étude An étude (; ) or study is an instrumental musical composition, designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular musical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popu ...

is a musical composition (usually short) designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

For the piano

Born 1700–1799

Hélène de Montgeroult Marquise Hélène de Montgeroult born Hélène Antoinette Marie de Nervo (2 March 1764 – 20 May 1836) was a French composer and pianist. Recognised as one of the best fortepiano performers and improvisers of her time, and a published composer, d ...

(1764–1836): 114 études *

Daniel Steibelt Daniel Gottlieb Steibelt (22 October 1765) was a German pianist and composer. His main works were composed in Paris and in London, and he died in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He once challenged and lost to Ludwig van Beethoven in a piano duel. Bi ...

(1765–1823): fifty études (Op.78) *

Johann Baptist Cramer Johann (sometimes John) Baptist Cramer (24 February 1771 – 16 April 1858) was an English pianist, composer and music publisher of German origin, born in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Wilhelm Cramer, a famous London violinist and con ...

(1771–1858): eighty-four études, Op. 50, Short Studies, Op. 100 *

Johann Nepomuk Hummel Johann Nepomuk Hummel (14 November 177817 October 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist. His music reflects the transition from the Classical to the Romantic musical era. He was a pupil of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Antonio Salieri, and ...

(1778–1837): twenty-four études (Op. 125) * Alexandre-Pierre François Boëly (1785–1858): 30 études (Op. 6) *

Carl Czerny Carl Czerny (; ; 21 February 1791 – 15 July 1857) was an Austrian composer, teacher, and pianist of Czech origin whose music spanned the late Classical and early Romantic eras. His vast musical production amounted to over a thousand works an ...

(1791–1857): many études, of which the best known are his Opp. 299 and 599 *

Ignaz Moscheles Isaac Ignaz Moscheles (; 23 May 179410 March 1870) was a Bohemian piano virtuoso and composer. He was based initially in London and later at Leipzig, where he joined his friend and sometime pupil Felix Mendelssohn as professor of piano in the Co ...

(1794–1870): études (Op. 70), twelve character études (Op. 95), three concert études (Op. 51) *

Henri Bertini Henri Jérôme Bertini (28 October 1798 – 30 September 1876) was a French classical composer and pianist. He was born into a family of musicians and attracted the attention of François-Joseph Fétis when he toured Europe as a child prodigy. ...

(1798–1876): twenty-four études (Op. 29)

Born 1800–1850

Amédée Méreaux Jean-Amédée Lefroid de Méreaux (18 September 1802 – 25 April 1874) was a French composer, pianist, piano teacher, musicologist and music critic. He is best-known for his ''60 Grandes Études'', Op. 63. Family background Amédée Méreaux cam ...

(1802–1874): sixty études, op. 63 *

Henri Herz Henri Herz (6 January 1803 – 5 January 1888) was a virtuoso pianist, composer and piano manufacturer, Austrian by birth and French by nationality and domicile. He was a professor in the Paris Conservatoire for more than thirty years. Among his ...

(1803–1888): Études de l'agilité (Op.179), thirty etudes progressives (Op.119), 24 etudes (Op.151), 24 etudes (Op.152) *

Louise Farrenc Louise Farrenc (; 31 May 1804 – 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher of the Romantic music, Romantic period. Her compositions include three symphonies, a few choral works, numerous chamber music, chamber piec ...

(1804–1875): Trente études in all the major and minor keys, Op. 26 (1838), Douze études brillantes, Op. 41 (1853) *

Friedrich Burgmüller Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller, generally known as Friedrich Burgmuller (4 December 1806 – 13 February 1874) was a German pianist and composerPhilip J. Bone''The Guitar and Mandolin. Biographies of celebrated players and composers for thes ...

(1806–1874): many études, of which the best known are his ''25 Études faciles et progressives'', Op. 100, and 12 Études, Op. 105 *

Felix Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic music, Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions inc ...

(1809–1847) three études (Op. 104) *

Robert Schumann Robert Schumann (; ; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early Romantic music, Romantic era. He composed in all the main musical genres of the time, writing for solo piano, voice and piano, chamber ...

(1810–1856): Studies (Op. 3) and Études (Op. 10) after Paganini's Caprices; and the '' Symphonic Studies'' (Op. 13, in three revisions: 1834, 1852, and posthumously 1893). *

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period who wrote primarily for Piano solo, solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown ...

