Madrid () is a municipality located in the

Cundinamarca Department Department of Cundinamarca (, ) is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers (not including the Capital District) and it has a population of 2,919,060 as of 2018. It was created on August 5, 1886, under the constitutional terms pre ...

Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...

, within the

Western Savanna Province Western Savanna Province is one of the 15 provinces in the Cundinamarca Department, Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions i ...

. As of 2024, it has an estimated population of approximately 140,000 residents, making it one of the most populous municipalities in the region and the country. The municipality spans an area of 120.5 square kilometers and is situated at an altitude of 2,554

meters above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level vari ...

. Located 21 kilometers west of

Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish Imperial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city, capital and largest city ...

, Madrid is closely connected to the Colombian capital, both functionally and spatially, as part of its broader

metropolitan area A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated urban area, urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories which share Industry (economics), industries, commercial areas, Transport infrastructure, transport network ...

. Established as an

encomienda The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish Labour (human activity), labour system that rewarded Conquistador, conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including mil ...

in 1559 by Alonso Díaz and originally named ''Serrezuela'', the municipality was renamed ''Madrid'' in 1875. In the present day, it is recognized for its significant residential growth and cultural diversity, characteristics that have established it as a prominent

commuter town A commuter town is a populated area that is primarily residential rather than commercial or industrial. Routine travel from home to work and back is called commuting, which is where the term comes from. A commuter town may be called by many o ...

within the

. This development exemplifies broader patterns of socio-spatial transformation and underscores the dynamic interaction between urbanization processes and demographic mobility in the region. Before the arrival of European colonizers and the rise of the Muisca culture, the area now known as the municipality of Madrid was inhabited by the Herrera Culture, one of the earliest sedentary societies on the

Bogotá savanna The Bogotá savanna is a savanna#Savanna ecoregions, montane savanna, located in the southwestern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the center of Colombia. The Bogotá savanna has an extent of and an average altitude of . The savanna is si ...

. This pre-Columbian community established settlements near essential water sources, such as the Subachoque River and Lake La Herrera, which were integral to their subsistence as well as their ritual and ceremonial practices. Archaeological evidence from the region, including remnants of funerary complexes and structures potentially used for

astronomical observation Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical ...

, suggests a symbolic and economic relationship with water. These findings also highlight the community's sophisticated understanding of natural and astronomical cycles, which shaped both their agricultural activities and spiritual traditions. In the later

pre-Columbian era In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European col ...

, the region became known as ''Tibaitatá'', a significant

agricultural Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created f ...

center within the

Muisca Confederation The Muisca Confederation was a loose confederation of different Muisca rulers (''zaques'', ''zipas'', ''iraca'', and ''tundama'') in the central Andes, Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of the Americas, Spanis ...

and a strategic location in the zipazgo, the domain ruled by the

zipa When the Spain, Spanish arrived in the central Colombian highlands, the region was organized into the Muisca Confederation, which had two rulers; the ''Zipa'' was the ruler of the southern part and based in Funza, Muyquytá. The ''Zaque'' was the ...

. Administered from Bacatá (present-day

Funza Funza () is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Western Savanna Province, of the Departments of Colombia, department of Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca. Funza is situated on the Bogotá savanna, the southwestern part of the Altiplano C ...

), the zipazgo included Tibaitatá, which was governed by Chief Sugasuca, a prominent leader responsible for overseeing agricultural production. The fertile lands of Tibaitatá were crucial for sustaining Muisca society and, upon the arrival of Spanish conquerors on the Bogotá Savanna, became highly coveted for their agricultural potential. Madrid has been the setting for the presence and contributions of numerous prominent figures in Colombian history. Among the most notable are

Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bol ...

, known as the ''Liberator'', and

Antonio Nariño Antonio Amador José de Nariño y Álvarez del Casal (April 9, 1765 – December 13, 1823),Hector, M., and A. Ardila. Hombres y mujeres en las letras de Colombia. 2. Bogota: Magisterio, 2008. 25. Print. was a Colombian ideological wiktionary:p ...

, both key precursors of the

independence movement Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a ...

. Also significant are José María Vergara y Vergara, a leading

literary critic A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature' ...

of his era, and Rufino José Cuervo, a distinguished

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...

whose work profoundly influenced the study of

language Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed language, signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing syste ...

