This page lists members of

Lycée Louis-le-Grand The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (), also referred to simply as Louis-le-Grand or by its acronym LLG, is a public Lycée (French secondary school, also known as sixth form college) located on Rue Saint-Jacques (Paris), rue Saint-Jacques in central Par ...

, under the institution's successive identities including as

Collège de Clermont In France, secondary education is in two stages: * ''Collèges'' () cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 14. * ''Lycées'' () provide a three-year course of further secondary education for students between ...

from 1563 to 1682. It includes alumni, faculty, and administrators. Where available, it indicates the period when the individual was active at Louis-le-Grand. In each section, individuals are listed by chronological order of birthdate, which largely correlates with chronological order of presence at Louis-le-Grand. The list does not include individuals who studied or taught in other educational institutions that later merged into Louis-le-Grand or into whose former premises Louis-le-Grand expanded. Such cases include names that are occasionally but questionably referred to as Louis-le-Grand alumni, e.g.

Cyrano de Bergerac Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac ( , ; 6 March 1619 – 28 July 1655) was a French novelist, playwright, epistolarian, and duelist. A bold and innovative author, his work was part of the libertine literature of the first half of the 17th ce ...

Racine Jean-Baptiste Racine ( , ; ; 22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille, as well as an important literary figure in the Western tra ...

, Boileau,

Charles Perrault Charles Perrault ( , , ; 12 January 162816 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from earlier folk tales, published in his ...

and

Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher ('' philosophe''), writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects ...

at the

Collège de Beauvais The College of Beauvais (also known the College of Dormans-Beauvais) was in Paris in what is now the Rue Jean de Beauvais. At the end of the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century, it was one of the leading schools of France, educ ...

, or

Turgot Turgot may refer to: * Turgot of Durham ( – 1115), Prior of Durham and Bishop of St Andrews * Michel-Étienne Turgot (1690–1751), mayor of Paris * Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727–1781), French economist and statesman * Louis Félix Étienne, ...

and Lafayette at the .

Alumni

Writers, philosophers and social scientists

;Writers and poets *

Charles de Saint-Évremond Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis, seigneur de Saint-Évremond (1 April 16139 September 1703) was a French soldier, hedonist, essayist and literary critic. After 1661, he lived in exile, mainly in England, as a consequence of his attack on F ...

(1613–1703) in the 1620s *

Bussy-Rabutin Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy (13 April 1618 – 9 April 1693), commonly known as Bussy-Rabutin, was a French memoirist. He was the cousin and frequent correspondent of Madame de Sévigné. Early life Born at Epiry, near Autun, he repres ...

(1618–1693) in the early 1630s * Jean de Santeul (1630–1697) in the 1640s * Pierre-Robert de Cideville (1693–1776) around 1710 *

Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan Jean-Jacques Lefranc (also Le Franc), Marquis de Pompignan (10 August 1709 – 1 November 1784) was a French man of letters and erudition, who published a considerable output of theatrical work, poems, literary criticism, and polemics; treatises ...

(1709–1784) in the 1720s *

Marquis de Sade Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade ( ; ; 2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814) was a French writer, libertine, political activist and nobleman best known for his libertine novels and imprisonment for sex crimes, blasphemy and pornography ...

(1740–1814) in 1750–1754 *

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...

(1802–1885) in 1816–1818 *

Théophile Gautier Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier ( , ; 30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic. While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and rema ...

(1811–1872) in 1820 *

Charles Baudelaire Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet, essayist, translator and art critic. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhythm and rhyme, containing an exoticism inherited from the Romantics ...

(1821–1867) in 1836–1839 *

Octave Feuillet Octave Feuillet (11 July 1821 – 29 December 1890) was a French novelist and dramatist. His work stands midway between the romanticists and the realists. He is renowned for his "distinguished and lucid portraiture of life", depictions of fe ...

(1821–1890) in the 1830s *

Paul Bourget Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French poet, novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Paul Bourget was born in Amiens, France. He initially abandoned Catholicism ...

(1852–1935) ca. late 1860s *

Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and Mysticism, mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary pro ...

(1866–1944) in the mid-1880s;

Nobel Prize for Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning ''for'' Literature (), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in t ...

in 1915 *

Léon Daudet Léon Daudet (; 16 November 1867 – 2 July 1942) was a French journalist, writer, an active monarchist, and a member of the Académie Goncourt. Move to the right Daudet was born in Paris. His father was the novelist Alphonse Daudet, his m ...

(1867–1942) in the early 1880s *

Paul Claudel Paul Claudel (; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel. He was most famous for his verse dramas, which often convey his devout Catholicism. Early lif ...

(1868–1955) in 1882–1885 *

Paul Fort Jules-Jean-Paul Fort (1 February 1872 – 20 April 1960) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. At the age of 18, reacting against the Naturalistic theatre, Fort founded the Théâtre d'Art (1890–93). He also founded and edi ...

(1872–1960) in the 1880s *

Charles Péguy Charles Pierre Péguy (; 7 January 1873 – 5 September 1914) was a French poet, essayist, and editor. His two main philosophies were socialism and nationalism; by 1908 at the latest, after years of uneasy agnosticism, he had become a believing ( ...

(1873–1914) part-time in 1891–1894 *

Valery Larbaud Valery Larbaud (29 August 1881 – 2 February 1957) was a French writer and poet. Life He was born in Vichy, the only child of a pharmacist Nicolas Larbaud and Isabelle Bureau des Étivaux. His father died when he was 8, and he was brought up ...

(1881–1957) in the 1890s *

Alain-Fournier Henri-Alban Fournier (; 3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914),Mémoire des hommes
Secrétariat ...

(1886–1914) in 1906–1907 *

Jean Guéhenno Jean Guéhenno born Marcel-Jules-Marie Guéhenno (25 March 1890 – 22 September 1978) was a French essayist, writer and literary critic. Life and career Jean Guéhenno, writer and educator, was a prominent contributor to the NRF. He was edit ...

(1890–1978) in 1910–1911 *

Joseph Kessel Joseph Kessel (10 February 1898 – 23 July 1979), also known as "Jef", was a French journalist and novelist. He was a member of the Académie française and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. Biography Kessel was born to a Jewish family in ...

(1898–1979) in the 1910s *

Jacques Rigaut Jacques Rigaut (; 30 December 1898 – 9 November 1929) was a French surrealist poet. Born in Paris, he was part of the Dadaist movement. His works frequently talked about suicide and he came to regard its successful completion as his occupation. ...

(1898–1929) in the mid-1910s * Pierre-Henri Simon (1903–1972) ca. 1921–1923 *

Léopold Sédar Senghor Léopold Sédar Senghor ( , , ; 9 October 1906 – 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese politician, cultural theorist and poet who served as the first president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980. Ideologically an African socialist, Senghor was one ...

(1906–2001) in the late 1920s *

Maurice Bardèche Maurice Bardèche (1 October 1907 – 30 July 1998) was a French art critic and journalist, better known as one of the leading exponents of neo-fascism and Holocaust denial in post–World War II Europe. Bardèche was also the brother-in-law ...

(1907–1998) in 1922–1928 *

Phạm Duy Khiêm Phạm Duy Khiêm (24 April 1908 – 2 December 1974) was a Vietnamese writer, academic and South Vietnam ambassador in France. He was the son of the writer Phạm Duy Tốn, and brother of songwriter Phạm Duy. Paris In Paris at the lycée Loui ...

(1908–1974) ca. 1929–1931 *

Robert Merle Robert Merle (; 28 August 1908 – 27 March 2004) was a French novelist. Early life Merle was born in 1908 in Tébessa, French Algeria. His father Félix, who was an interpreter "with a perfect knowledge of literary and spoken Arabic", was kill ...

(1908–2004) ca. late 1920ssist *

René Étiemble René Ernest Joseph Eugène Étiemble (26 January 1909 in Mayenne, Mayenne – 7 January 2002 in Vigny) was a French essayist, scholar, novelist, and promoter of Middle Eastern and Asian cultures. Known commonly by his family name alone, Etiem ...

