{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Red Sea crisis , width = , partof = the

Iran–Israel proxy conflict The Iran–Israel proxy conflict, also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war or Iran–Israel Cold War, is an ongoing Proxy war, proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia milit ...

, the

Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability in the Middle East that began in 2023 after the October 7 attacks, 7 October attacks on Israel, which followed a period of rising tensions and i ...

, and the

Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Yemeni civil war may refer to several conflicts which have taken place in Yemen: * North Yemen civil war, 1962–1970 * South Yemen civil war The South Yemeni crisis, colloquially referred to in Yemen as the events of '86, was a failed coup d ...

, image = 2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg , caption = {{nowrap, Map of Houthi activity near the Yemeni coast:
{{nowrap, {{Color box, #baf6ba Houthi-controlled Yemen ( SPC)
{{nowrap, {{Color box, #f5b9b9 Government of Yemen ( PLC)
{{nowrap, {{Color box, #ff0000{{Color box, #0000ff Houthi attacks (red) and hijackings (blue) , date = 19 October 2023 – present
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days , 2023, 10, 19) , place =

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

Gulf of Aden The Gulf of Aden (; ) is a deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean between Yemen to the north, the Arabian Sea to the east, Djibouti to the west, and the Guardafui Channel, the Socotra Archipelago, Puntland in Somalia and Somaliland to the south. ...

(esp.

Bab-el-Mandeb The Bab-el-Mandeb (), the Gate of Grief or the Gate of Tears, is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and by extension the Indian Ocean. ...

Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and ...

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

,{{efn, The Houthis have claimed several attacks on ships in the Mediterranean, though none have been confirmed.

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

, and

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

, coordinates = , map_image = 2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg , territory = , result = , status = Ongoing{{bulleted list , Bankruptcy of the

Port of Eilat The Port of Eilat () is the only Israeli port on the Red Sea, located at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. This strategic location has given it outsized importance despite being remote from the country's main population centers, and access ...

, Disruption of international maritime trade and supply chain , Beginning of

Operation Sankalp Operation Sankalp is the Indian Navy's initiative aimed at ensuring the security of the regional maritime domain. The term ''Sankalp'' originates from Sanskrit and signifies the concept of "Commitment". It aligns with the Indian Navy's objective ...

on 14 December 2023 , Beginning of

Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States-led military operation by a multinational Military coalition, coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Red Sea crisis#Houthi attacks on commercial vessels, Houthi-led attacks on shipp ...

on 18 December 2023 , Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory started in January 2024 , Beginning of

Operation Aspides Operation Aspides, also known as EUNAVFOR Aspides, is an EU military operation in response to Houthi engagements with international shipping in the Red Sea. Named after the Greek word for shields (), Operation Aspides—unlike the US-led Ope ...

on 19 February 2024 , Intensification of US airstrikes in March 2025 ,

Ceasefire A ceasefire (also known as a truce), also spelled cease-fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may b ...

between the US and Houthis , combatants_header = , combatant1 = {{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen Houthi Yemen{{efn, Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

, rival Yemeni factions, the

Gulf Cooperation Council The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; ), is a Regional integration, regional, intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Ba ...

, and the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

.{{bulleted list , {{#invoke:flag, , Houthis ---- {{tree list *

Axis of Resistance The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militant and political organizations across the Middle East. Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the regio ...

** {{#invoke:flag, , Iran{{efn, Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping. ** {{#invoke:flag, , Hezbollah **

Islamic Resistance in Iraq The Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI; ) refers to an informal network of Iranian-backed Shia Islamist armed groups in Iraq. The name is used by members of the network when carrying out attacks against American forces or its allies in the region ...

{{#invoke:cite, news, date=21 January 2024 , title=خلال 10 أيام.. مقتل 75 حوثيا في الضربات الغربية , trans-title=Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes , url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1687013-10-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-75-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 , access-date=21 January 2024 , publisher=Sky News Arabia , language=ar , archive-date=21 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121064105/https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1687013-10-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-75-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 , url-status=live{{tree list/end , combatant2 = {{#invoke:flag, , Israel

{{#invoke:collapsible list, main , title = Prosperity Guardian: , {{#invoke:flag, , United States , {{#invoke:flag, , United Kingdom , {{#invoke:flag, , Australia , {{#invoke:flag, , Bahrain , {{#invoke:flag, , Canada , {{#invoke:flag, , Denmark , {{#invoke:flag, , New Zealand , {{#invoke:flag, , Norway , {{#invoke:flag, , Seychelles , {{#invoke:flag, , Singapore , {{#invoke:flag, , Sri Lanka

