg, Seals of the Vilnius University, mid-19th century
File:Castle bridge in Vilnius (2007-09-23)4.jpg, Hand rail decorations with on the Pilies (Castle) Bridge in Vilnius
File:Troki, Kalona, Pahonia. Трокі, Калёна, Пагоня (1910) (2).jpg, Column with in Trakai, 1910

However, in 1845 Tsar Nicholas I confirmed a coat of arms for the Vilna Governorate that closely resembled the historical one. A notable change was the replacement of the Double-Cross of the Jagiellonians with the Patriarchal cross on the knight's shield.

File:Čerykaŭ, Pahonia. Чэрыкаў, Пагоня (1843).jpg, Coat of arms of Cherikov from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Gorodok 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Gorodok from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Lucin 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Lutsin from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Mogilev 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Mogilev from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Rezhitsa 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Rezhitsa from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Surazh 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Surazh from 1781
File:Coat of arms of Drissa 1781.svg, Coat of arms of Drissa from 1781
File:Viciebsk, Pahonia. Віцебск, Пагоня (1781).jpg, Coat of arms of Vitebsk from 1781
File:Horadnia, Pahonia. Горадня, Пагоня (1843).jpg, Coat of arms of Grodno Governorate, 1802
File:RUS obwód białostocki COA.png, Coat of arms of Belostok Oblast, 1809
File:Dynaburg, Pahonia. Дынабург, Пагоня (1843).jpg, Coat of arms of Dünaburg, 1843
File:Vilnius COA 1845.png, Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate, 1845
File:Lida COA (Vilno Governorate) (1845).png, Coat of arms of Lida, 1845
File:Troki, Pahonia. Трокі, Пагоня (1846).jpg, Coat of arms of Trakai, 1846
File:Coat of arms of Vitebsk Governorate 1856.svg, Coat of arms of Vitebsk Governorate, 1856
File:Coat of arms of Vilna 1859.svg, Coat of arms of Vilna with ' (') and Orthodox cross, 1859
File:Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate 1878.svg, Coat of arms of Vilna Governorate, 1878

In 1905, the Great Seimas of Vilnius took place in Vilnius during which the decision to demand wide political autonomy of Lithuania within the Russian Empire was made. It was proposed by the Chairman of the Great Seimas of Vilnius Jonas Basanavičius to recognize the flag of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (a white horse rider on a red bottom) as the flag of Lithuania, but this proposal was rejected due to the negative associations of red color with the 1905 Russian Revolution.

1915–1918

The discussions on the national flag resumed during World War I. Following the German Empire occupation of Lithuania in September 1915, the Lithuanians gathered into committees and organizations of various currents, which united their representatives. According to the signatory of the Act of Independence of Lithuania of 16 February 1918 Petras Klimas, they considered the main problems of the reestablishment of Lithuania's statehood, among which one of the main questions were the national colors and the national flag. Although, serious discussions about the Lithuanian state flag and coat of arms resumed only in 1917 when the real prospect of restoring the Lithuanian state emerged.

For the first time, according to Petras Klimas, a specific question of the national flag and national colors was raised at the Lithuanian intelligentsia Consortium Meeting of 6 June 1917 in the premises of the Lithuanian Scientific Society (the so-called Consortium Meeting united Lithuanian intellectuals in Vilnius, such as, Jonas Basanavičius, Povilas Dogelis, Petras Klimas, Jurgis Šaulys, Antanas Smetona, Mykolas Biržiška, Augustinas Janulaitis, Steponas Kairys, Aleksandras Stulginskis, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius). During this Consortium Meeting, Jonas Basanavičius read a report in which he proved that in the past the color of the Lithuanian flag was red and that on the red bottom was depicted a rider with a raised sword on a dapple-grey horse. Jonas Basanavičius suggested continuing this tradition and choosing this option as the flag of the reborn Lithuanian state. There was nobody who opposed it, however considerations began that such variant of the national flag does not solve the issue of the national colors, especially because a red flag without ''Vytis'' (''Pogonia'') could not be used.