(1909–2002) ca. 1927–1929 *

Robert Brasillach Robert Brasillach (; 31 March 1909 – 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist. He was the editor of '' Je suis partout'', a nationalist newspaper which advocated fascist movements and supported Jacques Doriot. After the liberation o ...

(1909–1945) in 1925–1928 *

Henri Queffélec Henri Queffélec (29 January 1910 – 13 January 1992) was a French writer and screenwriter. Biography He studied at the lycée Louis-le-Grand and then the École normale supérieure. He obtained the "agrégation de lettres" in 1934. He is con ...

(1910–1992) in the late 1920s *

Paul Guth Paul Guth (5 March 1910 – 29 October 1997) was a French humorist, journalist and writer, and the President of the ''Académie des provinces françaises''. A novelist, essayist, columnist, memoirist, historian, pamphleteer, he distinguished ...

(1910–1997) ca. late 1920s *

Aimé Césaire Aimé Fernand David Césaire (; ; 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a French poet, author, and politician from Martinique. He was "one of the founders of the Négritude movement in Francophone literature" and coined the word in French. He ...

(1913–2008) in 1931–1935 *

Roland Barthes Roland Gérard Barthes (; ; 12 November 1915 – 25 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. His work engaged in the analysis of a variety of sign systems, mainly derived from Western popu ...

(1915–1980) ca. 1931–1934 *

Maurice Druon Maurice Druon (; 23 April 1918 – 14 April 2009) was a French novelist and a member of the Académie Française, of which he served as "Perpetual Secretary" (chairman) between 1985 and 1999. Life and career Born in Paris, France, Druon was the ...

(1918–2009) in the late 1930s *

Michel Butor Michel Butor (; 14 September 1926 – 24 August 2016) was a French poet, novelist, teacher, essayist, art critic and translator. Life and work Michel Marie François Butor was born in Mons-en-Barœul, a suburb of Lille, the third of seven chil ...

(1926–2016) in the 1940s *

Claude Esteban Claude Esteban (26 July 1935, Paris – 10 April 2006, Paris) was a French poet. Author of a major poetic œuvre of this last half-century, Claude Esteban wrote numerous essays on art and poetry and was the French translator, inter alia, of Jor ...

(1935–2006) ca. mid-1950s *

Jean-Loup Dabadie Jean-Loup Dabadie (27 September 1938 – 24 May 2020) was a French journalist, writer, lyricist, screenwriter, novelist, author of sketches and songs, playwright, translator, and dialogue writer and member of the Académie Française. Filmogra ...

(1938–2020) in the 1950s *

Régis Debray Jules Régis Debray (; born 2 September 1940) is a French philosopher, journalist, former government official and academic. He is known for his theorization of mediology, a critical theory of the long-term transmission of cultural meaning in ...

(1940) in the late 1950s *

Olivier Rolin Olivier Rolin (; born 17th May 1947 in Boulogne-Billancourt) is a French writer. He won the Prix Femina in 1994, for his novel ''Port-Soudan''. His brother Jean Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * J ...

(1947) ca. mid-1960s *

Bernard-Henri Lévy Bernard-Henri Georges Lévy (; ; born 5 November 1948) is a French public intellectual. Often referred to in France simply as BHL, he was one of the leaders of the " Nouveaux Philosophes" (New Philosophers) movement in 1976. His opinions, politi ...

(1948) in 1966–1968 *

Frédéric Beigbeder Frédéric Beigbeder (; born 21 September 1965) is a French writer, literary critic and television presenter. He won the Prix Interallié in 2003 for his novel '' Windows on the World'' and the Prix Renaudot in 2009 for his book '' A French Nov ...

(1965) in the early 1980s ;Philosophers *

Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his ''Pen name, nom de plume'' Voltaire (, ; ), was a French Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment writer, philosopher (''philosophe''), satirist, and historian. Famous for his wit ...

(1694–1778) in 1704–1711 *

Denis Diderot Denis Diderot (; ; 5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during th ...

(1713–1784) around 1729–1732 *

Julien Benda Julien Benda (; 26 December 1867 – 7 June 1956) was a French philosopher and novelist, known as an essayist and cultural critic. He is best known for his short book, ''La Trahison des Clercs'' from 1927 (''The Treason of the Intellectuals'' or ...

(1867–1956) in the early 1880s *

Jean Wahl Jean André Wahl (; 25 May 1888 – 19 June 1974) was a French philosopher. Early career Wahl was educated at the École Normale Supérieure. He was a professor at the Sorbonne from 1936 to 1967, broken by World War II. He was in the United Sta ...

(1888–1974) ca. 1906–1907 *

Jean Guitton Jean Guitton (August 18, 1901 – March 21, 1999) was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian. ''Le Monde'' called him "the last of the great Catholic philosophers." Biography Born in Saint-Étienne, Loire in August 1901, he was the son o ...

(1901–1999) in 1919–1920 *

Jean Cavaillès Jean Cavaillès (; ; 15 May 1903 – 4 April 1944) was a French philosopher and logician who specialized in philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science. He took part in the French Resistance within the '' Libération'' movement and was a ...

(1903–1944) in 1920–1923 *

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...

(1905–1980) in 1922–1924;

in 1964 * Maurice de Gandillac (1906–2006) ca. 1922–1924 *

Maurice Merleau-Ponty Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty. ( ; ; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interes ...

(1908–1961) in the 1920s *

Jean-François Lyotard Jean-François Lyotard (; ; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and p ...

(1924–1998) ca. early 1940s *

Bertrand Poirot-Delpech Bertrand Poirot-Delpech (10 February 1929, Paris – 14 November 2006) was a French journalist, essayist and novelist. He was elected to the Académie française on 10 April 1986. He is the father of writer Julie Wolkenstein. Early years Poirot ...

(1929–2006) in the 1940s *

Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (; ; born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French Algerian philosopher. He developed the philosophy of deconstruction, which he utilized in a number of his texts, ...

(1930–2004) in 1949–1952 *

Alain Badiou Alain Badiou (; ; born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault ...

(1937) in the mid-1950s *

Alain de Benoist Alain de Benoist ( ; ; born 11 December 1943), also known as Fabrice Laroche, Robert de Herte, David Barney, and other pen names, is a French political philosopher and journalist, a founding member of the ''Nouvelle Droite'' (France's European Ne ...

(1943) ca. early 1960s * Georges Chapouthier (1945) ca. early 1960s *

Philippe-Joseph Salazar Philippe-Joseph Salazar (; born 10 February 1955) is a French rhetorician and philosopher, Early life Salazar was born on 10 February 1955 in Casablanca, then part of French Morocco. Salazar attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand secondary-scho ...

(1955) 1973–1975 *

Souleymane Bachir Diagne Souleymane Bachir Diagne (born 8 November 1955 in Saint-Louis, Senegal) is a Senegalese philosopher. His work is focused on the history of logic and mathematics, epistemology, the tradition of philosophy in the Islamic world, identity formation, ...

(1955) in the mid-1970s ;Linguists, historians, anthropologists, sociologists, economists *

Émile Littré Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (; 1 February 18012 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his , commonly called . Biography Littré was born in Paris. His father, Michel-François Littré, had been a gu ...

(1801–1881) in the 1810s *

Eugène Burnouf Eugène Burnouf (; April 8, 1801May 28, 1852) was a French scholar, an Indologist and orientalist. His notable works include a study of Sanskrit literature, translation of the Hindu text '' Bhagavata Purana'' and Buddhist text '' Lotus Sutra''. ...

(1801–1852) in the 1810s * Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau (1812–1896) in the 1820s *

Frédéric Passy Frédéric Passy (20 May 182212 June 1912) was a French economist and pacifist who was a founding member of several peace societies and the Inter-Parliamentary Union. He was also an author and politician, sitting in the Chamber of Deputies fro ...