(1810–1849): 24 études in two sets of 12 each (Opp. 10 and 25), plus three more (a little easier), for a total of 27. *

Franz Liszt Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic music, Romantic period. With a diverse List of compositions by Franz Liszt, body of work spanning more than six ...

(1811–1886): set of ''

Transcendental Études The ''Transcendental Études'' (), S.139, is a set of twelve compositions for piano by Franz Liszt. They were published in 1852 as a revision of an 1837 set (which had not borne the title "d'exécution transcendante"), which in turn were – f ...

'', with its two previous versions being Étude en douze exercises and

Douze Grandes Études The Douze (; ) is the right source river of the Midouze, in the Landes, in the southwest of France. It is long. Geography The Douze rises in Armagnac, in the Gers département. It joins the Midou in Mont-de-Marsan to constitute the Midouze, ...

; six études, also with an earlier set, on themes by

Niccolò Paganini Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini (; ; 27 October 178227 May 1840) was an Italian violinist and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His 24 Caprices ...

(among them the famous ''

La Campanella "La campanella" (Italian for "The little bell") is the subtitle given to the third of Franz Liszt's six '' Grandes études de Paganini'', S. 141 (1851). It is in the key of G-sharp minor. Background "La campanella" is a revision of an earlie ...

''); and six concert études ( one set of three, another set of two and Ab Irato which also has an earlier version). In contrast with Chopin's études, which tend to stress a specific aspect of performance difficulty, Liszt's études tend to stress mastery of performance as a whole. Liszt also wrote 12 books of Technical Studies (S.146) between 1868 and 1880. *

Charles-Valentin Alkan Charles-Valentin Alkan (; 30 November 1813 – 29 March 1888) was a French composer and virtuoso pianist. At the height of his fame in the 1830s and 1840s he was, alongside his friends and colleagues Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt, amon ...

(1813–1888): Trois Études de bravoure (Op. 16); études in all 12 major keys (Op. 35) and in all 12 minor keys (Op. 39); and also three ''Grande Études'' (Op. 76). He also wrote three other études: Op. 17 (''Le preux''), Op. 27 ('' Le chemin de fer''), and two without opus number. *

Stephen Heller Stephen Heller (15 May 181314 January 1888) was a Hungarian pianist, teacher, and composer whose career spanned the period from Schumann to Bizet. Heller was an influence for later Romantic composers. He outlived his reputation, and was a nea ...

(1813–1888): twenty-four études Op. 16, 25 Études Op. 45, 30 Études Op. 46, 25 Études Op. 47, 24 Nouvelles études d'expression et de rhythme Op. 125, 4 Études d'après Der Freischütz Op. 127, twenty-one Études techniques pour préparer à l'exécution des ouvrages Op. 154, among others *

Adolf von Henselt Georg Martin Adolf von Henselt (9 May 181410 October 1889) was a German composer and virtuoso pianist. Life Henselt was born at Schwabach, in Bavaria. At the age of three he began to learn the violin, and at five the piano under Josepha von Fl ...

(1814–1889): twenty-four études, Opp. 2 and 5. *

Theodor Kirchner Fürchtegott Theodor Kirchner (10 December 1823 – 18 September 1903) was a German composer and pianist of the Romantic music, Romantic era. Musical career Kirchner enjoyed the friendship and admiration of many leading composers of the 19th cen ...

(1823–1903): twelve études, Op. 38 (1878), Études rythmiques et mélodiques, Op. 105 *

Bedřich Smetana Bedřich Smetana ( ; ; 2 March 1824 – 12 May 1884) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his people's aspirations to a cultural and political "revival". He has been regarded ...

(1824–1884): concert étude, ''Am Seegestade – Eine Erinnerung'' * Julius Schulhoff (1825–1898): twelve études *

Louis Moreau Gottschalk Louis Moreau Gottschalk (May 8, 1829 – December 18, 1869) was an American composer, pianist, and virtuoso performer of his own romantic piano works. He spent most of his working career outside the United States. Life and career Gottschalk ...

(1829–1869): ''Tremolo'' and ''Manchega'', two concert études. *

Johannes Brahms Johannes Brahms (; ; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period (music), Romantic period. His music is noted for its rhythmic vitality and freer treatment of dissonance, oft ...

(1833–1897): ''fifty-one Exercises for Piano'' (published in 1893) *

Camille Saint-Saëns Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (, , 9October 183516 December 1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic music, Romantic era. His best-known works include Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (1863), the Piano ...