José Hilario López José Hilario López Valdés (18 February 1798, Popayán, Cauca – 27 November 1869, Campoalegre, Huila) was a Colombian politician and military officer. He was the President of Colombia between 1849 and 1853.Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; ...

, a President of the Republic celebrated for abolishing slavery in Colombia, and

Pedro Fernández Madrid Pedro is a masculine given name. Pedro is the Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician name for ''Peter''. Its French equivalent is Pierre while its English and Germanic form is Peter. The counterpart patronymic surname of the name Pedro, meaning ...

, a prominent

politician A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...

and

intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and Human self-reflection, reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the wor ...

, also feature prominently in the municipality's historical narrative. In more recent times, figures such as

Rafael Reyes Rafael Reyes Prieto (December 5, 1849 – February 18, 1921) was a Colombian politician and soldier who was the Chief of Staff of the Colombian National Army and President of Colombia (1904–1909).Gobernantes Colombianos, Ignacio Arismendi Pos ...

, instrumental in the nation’s modernization, and

Alfonso López Pumarejo Alfonso López Pumarejo (31 January 1886 – 20 November 1959) was a Colombian political figure, who twice served as President of Colombia, as a member of the Colombian Liberal Party. He served as President of Colombia from 1934 to 1938 and aga ...

, a reformist president of considerable influence, have further shaped the history and legacy of Madrid. The municipality of Madrid is characterized by two notable

mountainous A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher t ...

formations of significant

geographical Geography (from Ancient Greek ; combining 'Earth' and 'write', literally 'Earth writing') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding o ...

and

ecological Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely re ...

importance. To the southeast is Cerro Tibaitatá, located near the historic Hacienda Casablanca, with elevations ranging from 2,550 to 2,750 meters above sea level (MSL). This formation stands as a prominent geographical and historical landmark in the region. To the north lies the rural area of Valle del Abra, a designated

natural reserve A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geologi ...

known for its ecological value. This area encompasses diverse landscapes and supports rich

biodiversity Biodiversity is the variability of life, life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and Phylogenetics, phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distribut ...

, serving as a habitat for numerous

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...

species,

insects Insects (from Latin ') are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed ...

, and native

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

varieties. In recent years, the region has seen the development of

ecotourism Ecotourism is a form of nature-oriented tourism intended to contribute to the Ecological conservation, conservation of the natural environment, generally defined as being minimally impactful, and including providing both contributions to conserv ...

initiatives, including the construction of lodges and hotels to accommodate visitors. Cerro Tibaitatá and Valle del Abra have emerged as popular destinations for outdoor recreational activities, such as

hiking A hike is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking for pleasure developed in Europe during the eighteenth century. Long hikes as part of a religious pilgrimage have existed for a much longer time. "Hi ...

and

mountain biking Mountain biking (MTB) is a sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability ...

. These efforts have contributed to the promotion of sustainable tourism while supporting

environmental conservation Environmental conservation may refer to: * Environmental protection * Nature conservation {{disambiguation ...

and fostering greater appreciation for the area’s natural and

cultural heritage Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by socie ...

. Madrid holds a prominent position in Colombia's aviation history, serving as the location of the Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento (Air Maintenance Command), the country's oldest air base, and the Escuela de Suboficiales of the

Colombian Air Force The Colombian Aerospace Force (FAC, ) is the air force of the Republic of Colombia. The Colombian Aerospace Force is one of the three institutions of the Military Forces of Colombia charged, according to the 1991 Constitution, with working to exe ...

(Air Force Non-Commissioned Officers School). Renowned figures such as Justino Mariño and Andrés M. Díaz have made lasting contributions to both the local and national aviation communities, reinforcing Madrid's significance in this domain. The historic visit of

Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, and author. On May 20–21, 1927, he made the first nonstop flight from New York (state), New York to Paris, a distance of . His aircra ...

further highlights the municipality's importance, leaving a profound impact on its identity and solidifying its legacy within the broader context of Colombian aviation.