(1822–1912) ca. 1833–1835;

Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...

in 1901 *

Charles Barbier de Meynard Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard (; 6 February 1826 – 31 March 1908), born at sea on a ship from Constantinople to Marseille, was a nineteenth-century French historian and orientalist. Biography His studies focused on the early histo ...

(1826–1908) ca. mid-1840s *

Gaston Maspero Sir Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (23 June 1846 – 30 June 1916) was a French Egyptologist and director general of excavations and antiquities for the Egyptian government. Widely regarded as the foremost Egyptologist of his generation, he be ...

(1846–1916) in the early 1860s * Auguste Angellier (1848–1911) ca. 1865–1866 *

Ferdinand Brunetière Ferdinand Vincent-de-Paul Marie Brunetière (; 19 July 1849 – 9 December 1906) was a French writer and critic. Personal and public life Early years Brunetière was born in Toulon, Var, Provence. After school at Marseille, he studied in Paris ...

(1849–1906) in the late 1860s *

Émile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim (; or ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French Sociology, sociologist. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern soci ...

(1858–1917) in the late 1870s *

Georges Goyau Georges Goyau (31 May 1869 – 25 October 1939) was a French historian and essayist specializing in religious history. Biography Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau was born in Orléans 31 May 1869, and attended the Lycée d'Orléans before mov ...

(1869–1939) in the late 1870s * André Lichtenberger (1870–1940) in the 1880s *

Joseph Vendryes Joseph Vendryes or Vendryès (; 13 January 1875 – 30 January 1960) was a French Celtic linguist. After studying with Antoine Meillet, he was chairman of Celtic languages and literature at the École Pratique des Hautes Études. He founded the ...

(1875–1960) around 1890 *

Marc Bloch Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch ( ; ; 6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a French historian. He was a founding member of the Annales School of French social history. Bloch specialised in medieval history and published widely on France in the Middle ...

(1886–1944) ca. 1900–1904 *

Émile-Guillaume Léonard Émile-Guillaume Léonard (20 July 1891 – 11 December 1961) was a French historian. He was director of studies at the École pratique des hautes études and specialist in the history of Protestantism. Biography Émile-Guillaume Léonard did ...

(1891–1961) ca. 1908–1911 *

Georges Dumézil Georges Edmond Raoul Dumézil (4 March 189811 October 1986) was a French Philology, philologist, Linguistics, linguist, and religious studies scholar who specialized in comparative linguistics and comparative mythology, mythology. He was a prof ...

(1898–1986) ca. 1914–1916 *

Henri Laoust Henri Laoust (1 April 1905 – 12 November 1983) was a French Orientalist. He is known for his work on the Hanbali school of thought and schisms within Islam. According to the Islamic Hadith Scholar Muhammad Nasir ad-Deen al-Albani's foremost St ...

(1905–1983) in the early 1920s *

Maurice Allais Maurice Félix Charles Allais (31 May 19119 October 2010) was a French physicist and economist, the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization ...

(1911–2010) in 1930–1931;

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (), commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics(), is an award in the field of economic sciences adminis ...

in 1988 *

Jacqueline de Romilly Jacqueline Worms de Romilly (; née David; Greek: Ζακλίν ντε Ρομιγύ; 26 March 1913 – 18 December 2010) was a French philologist, classical scholar and fiction writer. She was the first woman nominated to the Collège de France, ...

(1913–2010) ca. 1931–1933 *

Jean-Henri Azéma Jean-Henri Azéma, called Jean Azéma (28 December 1913 – 13 October 2000) was a French poet of Réunionnais origin. Born in Saint-Denis, he died in Buenos Aires, where he had fled after collaborating with the Nazis during World War II ...

(1913–2000) in the mid-1930s *

Jean-Pierre Vernant Jean-Pierre Vernant (; January 4, 1914 – January 9, 2007) was a French resistant, historian and anthropologist, specialist in ancient Greece. Influenced by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Vernant developed a structuralist approach to Greek myth, traged ...

(1914–2007) in the early 1930s *

Jacques Le Goff Jacques Le Goff (; 1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and prolific author specializing in the Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff championed the Annales School movement, which emphasizes long-term ...

(1924–2014) in the early 1940s *

Lucien Bianco Lucien André Bianco (born 19 April 1930 in Ugine) is a French historian and sinologist specializing in the history of the Chinese peasantry in the twentieth century. He is the author of a reference book on the origins of the Chinese Communist ...

(1930) ca. 1951–1952 *

Pierre Bourdieu Pierre Bourdieu (, ; ; ; 1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist and public intellectual. Bourdieu's contributions to the sociology of education, the theory of sociology, and sociology of aesthetics have achieved wide influ ...

(1930–2002) in 1948–1951 *

Claude Hagège Claude Hagège (; born 1 January 1936) is a French linguist. Biography He was elected to the Collège de France in 1988 and received several awards for his work, including the Prix de l'Académie Française and the CNRS Gold medal. Famous for b ...

(1936) in 1953–1955 * Alexandre Adler (1950) in the late 1960s *

Thomas Piketty Thomas Piketty (; born 7 May 1971) is a French economist who is a professor of economics at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, associate chair at the Paris School of Economics (PSE) and Centennial Professor of Economics ...

(1971) ca. 1987–1989

Artists

;Playwrights, actors and filmmakers *

Molière Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, ; ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world liter ...

(1622–1673) possibly in the early 1640s *

Georges Méliès Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès ( , ; 8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French magic (illusion), magician, toymaker, actor, and filmmaker. He led many technical and narrative developments in the early days of film, cinema, primarily in th ...

(1861–1938) in the late 1870s *

René Clair René Clair (; 11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981), born René-Lucien Chomette (), was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. H ...

(1898–1981) in the mid-1910s *

Michel Cournot Michel Cournot (; 1 May 1922 – 8 February 2007) was a French journalist, screenwriter and film director. As a writer he was awarded the Fénéon Prize in 1949 for ''Martinique''. His only film as a director, '' Les Gauloises bleues'', was ...

(1922–2007) in the late 1930s *

Jean-Paul Belmondo Jean-Paul Charles Belmondo (; 9 April 19336 September 2021) was a French actor. Initially associated with the New Wave of the 1960s, he was a major French film star for several decades from the 1960s onward, frequently portraying police officer ...

(1933–2021) in the early 1950s *

Patrice Chéreau Patrice Chéreau (; ; 2 November 1944 – 7 October 2013) was a French opera and theatre director, filmmaker, actor and producer. In France he is best known for his work for the theatre, internationally for his films '' La Reine Margot'' and ''I ...

(1944–2013) in the early 1960s *

André Weinfeld André Weinfeld (born 6 April 1947) is a French and American film and television producer, director, screenwriter, cinematographer, photographer, and journalist. Early life After receiving a master's degree in psychology and French literature ...

(1947) ca. mid-1960s *

Jérôme Deschamps Jérôme Deschamps (born 5 October 1947 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is an actor, director and stage author, as well as a cinema actor and director associated with the Famille Deschiens troupe founded by Macha Makeïeff in 1978. In 2003 he was appointed ar ...

(1947) in the 1960s ;Visual artists *

Théodore Géricault Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is '' The Raft of the Medusa''. Despite his short life, he was one of the pioneers of the Romanti ...

(1791–1824) in 1806–1810 *

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( ; ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French people, French Romanticism, Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: ...

(1798–1863) in 1806–1815 *

Edgar Degas Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings. Degas also produced bronze sculptures, prints, and drawings. Degas is e ...

(1834–1917) in 1845–1853 *

Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( , ; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor and painter. He is best known for designing ''Liberty Enlightening the World'', commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. Early life and education Barthol ...

(1834–1904) in 1843–1851 *

Gustave Caillebotte Gustave Caillebotte (; 19 August 1848 – 21 February 1894) was a French painter who was a member and patron of the Impressionists, although he painted in a more Realism (arts), realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was kno ...