(1835–1921): two sets of six études each (Opp. 52 and 111) and 6 études for the left hand (Op. 135) *

Carl Tausig Karl Tausig (sometimes "Carl"; born Karol Tausig; 4 November 184117 July 1871) was a Polish virtuoso pianist, arranger and composer. He is generally regarded as Franz Liszt's most distinguished pupil and one of the greatest pianists of all time. ...

(1841–1871): Etude 'Le Ruisseau', Op.6, 2 Etudes de concert, Op.1b *

Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha (1 August 1846 – 11 August 1913) was a Brazilian composer, lawyer and diplomat. Itiberê was the sibling of poet and critic (literary and musical) and uncle of composer . Biography Brasílio Itiberê was born in ...

(1846–1913): ''Etude de Concert d'aprés Philip Emanuel Bach'' (Op. 33) *

Théodore Lack Théodore Lack (3 September 1846 – 25 November 1921) was a French pianist and composer. Life Born in Quimper, he studied under Antoine François Marmontel (pianoforte), Lefébure-Wély (composition) and François Bazin (harmony). He started ...

(1846–1921): 12 études elégantes Op.30, Études de bravoure Op.43, Études artistiques Op.91 * Agathe Backer-Grøndahl (1847–1907): nineteen ''Concert études''.

Born 1850–1899

Henrique Oswald Henrique José Pedro Maria Carlos Luis Oswald (April 14, 1852 – June 9, 1931) was a Brazilian composer and pianist. Biography Oswald was born in Rio de Janeiro. His father was a Swiss-German immigrant and his mother from Italy. The family name ...

(1852–1931): ''Trois Etudes pour piano'', plus three independent études *

Rafael Joseffy Rafael Joseffy (July 3, 1852 – June 25, 1915) was a Hungarian Jewish pianist, teacher and composer. Life Rafael Joseffy was born in Hunfalu, Szepes County (now Huncovce, Slovakia) in 1852. His youth was spent in Miskolc, and he began his s ...

(1852-1915): School of Advanced Piano Playing *

Moritz Moszkowski Moritz Moszkowski (23 August 18544 March 1925) was a German-Polish composer, pianist, and teacher.Anatoly Lyadov Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov (; ) was a Russian composer, teacher and conductor. Biography Lyadov was born in 1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire, into a family of eminent Russian musicians. He was taught informally by his conductor s ...

(1855–1914): three études ( Op. 5, Op. 12 & Op. 37) *

Sergei Lyapunov Sergei Mikhailovich Lyapunov (or Liapunov; , ; 8 November 1924) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor. Life Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl in 1859. After the death of his father, Mikhail Lyapunov, when he was about eight, Sergei, his moth ...

(1859–1924): ''Douze études d'exécution transcendante'' in memory of Liszt *

Edward MacDowell Edward Alexander MacDowell (December 18, 1860January 23, 1908) was an American composer and pianist of the late Romantic period. He was best known for his second piano concerto and his piano suites '' Woodland Sketches'', ''Sea Pieces'' and ''Ne ...

(1860–1908): concert étude (Op. 36), 12 études (Op.39) and 12 études (Op. 46) *

Anton Arensky Anton Stepanovich Arensky (; – ) was a Russian composer of Romantic classical music, a pianist and a professor of music. Biography Arensky was born into an affluent, music-loving family in Novgorod, Russia. He was musically precocious and ha ...

(1861- 1906): 12 études (Op. 74), 4 études (Op. 41) * Georgy Catoire (1861–1926): one étude (Op. 8) *

Claude Debussy Achille Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionism in music, Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influe ...

(1862–1918): 12 études (L. 136) *

Emil von Sauer Emil Georg Conrad von Sauer (8 October 186227 April 1942) was a German composer, pianist, score editor, and music (piano) teacher. He was a pupil of Franz Liszt and one of the most distinguished pianists of his generation. Josef Hofmann called von ...

(1862–1942) *

Felix Blumenfeld Felix Mikhailovich Blumenfeld (; – 21 January 1931) was a Russian and Soviet composer and conductor of the Imperial Opera St-Petersburg, pianist, and teacher. He was born in Elisavetgrad, which was in 2016 renamed to Kropyvnytskyi (in pr ...

(1863–1931): eighteen études. *

Gabriel Pierné Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863 – 17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, pianist and organist. Biography Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz. His family moved to Paris, after Metz and part of Lorraine were annexed to Germ ...

(1863–1937): concert étude (Op. 13) *

Jean Sibelius Jean Sibelius (; ; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius; 8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic music, Romantic and 20th-century classical music, early modern periods. He is widely regarded as his countr ...