As a result, new colors had to be chosen that could form a simple, everyday, easily sewn flag, which would be used alongside the historical flag of '. The members of this meeting established the principle according to which national colors had to be chosen: everyone agreed that it is necessary to choose such colors that are most often found in folk wares, ribbons, aprons, etc. Everyone agreed that such colors are green and red, therefore the task of harmonizing these colors in the flag was assigned to the artist Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, however the searching for a color combination took a long time. Artist and archeologist Tadas Daugirdas', who was invited as a consultant, combinations of the national flag colors varied from those proposed by Antanas Žmuidzinavičius. In general, a question of the number of colors arose as some demanded a green-red flag (such proposal was also supported by the Lithuanian Americans), while the others demanded a tricolor combination. Finding the third color was the most difficult task, even an exhibition of flag projects was held, however, the question was not solved until the Vilnius Conference of 1917, therefore a question of the national colors was included into the agenda of the Vilnius Conference.

During the preparation of the Vilnius Conference, which met in Vilnius and set out the guidelines for the restoration of Lithuania's independence and elected the members of the Council of Lithuania, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius prepared a green-red Lithuanian flag project with whom the Vilnius City Theater Hall (present-day Old Theatre of Vilnius) was decorated. However, the flag proposed by Antanas Žmuidzinavičius seemed gloomy to the Vilnius Conference participants. Consequently, Tadas Daugirdas proposed the flag consisting of green at the top, white in the middle and red at the bottom, but he himself was not fond of such proposal as he preferred the green and red combination because these colors dominated in the Lithuanian cloths. Finally, Tadas Daugirdas proposed to include a narrow yellow line between the other two colors of green and red with the yellow color symbolizing dawn (the first national Lithuanian newspaper was also named ''Aušra'') and rebirth (Lithuanian National Revival). Despite that, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius categorically defended the green and red flag as these colors symbolized love and hope, while the others demanded for a green (at the bottom; symbolizing green fields and meadows), yellow (at the middle; symbolizing yellow blossoms), and red (at the top; symbolizing the rising sun). As a result, the participants of the conference did not decide on the colors of the flag, therefore assigned this question to a commission formed by the Council of Lithuania that consisted of Jonas Basanavičius, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, and Tadas Daugirdas.

On 16 February 1918, the Council of Lithuania declared the Independence of Lithuania and adopted Vytis as its coat of arms with the first drafts of the coat of arms being designed by Tadas Daugirdas and Antanas Žmuidzinavičius. On 19 April 1918, the commission accepted a Lithuanian flag project which consisted of three equal width horizontal lines of yellow, green, and red colors. On 25 April 1918, the Council of Lithuania unanimously approved this flag project as the Flag of the State of Lithuania. At the meeting of the same day, it was proposed to raise the tricolor flag of the Lithuanian state above the Tower of the Gediminas' Castle, which was done in the middle of 1918 after difficult negotiations with the German authorities.

Following the occupation of Vilnius by Soviet Russia, the Lithuanian institutions were evacuated to the temporary capital Kaunas in the first days of January 1919. In the temporary capital Kaunas, the historical flag of Lithuania was raised above the Presidential Palace, Palace of Seimas, and on top of the Tower of the Vytautas the Great War Museum (this historical flag was previously adopted by the Council of Lithuania and had a white horseman on a red bottom on one side and the Columns of Gediminas on the other side).

Republic of Lithuania in the interwar period

When Lithuania restored its independence in 1918–1920, several artists produced updated versions of the coat of arms. Almost all included a scabbard, which is not found in its earliest historical versions. A romanticized version by Antanas Žemaitis became the most popular. The horse appeared to be flying through the air ('' courant''). The gear was very ornate. For example, the saddle blanket was very long and divided into three parts. There was no uniform or official version of the coat of arms. To address popular complaints, in 1929 a special commission was set up to analyze the best 16th-century specimens of Vytis to design an official state emblem. Mstislav Dobuzhinsky was the chief artist. The commission worked for 5 years, but its version was never officially confirmed. Meanwhile, a design by Juozas Zikaras was introduced for official use on Lithuanian coins.