(1848–1894) in the late 1850s (in Vanves) *

François Flameng François Léopold Flameng (1856–1923) was a notable French painter during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th. He was the son of Léopold Flameng, a celebrated printmaker, and received a first-rate education ...

(1856–1923) ca. early 1870s *

Lucien Simon Lucien Joseph Simon (1861 – 1945) was a French painter and teacher born in Paris. Early life and education Simon was born in Paris. After graduating from the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he studied painting at the studio of Jules Didier, then from ...

(1861–1945) in the 1870s *

Pierre Bonnard Pierre Bonnard (; 3 October 186723 January 1947) was a French painter, illustrator and printmaker, known especially for the stylized decorative qualities of his paintings and his bold use of color. A founding member of the Post-Impressionist gr ...

(1867–1947) in the 1880s *

François Tuefferd François Tuefferd (30 May 1912 – 17 December 1996) was a French photographer, active from the 1930s to the 1950s. He also ran a darkroom and gallery in Paris, ''Le Chasseur d'Images'', where he printed and exhibited the works of his contemporari ...

(1912–1996) around 1920 ;Composers *

Fabien Lévy Fabien Lévy (born 11 December 1968) is a French composer. Biography Lévy was born in Paris, France. After having been a jazz pianist, he studied composition with Gérard Grisey, orchestration with Marc–André Dalbavie and ethnomusicology w ...

(1968) in the 1980s

Scientists

* René Castel (1758–1832) in the 1770s *

Jean-Baptiste Biot Jean-Baptiste Biot (; ; 21 April 1774 – 3 February 1862) was a French people, French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who co-discovered the Biot–Savart law of magnetostatics with Félix Savart, established the reality of meteorites, ma ...

(1774–1862) ca. 1780–1791 *

Michel Chasles Michel Floréal Chasles (; 15 November 1793 – 18 December 1880) was a French mathematician. Biography He was born at Épernon in France and studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris under Siméon Denis Poisson. In the War of the Sixth Coal ...

(1793–1880) in 1809–1812 *

Gabriel Lamé Gabriel Lamé (22 July 1795 – 1 May 1870) was a French mathematician who contributed to the theory of partial differential equations by the use of curvilinear coordinates, and the mathematical theory of elasticity (for which linear elasticity ...

(1795–1870) ca. 1810–1814 * Arthur Morin (1795–1880) ca. 1810–1813 *

Irénée-Jules Bienaymé Irénée-Jules Bienaymé (; 28 August 1796 – 19 October 1878) was a French statistician. He built on the legacy of Laplace generalizing his least squares method. He contributed to the fields of probability and statistics, and to their applicat ...

(1796–1878) ca. 1812–1815 *

Évariste Galois Évariste Galois (; ; 25 October 1811 – 31 May 1832) was a French mathematician and political activist. While still in his teens, he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by Nth root, ...

(1811–1832) in 1823–1829 * Paul-Quentin Desains (1817–1885) ca. 1830–1835 *

Charles Hermite Charles Hermite () FRS FRSE MIAS (24 December 1822 – 14 January 1901) was a French mathematician who did research concerning number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra. Hermite p ...

(1822–1901) in 1840–1842 *

Étienne-Émile Desvaux Étienne-Émile Desvaux (8 February 1830, in Vendôme – 13 May 1854, in Mondoubleau) was a French botanist. He developed an interest in botany at an early age, actively collecting plants from the age of 10. In July 1850, he earned his Bache ...

(1830–1854) ca. 1843–1847 *

Alphonse Laveran Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (18 June 1845 – 18 May 1922) was a French physician who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907 for his discoveries of parasitic protozoans as causative agents of infectious diseases such as malaria ...

(1845–1922) ca. 1860–1863;

Nobel Prize in Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine () is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute, Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single ...

in 1907 * Eugène Goblet d'Alviella (1846–1925) ca. 1862–1865 *

Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel ( ; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French nuclear physicist who shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. Biography Family and education Becq ...

(1852–1908) ca. 1868–1872;

Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the ...

in 1870 *

Alfred Binet Alfred Binet (; ; 8 July 1857 – 18 October 1911), born Alfredo Binetti, was a French psychologist who together with Théodore Simon invented the first practical intelligence test, the Binet–Simon test. In 1904, Binet took part in a comm ...

(1857–1911) ca. mid-1870s *

Jacques Hadamard Jacques Salomon Hadamard (; 8 December 1865 – 17 October 1963) was a French mathematician who made major contributions in number theory, complex analysis, differential geometry, and partial differential equations. Biography The son of a tea ...

(1865–1963) in the late 1870s and early 1880s *

Félix d'Hérelle Félix d'Hérelle (25 April 1873 – 22 February 1949) was a French microbiologist. He was co-discoverer of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) and experimented with the possibility of phage therapy. D'Hérelle has also been credite ...

(1873–1949) around 1890 *

Jean Becquerel Jean Antoine Edmond Marie Becquerel (5 February 1878 – 4 July 1953) was a French physicist, the son of Henri Becquerel. He worked on a range of experimental physics topics including magnetic effects on the optical properties of materials, and t ...

(1878–1953) in the 1890s *

Louis Leprince-Ringuet Louis Leprince-Ringuet (27 March 1901, in Alès – 23 December 2000, in Paris) was a French physicist, telecommunications engineer, essayist and historian of science. Leprince-Ringuet advocated strongly for the creation of the European O ...

(1901–2000) in the 1910s *

Étienne Wolff Étienne Wolff (Auxerre, 12 February 1904 – Paris, 18 November 1996) was a French biologist, specialising in experimental and teratological embryology. He led the Société zoologique de France from 1958 and was elected to the French Academy ...

(1904–1996) in the early 1920s * Jean Bernard (1907–2006) in the early 1920s *

Laurent Schwartz Laurent-Moïse Schwartz (; 5 March 1915 – 4 July 2002) was a French mathematician. He pioneered the theory of Distribution (mathematics), distributions, which gives a well-defined meaning to objects such as the Dirac delta function. He was awar ...

(1915–2002) in 1932–1934;

Fields Medal The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of Mathematicians, International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place e ...

1950 *

Yves Colin de Verdière Yves Colin de Verdière is a French mathematician. Life He studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in the late 1960s, obtained his Ph.D. in 1973, and then spent the bulk of his working life as faculty at Joseph Fourier University in ...

(1933) ca. early 1960s *

Serge Haroche Serge Haroche (born 11 September 1944) is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with David J. Wineland for "ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum sy ...

(1944) ca. 1960–1963;

in 2012 * Olivier Faugeras (1949) ca. 1969–1971 *

Gilles Pisier Gilles I. Pisier (born 18 November 1950) is a professor of mathematics at the Pierre and Marie Curie University and a distinguished professor and A.G. and M.E. Owen Chair of Mathematics at the Texas A&M University. He is known for his contribution ...

(1950) in 1967–1969 *

Pierre-Louis Lions Pierre-Louis Lions (; born 11 August 1956) is a French mathematician. He is known for a number of contributions to the fields of partial differential equations and the calculus of variations. He was a recipient of the 1994 Fields Medal and the 19 ...

(1956) in 1973–1975;

1994 *

Jean-Christophe Yoccoz Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (29 May 1957 – 3 September 2016) was a French mathematician. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1994, for his work on dynamical systems. Yoccoz died on 3 September 2016 at the age of 59. Biography Yoccoz attended the Lyc� ...

(1957–2016) ca. 1971–1975;

1994 *

Laurent Lafforgue Laurent Lafforgue (; born 6 November 1966) is a French mathematician. He has made outstanding contributions to Langlands' program in the fields of number theory and Mathematical analysis, analysis, and in particular proved the Langlands conjecture ...