{{#invoke:collapsible list, main , title = Logo EUNAVFOR OPERATION ASPIDES

Aspides: , {{#invoke:flag, , European Union{{bulleted list , {{#invoke:flag, , Belgium , {{#invoke:flag, , Estonia , {{#invoke:flag, , Finland , {{#invoke:flag, , France , {{#invoke:flag, , Germany , {{#invoke:flag, , Greece , {{#invoke:flag, , Italy , {{#invoke:flag, , Latvia , {{#invoke:flag, , Netherlands , {{#invoke:flag, , Sweden

{{#invoke:collapsible list, main , title = Independent Patrols: , {{#invoke:flag, , China , {{#invoke:flag, , Egypt{{efn, name=fn1 , {{#invoke:flag, , India , {{#invoke:flag, , Pakistan , {{#invoke:flag, , Saudi Arabia{{efn, name=fn1 , combatant3 = , commander1 = {{#invoke:list, unbulleted , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis

Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Abdul-Malik Badr al-Din al-Houthi (born 22 May 1979) is a Yemeni politician and religious leader who is the second leader of the Houthis (Ansar Allah), an organization principally made up of Zaydi Shia Muslims, since 2004. His brothers, Yahi ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis Mohamed al-Atifi , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis

Mahdi al-Mashat Mahdi al-Mashat (; born 1986) is a Yemeni politician and military officer who serves as the chairman of the Supreme Political Council, the executive body of the Houthi movement. Biography He hails from the remote hamlet Ould Nouar in the Ḥay ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis

Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour (; born 8 August 1955) is a Yemeni politician who served as prime minister of Houthi-led government in Sanaa from 4 October 2016 to 10 August 2024. On Saturday, August 10, 2024, Bin Habtour was appointed as a member of the ...

, commander2 = {{#invoke:list, unbulleted , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Israel

Benjamin Netanyahu Benjamin Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who has served as the prime minister of Israel since 2022, having previously held the office from 1996 to 1999 and from 2009 to 2021. Netanyahu is the longest-serving prime min ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, Israel

Israel Katz Israel Katz (; born 21 September 1955) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Likud currently serving as Ministry of Defense (Israel), Minister of Defense and a member of the Security Cabinet of Israel. Katz has been recognized ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, Israel

Eyal Zamir Eyal Zamir (; born 26 January 1966) is the current Chief of the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, having taken office on 5 March 2025. Zamir previously served as the Director-General of the Israeli Ministry of Defense (2023–2025), a ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States

Pete Hegseth Peter Brian Hegseth (born June 6, 1980) is an American author, former television presenter, and former Army National Guard officer who has served as the 29th United States secretary of defense since 2025. Hegseth studied politics at Princeton ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States

Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice p ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States

Lloyd Austin Lloyd James Austin III (born August 8, 1953) is a retired United States Army four-star General (United States), general who served as the 28th United States Secretary of Defense, United States secretary of defense from 2021 to 2025. Before ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United Kingdom

Keir Starmer Sir Keir Rodney Starmer (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician and lawyer who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024 and as Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader of the Labour Party since 2020. He previously ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, United Kingdom

Rishi Sunak Rishi Sunak (born 12 May 1980) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from 2022 to 2024. Following his defeat to Keir Starmer's La ...

, commander3 = , strength1 = {{flagicon image, Flag of the Yemen Armed Forces.svg {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis

Yemeni Armed Forces The Yemeni Armed Forces () are the military forces of the Republic of Yemen. They include the Yemeni Army (including the Republican Guard), Yemeni Navy (including the Marines) and the Yemeni Air Force (including the Air Defense Force). Since ...

({{abbr, {{sc, SPC, Supreme Political Council)
{{#invoke:flag, icon, Iran 1 Alvand-class frigate
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Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and ...

, language=he, access-date=21 July 2024, archive-date=28 April 2024, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428060708/https://www.idf.il/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94/%D7%9B%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98-%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9-3-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA/, url-status=live , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Israel 1 {{sclass2, Sa'ar 5, corvette, 1 , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 1 {{sclass, Nimitz, aircraft carrier, 1 , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 1 {{sclass, Ticonderoga, cruiser, 1 , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 1 {{sclass, Ohio, submarine, 1 , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 6 {{sclass, Arleigh Burke, destroyer, 1s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 1

Wasp-class amphibious assault ship The ''Wasp''-class is a class of landing helicopter dock (LHD) amphibious assault ships operated by the United States Navy. Based on the , with modifications to operate more advanced aircraft and landing craft, the ''Wasp''-class is capable of ...