(1865–1957): étude in A minor (Op. 76, No. 2) *

Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary ...

(1866–1924): six études (Op. 16); an Étude en forme de variations (Op. 17); and Six Polyphonic Études. *

José Vianna da Motta José Vianna da Motta (modern spelling as 'Viana da Mota') (22 April 18681 June 1948) was a Portuguese pianist, teacher, and composer. He was one of the last pupils of Franz Liszt. The José Vianna da Motta Music Competition was founded in 1957 ...

(1868–1948): "Exercices de Virtuosite" (1908), based on Alkan's works. *

Charles Tournemire Charles Arnould Tournemire (22 January 1870 – 3 or 4 November 1939) was a French composer and organist, notable partly for his improvisations, which were often rooted in the music of Gregorian chant. His compositions include eight symphon ...

(1870–1939): ''Études de chaque jour'' (Op. 70) *

Leopold Godowsky Leopold Mordkhelovich Godowsky Sr. (13 February 1870 – 21 November 1938) was a virtuoso pianist, composer and teacher, born in what is now Lithuania to Jewish parents, who became an United States of America, American citizen in 1891. He ...

(1870–1938): sixty studies on Chopin's études, of which 53 are published; three original ''Concert Studies'' (Op. 11), and the ''Étude Macabre''. *

Alexander Scriabin Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin, scientific transliteration: ''Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin''; also transliterated variously as Skriabin, Skryabin, and (in French) Scriabine. The composer himselused the French spelling "Scriabine" which was a ...

(1872–1915): twenty-six études (Opp. 2, 8, 42, 49, 56 and 65) *

Sergei Rachmaninoff Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff; in Russian pre-revolutionary script. (28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and Conducting, conductor. Rachmaninoff is widely considered one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a compos ...

(1873–1943): two sets of ''Études-Tableaux'' (Opp. 33 and 39). *

Charles Ives Charles Edward Ives (; October 20, 1874May 19, 1954) was an American modernist composer, actuary and businessman. Ives was among the earliest renowned American composers to achieve recognition on a global scale. His music was largely ignored d ...

(1874–1954): twenty-three studies for piano between 1910 and 1923 *Josef Hofmann (1876–1957) *Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960): six "Concert Études" (Op. 28). *Béla Bartók (1881–1945): three Études (Bartók), Études (Op. 18) *Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971): Quatre études, Op. 7 (Stravinsky), Quatre études (Op. 7) *Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937): four études Op. 4 and 12 études Op. 33 *Alfredo Casella (1883–1947) *Pedro Humberto Allende (1885–1959): ''Nueve Estudios'' (1920-36) *Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953): four études (Op. 2) *Samuil Feinberg (1890–1962): Suite (Op. 11) ''In Étude Form''. *Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (1892–1988): ''Transcendental Studies (Sorabji), 100 Transcendental Studies'' (1940–44) *Virgil Thomson (1896–1989): nine études *Oscar Lorenzo Fernández (1897–1948): ''Três estudos em forma de sonatina'' (Op. 62)