(1966) in the mid-1980s;

2002 *

Cédric Villani Cédric Patrice Thierry Villani (; born 5 October 1973) is a French politician and mathematician working primarily on partial differential equations, Riemannian geometry and mathematical physics. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 2010, and he ...

(1973) in 1990–1992;

2010

Statesmen and politicians

;French heads of state and/or government *

Cardinal de Fleury Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to * Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae ***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...

(1653–1743), first minister 1726–1743, at LLG ca. 1659–1665 *

René Nicolas de Maupeou René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name ( Renée being the feminin ...

(1714–1792),

chief minister A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union ter ...

1770–1774, around 1730 *

Maximilien de Robespierre Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; ; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman, widely recognised as one of the most influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. Robespierre fer ...

(1758–1794), leader of the revolutionary government 1793–1794, in 1769–1781 *

Paul Deschanel Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (; 13 February 185528 April 1922) was a French politician who served as President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920. Biography Paul Deschanel, the son of Émile Deschanel (1819–1904), professor at ...

(1855–1922), President of the Republic in 1920, ca. 1865–1871 *

Alexandre Millerand Alexandre Millerand (; – ) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1920 to 1924, having previously served as Prime Minister of France earlier in 1920. His participation in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the start of the ...

(1859–1943), President of the Republic 1920–1924, ca. 1875 *

Raymond Poincaré Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to ...

(1860–1934), President of the Republic 1913–1920, ca. late 1870s *

Paul Painlevé Paul Painlevé (; 5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French mathematician and statesman. He served twice as Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister of the French Third Republic, Third Republic: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 A ...

(1863–1933), Prime Minister in 1917 and 1925, in 1877–1883 *

Pierre Mendès France Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France (; 11 January 190718 October 1982) was a French politician who served as prime minister of France for eight months from 1954 to 1955. As a member of the Radical Party, he headed a government supported by a c ...

(1907–1982), President of the Council 1954–1955, ca. 1923 *

Maurice Couve de Murville Jacques-Maurice Couve de Murville (; 24 January 1907 – 24 December 1999) was a French diplomat and politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1958 to 1968 and Prime Minister from 1968 to 1969 under the presidency of General de Gaul ...

(1907–1999), Prime Minister 1968–1969, ca. early 1920s *

Alain Poher Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (; 17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996) was a French politician who served as President of the Senate from 1968 to 1992. In this capacity, he was twice briefly acting President of France, in 1969 and 1974 following t ...

(1909–1996), acting President of the Republic in 1969 and 1974, ca. late 1920s *

Georges Pompidou Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou ( ; ; 5 July 19112 April 1974) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. He previously served as Prime Minister of France under President Charles de Gaulle from 19 ...

(1911–1974), President of the Republic 1969–1974, ca. 1929–1931 *

Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 ...

(1912–1996), Prime Minister 1959–1962, around 1930 *

Pierre Messmer Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since Étienne François, duc de Choiseul under ...

(1916–2007), Prime Minister 1972–1974, ca. early 1930s *

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, ; ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as simply Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981. After serving as Ministry of the Economy ...

(1926–2020), President of the Republic 1974–1981, ca. 1940–1946 *

Michel Rocard Michel Rocard (; 23 August 1930 – 2 July 2016) was a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party (PS). He served as Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 199 ...

(1930–2016), Prime Minister 1988–1991, ca. mid-1940s *

Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, ; ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Pari ...

(1932–2019), President of the Republic 1995–2002, ca. 1949–1951 *

Alain Juppé Alain Marie Juppé (; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. A member of The Republicans, he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997 under President Jacques Chirac, during which period he faced major strikes that paralysed the c ...

(1945), Prime Minister 1995–1997, in 1962–1964 *

Laurent Fabius Laurent Fabius (; born 20 August 1946) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party, he previously served as Prime Minister of France from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. Fabius was 37 years old when he was a ...

(1946), Prime Minister 1984–1986, ca. 1964–1966 ;Heads of state and/or government in other countries *

Nicholas I of Montenegro Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš ( sr-Cyrl, Никола I Петровић-Његош; – 1 March 1921) was the last monarch of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as Principality of Montenegro, prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first ...

(1841–1921), first and last

King of Montenegro This article lists monarchs of Montenegro, from the establishment of Duklja to the Kingdom of Montenegro which merged into the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918. Duklja, Medieval Duklja (Dioclea) Non-hereditary archons * Peter of Diokleia, Petar I (84 ...

1910–1918, at LLG ca. late 1850s *

Milan I of Serbia Milan Obrenović IV ( sr-cyr, Милан Обреновић, Milan Obrenović; 22 August 1854 – 11 February 1901) reigned as the Prince of Serbia from 10 June 1868 until 1882, when he became King of Serbia, a title he held until his abdica ...

(1854–1901),

King of Serbia This is an wiktionary:archontology, archontological list of Serbs, Serbian monarchs, containing Monarch, monarchs of the Serbia in the Middle Ages, medieval principalities, to heads of state of modern Serbia. The :Serbian monarchy, Serbian mona ...

1882–1889, ca. 1861–1868 *

(1906–2001), first

President of Senegal The president of Senegal () is the head of state of Senegal. In accordance with the 2001 Senegalese constitutional referendum, constitutional reform of 2001 and since a 2016 Senegalese constitutional referendum, referendum that took place on 20 ...

1960–1980, ca. 1929–1931 *

Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo, 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has been serving as the second president of Cameroon since 1982. He was previously the fifth Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister under Pre ...

(1933),

President of Cameroon The president of Cameroon is the executive head of state and de facto head of government of Cameroon and is the commander in chief of the Cameroon Armed Forces. The authority of the state is exercised both by the president and by the Parliamen ...

since 1982, in the 1950s ;Other prominent politicians and public servants *

Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (11 October 162926 February 1666), was a French nobleman, the younger son of Henri II, Prince of Condé and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, daughter of Henri I, Duke of Montmorency. He was the brother of ...

(1629–1666), in the 1640s *

Étienne François, duc de Choiseul Étienne, a French analog of Stephen or Steven, is a masculine given name. An archaic variant of the name, prevalent up to the mid-17th century, is Estienne. Étienne, Etienne, Ettiene or Ettienne may refer to: People Artists and entertainers * ...

(1719–1785), secretary of state, at LLG ca. 1729-1730 *

Cardinal de Bernis Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to * Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae ***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...

(1715–1794), diplomat and author, around 1730 *

Charles Carroll of Carrollton Charles Carroll (September 19, 1737 – November 14, 1832), known as Charles Carroll of Carrollton or Charles Carroll III, was an American politician, planter, and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He was the only Catholic signatory ...

(1737–1832), signatory of the

United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in the original printing, is the founding document of the United States. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the Second Continen ...

, in the early 1750s *

Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron (; 17 August 1754 – 15 July 1802) was a French politician, journalist, representative to the National Assembly, and a representative on mission during the French Revolution. Background The son of Elie-Catherine ...

(1754–1802), revolutionary leader, in the 1770s *

Camille Desmoulins Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoît Desmoulins (; 2 March 17605 April 1794) was a French journalist, politician and a prominent figure of the French Revolution. He is best known for playing an instrumental role in the events that led to the Stormin ...

(1760–1794), revolutionary leader, in the 1770s *

Victor Schœlcher Victor Schœlcher (; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French abolitionist, writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the End of slavery in France, abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the French Secon ...

(1804–1893), leading French

abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the political movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was Kingdom of France, France in 1315, but it was later used ...

, in 1818–1819 *

Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys (; 19 November 1805 – 1 March 1881) was a French diplomat. Born in Paris, he was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. The scion of a wealthy and noble house, he excelled in rhetoric. He quickly became interested ...

(1805–1881), foreign affairs minister, in the 1820s *

Eugène Belgrand Eugène Belgrand (23 April 1810 – 8 April 1878) was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th century rebuilding of Paris. Much of Belgrand's work remains in us ...