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FREMM multipurpose frigate The European multi-purpose frigate or FREMM (; ) is a Franco-Italian family of warships designed by Naval Group and Fincantieri. This surface combatant is known in France as the ''Aquitaine'' class (17 units planned, of which 9 were later cance ...

s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, France 1

Horizon-class frigate The Horizon class (French: Classe Horizon; Italian: Classe Orizzonte) is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French and Italian navies. They are designated as destroyers by the Italians and are referred to as "frigates" by th ...

, {{#invoke:flag, icon, Italy 2

Orizzonte-class destroyer The Horizon class (French: Classe Horizon; Italian: Classe Orizzonte) is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French and Italian navies. They are designated as destroyers by the Italians and are referred to as "frigates" by th ...

, {{#invoke:flag, deco, Italy 2

s{{#invoke:cite, news, last=Peruzzi , first=Luca , date=20 December 2023 , title=Italy Sends A FREMM In The Red Sea To Protect International Trade, url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/italy-sends-a-fremm-in-the-red-sea-to-protect-international-trade/ , work=Naval News , location=Paris , access-date=29 December 2023 , archive-date=24 December 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224044331/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/italy-sends-a-fremm-in-the-red-sea-to-protect-international-trade/ , url-status=live , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United Kingdom 2

Type 45 destroyer The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or ''Daring'' class, is a class of six guided-missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy in the early 21st century. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile ...

s{{#invoke:Cite, news, last=Barber , first=Harriet , date=16 December 2023 , title=Israel–Hamas war latest news: British warship shoots down suspected attack drone in Red Sea , language=en-GB , work=The Telegraph, url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/16/copy-of-israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/ , access-date=16 December 2023, issn=0307-1235, archive-date=16 December 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216104145/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/16/copy-of-israel-hamas-war-latest-news1/ , url-status=live , {{#invoke:flag, deco, United Kingdom 2

Type 23 frigate The Type 23 frigate or Duke class is a class of frigates built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The ships are named after British Dukes, thus leading to the class being commonly known as the Duke class. The first Type 23, , was commission ...

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De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate The ''De Zeven Provinciën''-class is a ship class of four air-defence and command frigates ( Dutch: Luchtverdedigings- en commandofregatten; LCF) that are in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ships are similar to the German s in role ...

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Hindustan Times ''Hindustan Times'' is an Indian English language, English-language daily newspaper based in Delhi. It is the flagship publication of HT Media Limited, an entity controlled by the Birla family, and is owned by Shobhana Bhartia, the daughter o ...

, access-date=8 January 2024, last=Gupta, first=Shishir, archive-date=7 January 2024, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107125858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-stations-two-destroyers-off-the-coast-of-aden-for-maritime-security-101702961948164.html, url-status=live , {{#invoke:flag, deco, India 2 {{sclass, Visakhapatnam, destroyer, 1s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, India 2 {{sclass, Talwar, frigate, 1s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Pakistan 2 {{sclass, Tughril, frigate, 1s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Pakistan 2 {{sclass, Zulfiquar, frigate, 1s , {{#invoke:flag, deco, Pakistan 1 ''Yarmook''-class corvette , {{#invoke:flag, deco, China 1 ''Type 052D''-class destroyer , {{#invoke:flag, deco, China 1 ''Type 054A''-class frigate , units3 = See

order of battle Order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbr ...

, strength3 = , casualties1 = Per Houthis:
{{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis 122 killed{{Update inline, date=April 2025
{{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis 314 injured
Per

Sky News Arabia Sky News Arabia (stylized as Sky News ; ) is an Arabic 24-hour rolling news channel broadcast mainly operated in the Middle East and North Africa. It is a joint venture between UK-based Sky Group and the UAE-based International Media Investment ...