Born after 1899

*Lennox Berkeley (1903–1989) *John Corigliano (born 1938): Etude Fantasy for Piano (1976) *André Jolivet (1905–1974): 6 études *Louise Talma (1906–1996): ''Six études'' (1954) for piano *Mozart Camargo Guarnieri (1907–1993): twenty études composed between 1949 and 1988 *Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992): ''Quatre études de rythme'' *John Cage (1912–1992): ''Etudes Australes'' and ''Etudes Boreales'' *Maurice Ohana (1913–1992): ''Douze Études d'interprétation'' *Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994): two études (1940–1941) *George Perle (born 1915): two sets of études *Thomas Henderson Kerr Jr. (1915-1988): ''Dancétudes: 7 Vignettes of Dolls and Pets'' *Earl Wild (1915–2010): ''Seven Virtuoso Études'' (1976) on popular songs of George Gershwin *Ned Rorem (1923–2022): set of eight études (1975) *György Ligeti (1923–2006): three volumes of études (Ligeti), études (1985, 1988–1994 and 1995) *Robert Starer (1924–2001): ''The Contemporary Virtuoso'', a set of 7 études *Einojuhani Rautavaara (1928–2016): Études (Rautavaara), six études (Op. 42) *Pierre Max Dubois (1930–1995) *Leslie Adams (composer), H. Leslie Adams (born 1932): "Twenty-six Études for Solo Piano." *Jacques Charpentier (1933–2017): 72 études karmatiques *Philip Glass (born 1937): two volumes of études (Glass), études between 1991 and 2012. *Nikolai Kapustin (1937–2020): ''Eight Concert Études'' (Op. 40), ''Three Études'' (Op. 67), ''Five Études in Different Intervals'' (Op. 68) *William Bolcom (born 1938): won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1988 for his ''Twelve New Études for Piano'' *Tomáš Svoboda (composer), Tomáš Svoboda (born 1939): two volumes of ''Nine Études in Fugue Style'' (Op. 44) and (Op. 98) for piano *Bill Hopkins (composer), Bill Hopkins (1943–1981): nine ''Études en série'' (1965–72) in three ''Cahiers'' *Almeida Prado (1943–2010): 14 études *Pascal Dusapin (born 1955): ''Études for piano (1998–99)'' *Toshio Hosokawa (born 1955): Six Etudes (2011–2013) *Ezequiel Viñao (born 1960): first book of études in 1993 *Marc-André Hamelin (born 1961): twelve études in minor keys, and an étude after Rimsky-Korsakov (which was the previous 1st piece of the 12 études set, but it was replaced by the Triple Étude after Chopin-Godowsky) *Lowell Liebermann (born 1961): ''Etudes on Brahms Songs'' Op.88 (2004), ''Etudes on Songs of Robert Franz'' Op.91 (2005) *Unsuk Chin (born 1961): currently working on a set of 12 ''Piano Studies'', of which six have been completed *Karen Tanaka (born 1961): ''Techno Etudes'' (2000) *Juan María Solare (born 1966): the cycle ''Postales submarinas (études for inside piano)'' in 2011. *Daisuke Asakura (born 1967): seven études, one for each disc of his Quantum Mechanics Rainbow series *Nimrod Borenstein (born 1969) **6 Etudes, Op. 66: Ostinato Étude opus 66 No. 1 (2014), Half Moon Étude opus 66 No. 2 (2016), Tango Étude opus 66 No. 3 (2016), Arpeggio Étude opus 66 No. 4 (2018),Kangding Qingge Étude opus 66 No. 5 (2019) Méphisto Étude opus 66 No. 6 (2019) **6 Etudes, Op. 86: Staccato/Legato Étude opus 86 No. 1 (2019), Chords Étude opus 86 No. 2 (2020), Hidden Melodies Étude opus 86 No. 3 (2020), Brazilian Étude opus 86 No. 4 (2020), Toccata Étude opus 86 No. 5 (2020), Japanese Gardens Étude opus 86 No. 6 (2020) *Martin Kutnowski (no info): ''Five tango études'' (2001)

For other instruments

In chronological order

*Girolamo Diruta (c. 1554–1610) for the organ *Jean-Louis Duport (1749–1819): for the cello *Rodolphe Kreutzer (1766–1831): for the violin *Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829): for the guitar *Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer (1783–1860): for the cello *Matteo Carcassi (1792–1853): for the guitar *Theobald Boehm (1794–1881): for the flute *Napoléon Coste (1805–1883): 25 études de genre, for guitar *Friedrich Grützmacher (1832–1903): Op. 38 Études for the cello *Franz Wohlfahrt (composer), Franz Wohlfahrt(1833–1884):60 Studies for Violin (Op. 45) *David Popper (1843–1913): for the cello *Joachim Andersen (composer), Joachim Andersen (1847–1909): for the flute *Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909): ''Douze Études'', for guitar *Émile Sauret, Emile Sauret (1852–1920) 24 études-caprices for violin *Julius Klengel (1859–1933): for the cello *Joseph Bonnet (1884–1944): étude de concert, for organ *Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959): for the guitar *Darius Milhaud (1892–1974): ''Cinq études'', Op. 63, for piano and orchestra (1920); ''Etude poétique'', Op. 333, musique concrète (1954); Études, Op. 442, for string quartet (1973) *Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971): Quatre études (Stravinsky), Quatre études for orchestra, and Étude pour pianola *Andrés Segovia (1893–1987): for the guitar *Herbert Eimert (1897–1972): ''Etüde über Tongemische'', electronic music (1953–54) *Lillian Fuchs (1903–1991): for the viola *Alan Rawsthorne (1905–1971): ''Symphonic Studies'', for orchestra (1938) *Chirskov Nikita (2010): for the guitar *Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992): ''Vocalise-étude'', for soprano and piano (1935) *Pierre Schaeffer (1910–1995): ''Cinq études de bruits'' (1948), for ''musique concrète'' (turntable technology), consisting of (1) "Étude aux chemins de fer", (2) "Étude aux tourniquets", (3) "Étude au piano I", (4) "Étude au piano II", and (5) "Étude aux casseroles". Also wrote ''Étude pathétique (1948), ''Étude violette'' (1948), both turntable-technology ''musique concrète'', ''Étude aux sons animés'' (1958), ''Étude aux allures (1958), and ''Étude aux objets'' (1959), all for tape-technology musique concrète *John Cage (1912–1992): ''Freeman Etudes'' for the violin *Jeanne Demessieux (1921–1968): 6 études, for organ *Francis Dhomont (1926–2023): ''Études pour Kafka'' for electronic sound production *Jean Barraqué (1928–1973): ''Étude'' for three-track tape *Pierre Boulez (1925–2016): ''Deux études'', musique concrète *Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012): ''Sinfonische Etüden'' for orchestra (1956, rev. 1964); ''Etude philarmonique'', for solo violin (1979) *Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007): ''Etude (Stockhausen), Konkrete Etüde'', ''musique concrète'', as well as ''Studie I'' and ''Studie II'' for electronic music *Easley Blackwood, Jr., Easley Blackwood (1933–2023): ''Twelve Microtonal Etudes for Electronic Music Media'', Op. 28 *Angelo Gilardino (born 1941): five volumes of ''Studi di virtuosità e di trascendenza'' for guitar *Brian Ferneyhough (born 1943): ''Etudes Transcendantales'' for mezzo-soprano and chamber ensemble *Robert deMaine (born 1969): Études-Caprices for cello