The Columns of the Gediminids and the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians were particularly widely used in the first half of the 20th century following the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania on 16 February 1918. These symbols, as a distinctive sign, were adopted by the Lithuanian Land Forces, Lithuanian Air Force, and other public authorities. It was used to decorate Lithuanian coins, banknotes orders, medals, and insignias and became an attribute of numerous public societies and organizations. To commemorate the 500th anniversary of the death of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great, flags decorated with the Columns of the Gediminids were hoisted in Lithuanian cities and towns in 1930. Moreover, in his honor, a Lithuanian state award was instituted in the same year – Order of Vytautas the Great, which was awarded for distinguished services to the State of Lithuania and since 1991 is still conferred nowadays.

In 1919, the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians was named the Cross for Homeland and was featured on one of the highest-ranking Lithuanian state decorations – Order of the Cross of Vytis, which was awarded for acts of bravery performed in defending the freedom and independence of Lithuania (the order was abolished following the occupations of Lithuania, but was re-established in 1991). According to a presidential decree of 3 February 1920, issued by the President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona, the Cross for Homeland was renamed to the Cross of Vytis. In 1928, the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas was instituted and was awarded to the citizens of Lithuania for outstanding performance in civil and public offices (it was also abolished following the occupations of Lithuania, but was re-established in 1991).

Vytis was the state emblem of the Republic of Lithuania until 1940 when the Republic was occupied by the Soviet Union and national symbols were suppressed, those who still displayed them received severe punishments. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Vytis, together with the Columns of Gediminas and the national flag, became symbols of the independence movement in Lithuania. In 1988, Lithuania's Soviet authorities legalized the public display of .

File:LithuanianRepublicGreaterCOA.jpg, An unknown version of the First Lithuanian Republic coat-of-arms, probably its greater coat of arms
File:Vytis (Waykimas), coat of arms of Lithuania, designed by Antanas Žmuidzinavičius.jpg, A design of ' by Antanas Žmuidzinavičius; popular in interwar independent Lithuania
File:Swiss postcard with Vytis (Waykimas) and presumed territory of Lithuania, 1920.jpg, Swiss postcard with Vytis (Waykimas) and presumed territory of Lithuania, 1920.
File:Coat of arms of the Republic of Lithuania. 1921.jpg, Coat of arms of the Republic of Lithuania in 1921
File:Older version of Lithuania COA.png, Juozas Zikaras' design (1925), widely used on the interwar independent Lithuania coins
File:LTU 10 Litu 1927 obv.jpg, A banknote of 10 Lithuanian litas with ' and the Columns of the Gediminids (1927)
File:LTU 5 Litai 1929 obv.jpg, A banknote of 5 Lithuanian litas with Vytautas the Great and ', 1929
File:LR-uzsienio-pasas-iki-1940.jpg, A foreign passport of the Republic of Lithuania with ', used until the 1940 annexation
File:Sitting-room of Vytautas the Great KGOC 3.jpg, A fireplace of a sitting-room of Vytautas the Great at the Kaunas Garrison Officers' Club Building
File:Transitional prize with Vytis (Waykimas) of the commander of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union team for shooting from automatic pistols.jpg, Transitional prize with Vytis (Waykimas) of the commander of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union team for shooting from automatic pistols.
File:Queen Louise Bridge decorated with Vytis (Waykimas) in Panemunė, Lithuania, 1937.jpg, Queen Louise Bridge, which at the time connected the Lithuanian town Panemunė and Prussian city Tilsit, decorated with ' in 1937
File:Ministry of Finance of Lithuania with Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas in Kaunas, 1930.jpg, Ministry of Finance of Lithuania Building in Kaunas, decorated with portraits of Antanas Smetona, Vytautas the Great, ' and the Columns of Gediminas, 1930
File:Stasys Rastikis with flag in 1939.jpg, Commander of the Lithuanian Army Stasys Raštikis holds the Lithuanian Army flag with ' on obverse side, while a Lithuanian soldier swears his loyalty by kneeling in front of it
File:Anbo8.jpg, A Lithuanian bomber-reconnaissance monoplane ANBO VIII with the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians, constructed by the Lithuanian aeronautical engineer Antanas Gustaitis, in 1939
File:Lithuanian tanks heading to Lithuanian capital Vilnius in 1939.jpg, Lithuanian Vickers Light Tanks M1936 with the Columns of the Gediminids, heading to the Lithuanian capital Vilnius in 1939
File:Session of the Provisional Government of Lithuania.jpg, Session of the Provisional Government of Lithuania, which attempted to restore the statehood of the interwar Republic during the June Uprising in Lithuania, in 1941
File:Members of the Lithuanian partisans (Zalgiris Territorial Defense Force) in 1946.jpg, The Lithuanian partisans fought with the occupants in 1944–1953, wearing the interwar Lithuanian uniforms and insignia