(1810–1878), public works leader, ca. 1828–1829 *

Émile Beaussire Émile Beaussire (26 May 1824, Luçon – 28 May 1889) was a French republican politician and a philosopher. He was a member of the National Assembly from 1871 to 1876 and of the Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in ...

(1824–1889), deputy and philosopher, ca. early 1840s *

Henry Adrian Churchill Henry Adrian Churchill CB (16 September 1828 – 12 July 1886) was an archaeological explorer of ancient Mesopotamia and a British diplomat who stopped much of the commercial slavery in Zanzibar and helped prevent a war between Zanzibar and Om ...

(1828–1886), British explorer and diplomat, in 1841–1846 *

Paul d'Estournelles de Constant Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque (22 November 1852 – 15 May 1924), was a French diplomat and politician, advocate of international arbitration and winner of the 1909 Nobel Peace Prize. ...

(1852–1924), diplomat, in 1862–1870;

in 1909 *

Jean Jaurès Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (; ), was a French socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican, he later became a social democrat and one of the first possibi ...

(1859–1914), founding president of the

French Socialist Party The Socialist Party ( , PS) is a Centre-left politics, centre-left to Left-wing politics, left-wing List of political parties in France, political party in France. It holds Social democracy, social democratic and Pro-Europeanism, pro-European v ...

, in the mid-1870s *

Maurice Papon Maurice Papon (; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant and Nazi collaborator who was convicted of crimes against humanity committed during the occupation of France. Papon led the police in major prefectures from ...

(1910–2007), French minister, in the 1920s * Edgard Pisani (1918–2016), French minister and European Commissioner, in 1939 *

Jacques de Larosière Jacques de Larosière de Champfeu (; born 12 November 1929) is a French former civil servant who served as the president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1993 to 1998. He previously served as the governor of the Banque ...

(1929), central banker, in the late 1940s *

Jean Tiberi Jean Tiberi (; 30 January 1935 – 27 May 2025) was a French politician who served as mayor of Paris from 1995 to 2001.

(1935), Mayor of Paris 1995–2001, in the early 1950s *

Aziz Mekouar Aziz Mekouar (born 13 November 1950, Fes) is a Morocco, Moroccan diplomat who has been serving as Ambassador to China (2018–present), the United States of America (2002–2011, making him the longest serving Moroccan Ambassador in Washington), I ...

(1950), Moroccan diplomat, around 1970 * Jean-Marie Le Guen (1953), junior minister, in the early 1970s *

Thierry Breton Thierry Breton (; born 15 January 1955) is a French-Senegalese business executive, politician, writer and former Commissioner for Internal Market of the European Union from 2019 to 2024. Breton was vice-chairman and CEO of Groupe Bull (1996–19 ...

(1955), French minister and European Commissioner, in 1972–1975 *

Ridha Grira Ridha Grira (born 1955) is a Tunisian politician. He is a former Minister of National Defense.'Key figures in new Tunisia government', BBC News, 18 January 201/ref> Biography Ridha Grira was born on August 21, 1955, in Sousse, Tunisia. He attend ...

(1955), Tunisian minister, ca. 1974–1976 *

Božidar Đelić Božidar Đelić ( sr-cyr, Божидар Ђелић, ; born 1 April 1965) is a Serbian economist and former politician. A longtime member of the Democratic Party (Serbia), Democratic Party, he was highly positioned in politics of Serbia after ...

(1965), Serbian Finance Minister 2001–2003, in 1980–1984

Business leaders

Louis Hachette Louis Christophe François Hachette (; 5 May 1800 – 31 July 1864) was a French publisher who established a Paris publishing house designed to produce books and other material to improve the system of school instruction. Publications were initia ...

(1800–1864), founder of

Hachette (publisher) Hachette Livre S.A. (; simply known as Hachette) is a French publishing, publishing group that was based in Paris. It was founded in 1826 by Louis Hachette as Brédif which later became successively L. Hachette et Compagnie, Librairie Hachette, ...

, ca. 1815–1819 * Eugène Goüin (1818–1909), cofounder and later chairman of the

Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas The Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (, ), generally referred to from 1982 as Paribas (), was a French investment bank based in Paris. In May 2000, it merged with the Banque Nationale de Paris to form BNP Paribas. History Background In the ...

, in the 1830s *

André Michelin André Jules Michelin (16 January 1853 – 4 April 1931) was a French industrialist who, with his brother Édouard (1859–1940), founded the Michelin Tyre Company (''Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin'') in 1888 in the French ...

(1853–1931), co-founder of

Michelin Michelin ( , ), in full ("General Company of the Michelin Enterprises P.L.S."), is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes '' région'' of France. It is the second largest t ...

, in the early 1870s *

André Citroën André-Gustave Citroën (; 5 February 1878 – 3 July 1935) was a French industrialist and the founder of French automaker Citroën. He is also remembered for his application of double helical gears. Life and career Born in Paris in 1878, A ...

(1878–1935), founder of

Citroën Citroën ()The double-dot diacritic over the 'e' is a diaeresis () indicating the two vowels are sounded separately, and not as a diphthong. is a French automobile brand. The "Automobiles Citroën" manufacturing company was founded on 4 June 19 ...

, ca. 1896–1898 *

Michel Pébereau Michel Pébereau (born 23 January 1942) is a French businessman. He is the chairman of Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) and its former CEO. He graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1965 and the École nationale d'administration The (; ...

(1942), builder of

BNP Paribas BNP Paribas (; sometimes referred to as BNPP or BNP) is a French multinational universal bank and financial services holding company headquartered in Paris. It was founded in 2000 from the merger of two of France's foremost financial instituti ...

, around 1960 * Jean-Charles Naouri (1949), owner of

Groupe Casino Casino Group or Casino Guichard-Perrachon is a French Mass market, mass-market retail group. It was founded on 2 August 1898 by :fr:Geoffroy Guichard, Geoffroy Guichard under the corporate name Guichard-Perrachon & Co. Casino Group is the sourc ...

, ca. 1965–1967 *

Jean-Sébastien Jacques Jean-Sébastien Dominique Francois Jacques (born October 1971) is a former chief executive officer of Rio Tinto Group. He succeeded Sam Walsh in July 2016. He was succeeded by Jakob Stausholm in early 2021. Jacques had been named by the Harvar ...

(1971), CEO of Rio Tinto, ca. 1990–1994

Religious figures

* Saint

Francis de Sales Francis de Sales, Congregation of the Oratory, C.O., Order of Minims, O.M. (; ; 21 August 156728 December 1622) was a Savoyard state, Savoyard Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Geneva and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He became n ...

(1567–1622) in 1578–1588 *

Pierre de Bérulle Pierre de Bérulle (; 4 February 1575 – 2 October 1629) was a French Catholic priest, cardinal and statesman in 17th-century France. He was the founder of the French school of spirituality and counted among his disciples Vincent de Paul and Fr ...

(1575–1629) ca. 1591–1595 * Jean François Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz (1613–1679) in 1625–1631 * Claude Poullart des Places (1679–1709) in the early 1700s *

John Dubois John Dubois () (August 24, 1764 – December 20, 1842) was a French-born Catholic Church, Catholic prelate who served as Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, Bishop of New York from 1826 until his death in 1842. Dubois was the first Bishop of ...

(1764–1842) ca. 1773–1785 *

Dalil Boubakeur Dalil Boubakeur (born 2 November 1940) is a physician, mufti, and former rector of the Great Mosque of Paris. He is also the president of the French Council of the Muslim Faith. He was born on 2 November 1940 in the Algerian city of Skikda, to ...

(1940) ca. 1957–1959 * Philippe Jourdan (1960) ca. late 1970s

Military leaders and resistance fighters

Charles François Dumouriez Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (; 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French military officer, French minister of foreign affairs, minister of Foreign Affairs, French minister of Defense, minister of War in a Constitutional Cabin ...