By instruments

Organ

*Girolamo Diruta (c. 1554–1610) Oboe * Gilles Silvestrini (Born 1961)

Flute

*Joachim Andersen (composer), Joachim Andersen (1847–1909) *Theobald Boehm (1794–1881) *Giulio Briccialdi (1818–1881) *Anton Bernhard Fürstenau (1792–1852) *Johannès Donjon (1839-1912) *Giuseppe Gariboldi (1833–1905) *Philippe Gaubert (1879–1941) *Ernesto Köhler (1849–1907) *Marcel Moyse (1889–1984) *Ástor Piazzolla (1921–1992) *Paul Taffanel (1844–1908) *Trevor Wye (b. 1935)

Guitar

*Fernando Sor (1778–1839) *Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829) *Dionisio Aguado y García (1784–1849) *Matteo Carcassi (1792–1853) *Giulio Regondi (1822–1872) *Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909) *Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959) *Andrés Segovia (1893–1987) *Leo Brouwer (b. 1939)

Violin

*Bartolomeo Campagnoli (1751–1827) *Rodolphe Kreutzer (1766–1831) — 42 études ou caprices is considered by some as an indispensable foundation for developing essential violin technique. *

(1782–1840) — instrumental étude is said to be one of Paganini's major accomplishments. *Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst (1812–1865) *Jakob Dont (1815–1888) *Charles Dancla (1817–1907) *Jacques Féréol Mazas (1782–1849) *Franz Wohlfahrt (composer), Franz Wohlfahrt (1833–84) *Henry Schradieck (1846–1918) *Otakar Ševčík (1852–1934) *John Cage (1912–1992) — John Cage's Freeman Etudes are noted for their extreme difficulty.

Viola

*Lillian Fuchs (1903–1991)

Cello

*Jean-Louis Duport (1749–1819) *Friedrich Dotzauer (1783–1860) *Joseph Merk (1795–1852) *Sebastian Lee (1805–1887) *Auguste Franchomme (1808–1884) *Bernhard Cossmann (1822–1910) *Friedrich Grützmacher (1832–1903) *David Popper (1843–1919) *Wilhelm Fitzenhagen (1848–1890) *Julius Klengel (1859–1933) *August Nölck (1862–1928) *Mikhail Bukinik (1872–1947) *Rudolf Matz (1901–1988) *Robert deMaine (b. 1969)

Trumpet/Cornet

*Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825–1889) — ''Arban method, La grande méthode complète de cornet à piston et de saxhorn par Arban'' contains 14 characteristic studies that function as performance études. *Herbert L. Clarke (1867–1945) — ''Clarke Studies, Clarke's Characteristic Studies for Cornet'' contains 15 solos as review études that close out the method. *Théo Charlier (1868–1944) — ''36 Études Transcendantes'' *Vassily Brandt (1869–1923) — ''34 Studies for Trumpet (On Orchestral Motives)'' *Marcel Bitsch (1921–2011) — ''Vingt études pour trompette ut ou si♭''

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of etude composers Lists of composers, Etude