Republic of Lithuania in the post-Cold War era

On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared its independence and restored all of its pre-war national symbols, including its historic coat of arms ''Vytis''. On March 20, 1990, the Supreme Council of Lithuania approved the description of the State's coat of arms and determined the principal regulations for its use. The design was based on Juozas Zikaras' version. This was to demonstrate that Lithuania was resuming the traditions of the state that existed between 1918–1940. Later on 10 April, the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas adopted the ''Law on the National Coat of Arms, Emblems, and Other Insignias of the Republic of Lithuania'', which regulates the usage of the Lithuanian national coat of arms Vytis and the historical national symbols of Lithuania. According to the 6th article of this Law, the historical national symbols of Lithuania are the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians and Columns of Gediminas.

On September 4, 1991, a new design by Arvydas Každailis was approved based on the recommendations of a special Lithuanian Heraldry Commission. It abandoned romantic interwar interpretations, harkening back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Nevertheless, it re-established the original colors and metals (red, blue, silver, and gold), dating to the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great, but placed the horse and rider in an ostensibly more "defensive" posture, airs above the ground, rather than leaping forward and sword simply elevated rather than poised to strike. The revival of historical colors and the historical coat of arms ' meant that the Republic of Lithuania is not only the heir and follower of the traditions of statehood of independent Lithuania of 1918–40, but also of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Constitutional Referendum of 25 October 1992, states that the Coat of Arms of the State shall be a white ''Vytis'' on a red field. Despite the newly adopted Každailis' variant of ', the Lithuanian litas coins featured Zikaras' design until they were replaced by the euro in 2015.

The coats of arms of Lithuania are widely used by the Lithuanian Armed Forces on uniforms, badges, and flags.

In 2004, Lithuania's Seimas confirmed a new variant of the ''Vytis'' on the historical flag of Lithuania, the final design was approved on 17 June 2010. It is depicted on a rectangular red fabric, recalling the old battle flags of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The flag does not replace the yellow-green-red tri-color national flag of Lithuania and it is used on special occasions, anniversaries, and buildings of historical significance (e.g. Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Trakai Island Castle, Medininkai Castle).

It is currently proposed that a greater version of the coat of arms be adopted. It would feature a line from "''Tautiška giesmė''", the national anthem of Lithuania, "" ("May unity blossom"). The Seimas already uses a larger version of the coat of arms with this phrase as its motto, along with two supporters: the dexter one a griffin argent beaked and membered or, langued gules, and the sinister one a unicorn argent, armed and unguled or, langued gules, and the ducal hat on top of the shield.

The President of Lithuania uses the circular seal and document forms with the coat of arms of Lithuania, the seal has a text "".