(1739–1823) in the 1750s *

Louis Vallin Louis Vallin (; 16 August 1770 in Dormans – 25 December 1854 in Paris) was a French general. He was involved on the Royalist side in the French intervention in Spain. His name is inscribed in the 12th column on the Arc de Triomphe in Pari ...

(1770–1854) ca. late 1780s / early 1790s *

Maxime Weygand Maxime Weygand (; 21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II, as well as a high ranking member of the Vichy France, Vichy regime. Born in Belgium, Weygand was raised in France and educate ...

(1867–1965) in the early 1880s * Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves (1901–1941) in 1919–1921 *

Pierre Brossolette Pierre Brossolette (; 25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, politician and major hero of the French Resistance in World War II. Brossolette ran a Resistance intelligence hub from a Parisian bookshop on the Rue de la Pompe, be ...

(1903–1944) ca. 1921–1922 *

Jacques Lusseyran Jacques Lusseyran (19 September 1924 – 27 July 1971) was a French author and political activist. Blinded at the age of 7, at 17 Lusseyran became a leader in the French resistance against Nazi Germany's occupation of France in 1941. He was e ...

(1924–1971) in 1940–1943 * Thomas Elek (1924–1944) ca. 1940–1941

Other notable alumni

Ernest Malinowski Adam Stanisław Hipolit Ernest Nepomucen Malinowski (5 January 1818 – 2 March 1899; Spanish: ''Adam Estanislao Hipólito Ernesto Nepomuceno Malinowski'') was a Polish civil engineer best known for constructing the world's highest railway at the ...

(1818–1899), Polish civil engineer, in 1832–1834 *

Arthur Chassériau Baron Arthur Nedjma Chassériau (1850, Algiers – 1934, Paris) was a French stockbroker, art lover and art collector, most notable as a major donor to the Musée du Louvre. He was the son of Charles Frédéric Chassériau, chief architect of Alg ...

(1850–1934), art collector, ca. late 1860s / early 1870s *

Jacques Vergès Jacques Vergès (; 5 March 1925 – 15 August 2013) was a French-Algerian lawyer of Vietnamese origin and anti-colonial activist. Vergès began as a fighter in the French Resistance during World War II, under Charles de Gaulle's Free French forc ...

(1926), lawyer, ca. 1936–1940 *

Jacques Frémontier Jacques Frémontier (born surname Friedman; 8 May 1930 – 7 April 2020) was a French journalist and television producer. Biography Jacques Frémontier, born Friedman, was Jewish and came from an Ashkenazi Jewish family of merchants of which he ...

(1930–2020), journalist and television producer, ca. mid-1940s * Gaston Juchet (1930–2007), engineer, ca. early 1950s *

Claude Ribbe Claude Ribbe (born 13 October 1954) is a French writer, activist and filmmaker. Early life and education Ribbe was born in Paris and is alumnus of the Ecole normale superieure. Career Ribbe has specialised in the history of colonialism in the ...

(1954), activist and filmmaker, ca. early 1960s * Philippe Boisse (1955), fencer, ca. early 1970s

Faculty

* Juan Maldonado (1533–1583) *

Juan de Mariana Juan de Mariana (2 April 1536 – 17 February 1624), was a Spanish Jesuit priest, Scholastic, historian, and member of the Monarchomachs. Life Juan de Mariana was born in Talavera, Kingdom of Toledo. He studied at the Complutense University ...

(1536–1624) *

Francisco Suárez Francisco Suárez (; 5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement. His work is considered a turning point in the history of second ...

(1548–1617) *

Philippe Labbe Philippe Labbe (; 10 July 1607 – 16 or 17 March 1667) was a French Jesuit writer on historical, geographical and philological questions. Born in Bourges, he entered the Society of Jesus on 28 September 1623, at the age of 16. A ...

(1607–1667) *

René Rapin René Rapin (1621–1687) was a French Jesuit and writer. He was born at Tours and entered the Society of Jesus in 1639. He taught rhetoric, and wrote extensively both in verse and prose. Works His first production, ''Eclogæ Sacræ'' (Paris, ...

(1621–1687) * Ignace-Gaston Pardies (1636–1673) *

Marc-Antoine Charpentier Marc-Antoine Charpentier (; 1643 – 24 February 1704) was a French Baroque composer during the reign of Louis XIV. One of his most famous works is the main theme from the prelude of his ''Te Deum'' ''H.146, Marche en rondeau''. This theme is st ...

(1643–1704) *

Charles de La Rue Charles de La Rue (3 August 1643, in Paris – 27 May 1725, in Paris), known in Latin as Carolus Ruaeus, was one of the great orators of the Society of Jesus in France in the seventeenth century. Biography He entered the novitiate on 7 Septem ...

(1643–1725) *

René-Joseph de Tournemine René-Joseph de Tournemine (; 26 April 1661, Rennes – 16 May 1739) was a French Jesuit theologian and philosopher. He founded the '' Mémoires de Trévoux'', the Jesuit learned journal published from 1701 to 1767, and assailed Nicolas Malebra ...

(1661–1739) *

Claude Buffier Claude Buffier (25 May 1661 – 17 May 1737), France, French philosopher, historian and teacher, was born in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland of French parents, who returned to France and settled in Rouen soon after his birth. He was ...

(1661–1737) *

Jean-Baptiste Du Halde Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (, Pinyin: ''Dù Hèdé''; 1 February 1674 – 18 August 1743) was a French Jesuit historian specializing in China. He did not travel to China, but collected seventeen Jesuit missionaries' reports and provided an encyclop ...

(1674–1743) * Charles Porée (1675–1741) *

Pierre Brumoy Pierre Brumoy (26 August 1688, in Rouen – 16 April 1742, in Paris) was an 18th-century French Jesuit, humanist and editor of the ''Journal de Trévoux''. Father Brumoy professed in colleges of his order. He provided articles to the ''Journal of ...

(1688–1742) * Charles Pierre Chapsal (1787–1858) *

Anatole Bailly Anatole Bailly (; Orléans, 16 December 1833 – 12 December 1911, Orléans) was a French Hellenist, author of the famous ' , which was published in 1895. Biography Anatole Bailly was born at Orleans on 16 December 1833 to a family of moderate w ...

(1833–1911) *

Henri Théophile Bocquillon Henri Théophile Bocquillon (5 June 1834, Crugny – 15 May 1884, Paris) was a French botanist. In Paris, he successively worked as an instructor at the Lycée Napoleon (from 1858), Lycée Louis-le-Grand (from 1862), Lycée Henri-IV (from 1 ...

(1834–1884) *

Jean Gaston Darboux Jean-Gaston Darboux FAS MIF FRS FRSE (14 August 1842 – 23 February 1917) was a French mathematician. Life According to his birth certificate, he was born in Nîmes in France on 14 August 1842, at 1 am. However, probably due to the midn ...

(1842–1917) *

Auguste Burdeau Auguste-Laurent Burdeau (; 10 September 185112 December 1894) was a French politician. He was the son of a laborer at Lyon. Forced from childhood to earn his own living, he was enabled to secure an education by bursarships at the Lycée at Lyon ...

(1851–1894) * Jules Combarieu (1859–1916) * Gustave Belot (1859–1929) *

Lucien Poincaré Lucien Poincaré (22 July 1862 – 9 March 1920) was a French physicist. Biography Poincaré was born at Bar-le-Duc July 22, 1862. After a distinguished academic career he became in succession inspector general of physical science in 1902, direct ...

(1862–1920) *

Joseph Bédier Joseph Bédier (28 January 1864 – 29 August 1938) was a French writer and historian of medieval France. Biography Bédier was born in Paris, France, to Adolphe Bédier, a lawyer of Breton origin, and spent his childhood in Réunion. He was a p ...

(1864–1938) *

André Bellessort 1928 André Bellessort (19 March 1866 in Laval, Mayenne – 22 January 1942 in Paris) was a French writer. Biography Bellessort was not only a poet and essayist, but also a traveller who went to Chile, Bolivia, and Japan. He is known for his i ...