Toponymy

The name ''Madrid'', conferred in honor of

, was established to commemorate this notable figure, who was born in

Havana Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

, and spent his final years in the municipality formerly known as ''Serrezuela''. Following his death on February 7, 1875, the local community petitioned the Departmental Assembly of Cundinamarca to rename the municipality in his honor. This request was approved through Law 14 on November 17, 1875, thereby embedding Fernández Madrid's legacy within the region's toponymy. The name ''Serrezuela'' was reinstated in 1945 but was replaced by ''Madrid'' again in 1946. However, in 1973, the Departmental Assembly restored the original name in accordance with Law 5 of 1920, which requires towns to adopt

indigenous Indigenous may refer to: *Indigenous peoples *Indigenous (ecology) In biogeography, a native species is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often populari ...

ancient Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the development of Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient h ...

, or

historical History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categ ...

names. The current name, ''Madrid'', was officially established by Decree No. 14 on November 16, 1976. Historian Roberto Velandia explains that the adoption of the name Madrid occurred somewhat incidentally, influenced by the political and social resonance associated with the figure it commemorates. The toponym ''Madrid'' traces its earliest recorded usage to the Andalusian period, where it appeared as ''Maǧrīţ''. Over time, this evolved into ''Magerit'' in

Old Spanish Old Spanish (, , ; ), also known as Old Castilian or Medieval Spanish, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance spoken predominantly in Castile and environs during the Middle Ages. The earliest, longest, and most famous literary composition in O ...

. The

etymology Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. ...

of the name has been a subject of considerable scholarly debate. The most widely accepted hypothesis, advanced by

Arabist An Arabist is someone, often but not always from outside the Arab world, who specialises in the study of the Arabic language and Arab culture, culture (usually including Arabic literature). Origins Arabists began in Al Andalus, medieval Muslim ...

Jaime Oliver Asín, suggests that the name derives from the

Andalusi Romance Andalusi Romance, also called Mozarabic, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance that were spoken in Al-Andalus, the parts of the medieval Iberian Peninsula under Islamic control. Romance, or vernacular Late Latin, was the common tongue for th ...

term ''Matrice'', meaning ''mother stream'' or ''matrix''. For an extended period, the dual

toponyms Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for a proper nam ...

''Maǧrīţ'' and ''Magerit'' coexisted, used respectively by the

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

and

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

communities residing on the hills of Almudena and Vistillas in

Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

. These communities were separated by an ancient stream, now corresponding to Segovia Street. The collaborative presence of these groups played a pivotal role in the origin and perpetuation of these names. This

etymological Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. ...

and

context has been further explored and refined through the comprehensive studies of

Joan Coromines Joan Coromines i Vigneaux (; also frequently spelled ''Joan Corominas''; Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, by Joan Corominas icand José Antonio Pascual, Editorial Gredos, 1989, Madrid, . Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ...

and Federico Corriente Córdoba, whose meticulous analyses have significantly deepened the understanding of the name ''Madrid''. The municipality of Madrid in Cundinamarca presents an intriguing

coincidence, linking its name to that of Madrid, the capital of Spain. The name of the

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...

Madrid originates from the ancient ''Arroyo de San Pedro'', a stream that once flowed through Segovia Street, and its etymology traces back to Andalusian and

Mozarabic Mozarabic may refer to: *Andalusi Romance, also called the Mozarabic language *Mozarabs The Mozarabs (from ), or more precisely Andalusi Christians, were the Christians of al-Andalus, or the territories of Iberia under Muslim rule from 711 to ...

linguistic Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...

roots. In contrast, the

Andean The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long and wide (widest between 18°S ...

Madrid derives its name in honor of

. Notably, this Colombian municipality is situated along the Subachoque River, introducing an additional layer of

and

cultural Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...

significance to its

toponymy Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' ( proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for a proper na ...

. This similarity suggests a geographic and cultural parallel between the Spanish stream and the Cundinamarcan river, while also enriching the study of naming conventions through hydronymic influences in the Spanish context and oronymic influences in the Colombian case. The latter is particularly significant given that the colonial name of the Colombian municipality was ''Serrezuela'', a term referring to a small mountain range, specifically the Tibaytatá hill. The

demonym A demonym (; ) or 'gentilic' () is a word that identifies a group of people ( inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place ( hamlet, village, town, city, region, ...

for the inhabitants of the municipality is ''madrileño'' and ''madrileña (madrilenian'' in english).