Lithuania joined the Eurozone by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015. The designs of Lithuanian euro coins share a similar national side for all denominations, featuring the ''Vytis'' and the country's name in Lithuanian – ''Lietuva''. The design was announced on 11 November 2004 following a public opinion poll conducted by the Bank of Lithuania. The horse is again leaping forward, as in more traditional versions.

The Kaunas Castle unveiled the Freedom Warrior monument on 14 July 2018, which features a graphical representation of ''Vytis''. It was created by Lithuanian artist Arūnas Sakalauskas and Ukrainian artists Boris Krylov and Olesius Sidoruk in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Gintautas Genys released a three-tomes historical adventure novel book ' (), which analyzes different periods of the history of Lithuania: the first tome, released in 2012, is about the last decade of the 18th century (close to the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), the second tome, released in 2014, presents the vision of the restoration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the sticky web of intrigues and conflicts of the monarchs of France, Russia, and Prussia, while the third tome, released in 2019, presents the course of the history of Russia, Poland, and Lithuania from the 1810s to 1860s, consistently and vividly reveals the terrible drama of mutual relations between them.

In 2023, Lithuanian vehicle registration plates design was modified to include ''Vytis''.

File:Protest 1988 in Vilnius (2).jpg, An anti-nuclear rally in Cathedral Square in 1988. A banner with ''Vytis'' was presented.
File:KlpUniversitetasVlns90-10-5.jpg, Vytautas Landsbergis near the primary doors of the Seimas Palace with the recently added ''Vytis'' above them, in 1990.
File:2009 m. Respublikos Prezidento inauguracija.jpg, The presidential version of the coat of arms, as depicted on the Presidential Palace, and the flag of the president of Lithuania
File:Großfürstliches Schloss (Vilnius) Eingangsportal 20220630.jpg, Main gates of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania with the front portal featuring ''Vytis'' in Vilnius
File:Lithuanian coats of arms flag (Trakai, Lithuania, 2016).jpg, Modern Lithuanian state flag flying at Trakai
File:Rittermonument Kaunas.jpg, Freedom Warrior statue in Kaunas
File:Pasas2008.gif, The current passport of the Republic of Lithuania design
File:LT-2008-50litų-Šv. Kazimieras-a.png, Litas commemorative coin featuring a historical ''Vytis''
File:500 litai (2000).jpg, A banknote of 500 Lithuanian litas with ''Vytis'', 2000
File:N22978 1 eur Lietuva 2015.jpg, A coin of 1 Lithuanian Euro with ''Vytis'', used since 1 January 2015
File:Lithuanian Armed Forces Battle flag (obverse).png, Flag of the Lithuanian Armed Forces with ''Vytis''
File:Battle of Grunwald 2010 (06).jpg, The Lithuanian soldiers with ''Vytis'' and the Columns of Gediminas banners during the Battle of Grunwald reconstruction
File:IFV Vilkas.jpg, An armoured fighting vehicle ''Vilkas'' (Lithuanian variant of Boxer) with the Columns of the Gediminids
File:Eurocopter AS365 + LET L-410.jpg, Lithuanian Air Forces aircraft with the Double Cross of the Jagiellonians in 2016
File:N42 Jotvingis NOCO2014 07 bow flag.JPG, Jotvingis (N42) of the Lithuanian Naval Force flying the state flag at jackstaff
File:Boundary marker of Lithuania.svg, Boundary marker of the Lithuanian Republic
File:LT judge pendant by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg, Lithuanian judges pendants with the Columns of Gediminas and ''Vytis''
File:YPT and ARAS exercise 2024 01.jpg, Soldier of the Lithuanian Special Operations Forces with insignia featuring the Columns of Gediminas

Related and similar coats of arms

Lithuania

Recently adopted coats of arms of Vilnius and Panevėžys counties use different color schemes and add additional details to the basic image of the knight. Several towns in Lithuania use motifs similar to Vytis. For example, the coat of arms of Liudvinavas is parted per pale. One half depicts the Vytis and the other, Lady Justice.

counties