(1866–1942) *

Henri Abraham Henri Abraham (12 July 1868–22 December 1943) was a French physicist who made important contributions to the science of radio waves. He performed some of the first measurements of the propagation velocity of radio waves, helped develop France's ...

(1868–1943) *

Félicien Challaye Félicien Robert Challaye (1 November 1875 – 26 April 1967) was a French philosopher, anti-colonialist and human rights activist. Early life Félicien Challaye was born on 1 November 1875 in Lyon, France. He earned the agrégation in Philosop ...

(1875–1967) *

Étienne Weill-Raynal Étienne Weill-Raynal (1887–1982) was a French historian, resistant, journalist and Socialist politician. As a scholar following World War I, he specialized in the subject of reparations. When World War II began, he was dismissed from his teach ...

(1887–1982) *

(1890–1978) *

Georges Bidault Georges-Augustin Bidault (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. After the war, he served as foreign minister and premier on several occasions. He apparently joined ...

(1899–1983) *

Ferdinand Alquié Ferdinand Alquié (; 18 December 1906 – 28 February 1985) was a French philosopher and member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from 1978. In the years 1931 to 1945 he was a professor in various provincial and Parisian lycees ...

(1906–1985) *

Charles Pellat Charles Pellat (28 September 1914, in Souk Ahras – 28 October 1992, in Bourg-la-Reine) was a French Algerian academic, historian, translator, and scholar of Oriental studies, specialized in Arab studies and Islamic studies. He was an editor of ...

(1914–1992) * Robert Misrahi (1926–2023) *

Philippe Contamine Philippe Contamine (7 May 1932 – 26 January 2022) was a French historian of the Middle Ages who specialised in military history and the history of the nobility. Life Contamine was a president of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettr ...

(1932) * André Warusfel (1936–2016) *

Donald Adamson Donald Adamson, (30 March 1939 – 18 January 2024), was a British literary scholar and historian. Books which he wrote include ''Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God'' and '' Balzac and the Tradition of the European ...

(1939) *

Roger Chartier Roger Chartier, (; born December 9, 1945, in Lyon), is a French historian and historiographer who is part of the Annales school. He works on the history of books, publishing and reading. He teaches at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences ...

(1945) *

Gilles Deleuze Gilles Louis René Deleuze (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes o ...

(1925–1995)

Administrators

Jesuit rectors

This list is mainly based on the monography published in 1845 by Gustave Émond. * Ponce Cogordan (c.1563-1564) * Edmund Hay (c.1564-1575) * Pierre-Claude Mathieu (c.1575-1579) * Odon Pigenat (c.1580-1581) * Jean Sangenot (c.1582-1583) * Alexandre Georges (c.1584-1593) * Pierre Barny (1606) * François Thyal (1607) * Jean-Baptiste de Machault (c.1608-1613) * Charles de la Tour (c.1613-1617) *

Jacques Sirmond Jacques Sirmond (12 October 1559 – 7 October 1651), pseudonym Jacobus Cosmas Fabricius, was a French scholar and Jesuit. Simond was born at Riom, Auvergne, France on 12 October 1559. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Billom. After h ...

(c.1617-1621) * Jean Filleau (c.1622-1625 and 1630) * Ignace Armand (c.1626-1629) *

Étienne Binet Étienne Binet (1569 – 1639) was a Society of Jesus, Jesuit author of 45 published works. He was born in Dijon, France, and died in Paris. Biography Binet was the school-fellow and life-long friend of Francis de Sales. He entered the Societ ...

(c.1631-1633) * Louis Malrat (c.1634) * Jacques Dinet (c.1635-1638) * (c.1639-1646) *

Étienne Noël Étienne Noël (29 September 1581 – 16 October 1659) was a Jesuit priest and natural philosopher. He was a teacher of René Descartes and is best known for clashing with Blaise Pascal on the idea of vacuum. Noël was born in Bassigny and joined t ...

(c.1646-1649) *

Charles Lallemant Charles Lallemant, SJ (; or Lalemant; November 17, 1587 – November 18, 1674) was a French Jesuit missionary. He was born in Paris in 1587 and later became the first superior of the Jesuit Missions amongst the Huron in Canada. His letter ...

(c.1649-1650 and 1660–1662) * Jean-Baptiste Ragon (c.1651-1654) * Philippe Shahu (c.1655-1657) * Claude Boucher (c.1658-1659) *

Étienne Agard de Champs Étienne Agard de Champs (Dechamps) (2 September 1613 at Bourges – 31 July 1701 at Paris according to Augustin de Backer, at La Flèche) was a French Jesuit theologian and author. Life He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1630 and later became p ...

(c.1663-1667, 1682–1683, and 1687–1690) * Jean de Turmenie (c.1668-1670) * Pierre de Verthamon (c.1671-1673) * Jean Pinette (c.1674-1677) * Jacques Pallu (1678–1681) * Jacques le Picart (c.1683-1686 and 1702–1704) * Guillaume Ayrault (or Hurault) (c.1690-1693) * Pierre Pommereau (c.1694-1697) * Julien Baudran (c.1698-1699) * Isaac Martineau (c.1700-1701) * (ca. 1705) * Henri-Charles Forcet (c.1706-1708) * Charles Dauchez (c.1709-1711) * Louis-François Clavyer (c.1712-1714) * Louis Labbe (c.1715-1717) * Honoré Gaillard (c.1718-1720) *

Jacques-Philippe Lallemant Jacques-Philippe Lallemant ( c. 1660, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme – 1748) was a French Jesuit, of whom little is known beyond his writings. He took part in the discussion on the Chinese rites, and wrote the (Paris, 1700), a defense of his confr ...

(c.1720) * François de Richebourg (c.1721-1723) * François de Canappeville (c.1724-1726) * Jean-Baptiste Bellingan (c.1727-1730) * Jacques de Guenonville (c.1731-1733) * Jean Lavant or Lavaux (c.1734-1737) * Etienne Frogerais (c.1738-1740) * Martin de Fontenelle (c.1741-1743) * Joachim de la Grandville (c.1744-1748) * Louis Le Gallic (c.1749-1751) * Mathurin Germain Le Forestier (1752–1754) * François de Saint-Jean (c.1754-1755) * Mathieu-Jean-Joseph Allanic (c.1756-1759) * Etienne de la Croix (c.1760) * Henri Frelaut (c.1761-1762)

Principals

* Abbé Gardin du Mesnil (1764–1770) * Abbé Poignard (1770–1778) * Denis Bérardier (1778–1788) * Jean-Louis Romet (1788–1791) * Jean-François Champagne (1791–1808)

Provisors

* Jean-François Champagne (1808–1810) * Louis-Joseph de Sermand (1810–1815) * Louis Gabriel Taillefer (1815–1819). * François Christophe Malleval (1819–1823) * Nicolas Bertot or Berthot (1823–1824) * Pierre-Laurent Laborie (1824–1830) * Jules Amable Pierrot-Deseilligny (1830–1845) * (1845–1853) * Bernard Forneron (1853–1856) * Jean-Baptiste Antoine Jullien (1856–1864) * Frédéric Jules Edmond Didier (1864–1868) * (1868–1878) * (1878–1892) * (1892–1895) * (1895–1909) * Georges Ferté (1909–1929) * Émile Abry (1929–1931) * Émile Berrod (1931–1938) * Lucien Chattelun (1938–1941) * Camille Gibelin (1941–1955) * Mr Boyé (1942–1944, acting) * Raymond Schiltz (1955–1968) * Albert Praud (1968–1969) * Paul Deheuvels (1969–1991) * Yves de Saint-Do (1991–1997) * Joël Vallat (1997–2012) * Michel Bouchaud (2012–2015) * Jean Bastianelli (2015–2020) *Joël Bianco (since 2020)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lycée Louis-le-Grand people Lycée Louis-le-Grand Lists of people by educational affiliation