Location

Madrid, located in the department of Cundinamarca, forms part of the western subregion of the

Bogotá Savanna The Bogotá savanna is a savanna#Savanna ecoregions, montane savanna, located in the southwestern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the center of Colombia. The Bogotá savanna has an extent of and an average altitude of . The savanna is si ...

and lies within the first metropolitan ring of the capital, situated just 21 kilometers away. Positioned to the east of the

and southwest of the Bogotá Savanna, Madrid is surrounded by the densely populated municipalities of

Facatativá Facatativá is a city and municipality in the Cundinamarca Department, located about 18 miles (31 km) northwest of Bogotá, Colombia and 2,586 meters above sea level. The city is known for its Archaeological Park Piedras del Tunjo (Rocks of ...

, and

Mosquera Mosquera is a surname of Galician origin, later spreading to other parts of Spain such as Castile and Extremadura or Latin America. The family crest states (Spanish) Gallego. It derives from the mansion of the family's founder, Ramiro de Mosquera. ...

. The urban area is bordered by the Subachoque and Bojacá rivers, which function as both natural and administrative boundaries. Madrid occupies a strategically significant location along the Bogotá Highway and the railway line connecting the capital to Puerto Salgar. It is also traversed by other major regional thoroughfares, including the

Medellín Medellín ( ; or ), officially the Special District of Science, Technology and Innovation of Medellín (), is the List of cities in Colombia, second-largest city in Colombia after Bogotá, and the capital of the department of Antioquia Departme ...

Highway, solidifying its role as a critical hub in Colombia's national transportation network. The municipality is divided into two distinct geographical zones. Approximately 84% of the territory consists of flatlands, which are well-suited for

and

livestock Livestock are the Domestication, domesticated animals that are raised in an Agriculture, agricultural setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, Egg as food, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The t ...

activities due to their efficient drainage and abundant

water resources Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water. These resources can be either Fresh water, freshwater from natural sources, or water produ ...

. The remaining 16% is mountainous, with elevations reaching up to 2,875 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) south of the urban center, exceeding the

's average altitude of 2,600 m a.s.l. Madrid is not only located near

but also plays a crucial role in the regional urban system. It is strategically positioned along two major national transportation corridors that intersect in the capital. The north-south axis connects

Tunja Tunja () is a municipality and city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2018 the municipality had a population of 172,548. It is the capital of B ...

, Girardot, and

Ibagué Ibagué () (referred to as San Bonifacio de Ibagué del Valle de las Lanzas during the New Kingdom of Granada, Spanish period) is the capital of Tolima Department, Tolima, one of the 32 departments that make up the Republic of Colombia. The city ...

, while the east-west axis links

Villavicencio Villavicencio () is a city and municipality in Colombia. The capital of Meta Department, it was founded on April 6, 1840. The municipality had a population of 531,275 in 2018. The city is located at 4°08'N, 73°40'W, 75 km (about 45 ...

Honda commonly known as just Honda, is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate automotive manufacturer headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in October 1946 by Soichiro Honda, Honda has bee ...

, and the Colombian Coffee Growing Axis. These corridors concentrate a significant portion of Cundinamarca's transportation infrastructure and public services, reinforcing Madrid's importance within the regional network. Located on the western axis of the metropolitan polygon, Madrid forms part of the

Metropolitan Area of Bogotá Metropolitan Area of Bogotá is the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá, usually used for statistical analysis or technical use. It is not a formal administrative division and its limits are therefore not defined. The study ...

, which includes municipalities such as

Soacha Soacha is an autonomous municipality of the department of Cundinamarca in Colombia, and part of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá. It has an important industrial zone and is home to mostly working-class families. Soacha borders Bojacá and Mosq ...

, Chía,

, and

. This conurbation highlights Madrid's high degree of functional integration with the capital, positioning it as an intermediate city with a rapidly expanding demographic dynamic.

Municipal Boundaries

Climate

The municipality features a temperate isothermal climate categorized as Csb, as per the

Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...

. Owing to its elevation, Madrid experiences a mountainous climate, and due to its low latitude, it exhibits minimal thermal variation throughout the course of the year. Temperatures typically range between 7 °C to 20 °C, with an average temperature of 14 °C.

References

{{coord, 4, 44, 04, N, 74, 16, 06, W, display=title, region:CO_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki Municipalities of Cundinamarca Department Populated places established in 1559 1559 establishments in the Spanish Empire Populated places of the Muisca Confederation