& PLC-led government:
{{#invoke:flag, deco, Yemen {{#invoke:flag, deco, Houthis 207+ killed{{efn, 10 killed on 30–31 December, 75 killed on 12–22 January, 40 killed on 3–5 February,{{#invoke:cite, news, date=5 February 2024 , title=خلال 48 ساعة.. مقتل 40 حوثيا في الضربات الأميركية البريطانية , trans-title=Within 48 hours... 40 Houthis were killed in US–British strikes , url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1690864-48-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-40-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 , access-date=5 February 2024 , publisher=Sky News Arabia , language=Arabic , archive-date=9 October 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009004333/https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1690864-48-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-40-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 , url-status=live 11 killed on 11 March, 70 killed on 1 April, 1 killed on 8 April{{Synthesis inline, date=April 2025 ---- {{#invoke:flag, deco, Iran 14 detained , casualties2 = {{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 3 killed{{efn, Two

Navy SEALs The United States Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the United States Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the United States Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main funct ...

on 21 January 2024,{{#invoke:Cite, news, date=22 January 2024 , title=Two US Navy Seals declared dead after raid to seize Iranian weapons bound for Houthis , url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller , access-date=22 January 2024 , work=

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

, language=en-GB , issn=0261-3077 , archive-date=22 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122013936/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller , url-status=live one Navy sailor on 23 March 2024{{#invoke:Cite, web, date=24 March 2024 , title=US Navy identifies sailor who died 'supporting operations' in Red Sea, officials say , url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/us-navy-identifies-sailor-died-supporting-operations-red/story?id=108430699 , access-date=24 March 2024 , website=ABC News , language=en , archive-date=24 March 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324122054/https://abcnews.go.com/US/us-navy-identifies-sailor-died-supporting-operations-red/story?id=108430699 , url-status=live
{{#invoke:flag, deco, United States 3 injured{{cite web, title=Second US Navy jet is lost at sea from Truman aircraft carrier , date=7 May 2025 , website=

CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable ne ...

, url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/politics/second-us-navy-jet-is-lost-at-sea
{{#invoke:flag, deco, United States Unknown number of

MQ-9 Reaper The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (sometimes called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, one component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations, developed by General Atomi ...

s lost (23 per Houthis){{#invoke:cite, web, title=Houthis say group downed US drone in northwest Yemen as US strikes continue , url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/22/houthis-say-group-downed-us-drone-in-northwest-yemen-as-us-strikes-continue, date=22 April 2025, access-date=23 April 2025, work=Al Jazeera
{{#invoke:flag, icon, United States 3

F/A-18 Super Hornet The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are a series of American supersonic twin-engine, carrier-capable, multirole fighter aircraft derived from the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. The Super Hornet is in service with the armed forces ...

s lost , casualties3 = 1 Vietnamese, 3 Filipino sailors killed and 8 injured{{efn, * One injured on 22 February 2024 * Three killed, four injured on 6 March 2024 * One injured on 28 May 2024 * One killed on 12 June 2024 * One severely injured on 13 June 2024 * One injured on 23 June 2024 * One Israeli killed and ten injured on 18 July 2024{{#invoke:Cite, web, date=2024-07-19 , title=Drone attack on Israel's Tel Aviv leaves one dead, at least 10 injured , url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/drone-attack-on-israels-tel-aviv-leaves-one-dead-at-least-10-injured , access-date=2024-07-19 , website=Al Jazeera , language=en , archive-date=19 July 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719065848/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/19/drone-attack-on-israels-tel-aviv-leaves-one-dead-at-least-10-injured , url-status=live
2 Israeli civilians killed and at least 190 others injured
1

WFP The World Food Programme (WFP) is an international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the world's largest humanitarian organization and the leading provider of school meals. Founded in 1961 ...

worker killed, 1

worker injured{{#invoke:Cite, news, first=Dave , last=Graham , date=27 December 2024 , title=WHO chief describes ordeal during Israeli strike on Yemen airport , url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/who-says-crew-member-suffered-serious-injury-yemen-airport-strike-2024-12-27/ , access-date=28 December 2024 , work=Reuters
At least 266 Yemeni civilians killed and 774 injured{{efn, {{#invoke:cite, news, date=21 July 2024 , title=اليمن.. ارتفاع حصيلة قتلى الغارات الإسرائيلية إلى 14 قتيلا , url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1730502-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%95%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%94%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-14-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7 , work=Sky News Arabia , language=ar {{#invoke:Cite, web, first=Jon , last=Gambrell , title=US airstrikes killed 12 people in Yemen's capital, the Houthi rebels say , url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-us-airstrikes-iran-04-21-2025-05d9133558d6cfdf0cbd8fe9e3778647 , date=21 April 2025 , access-date=21 April 2025 , website=The Associated Press {{Synthesis inline, date=April 2025

68 African migrants killed, 47 injured
3 Russian civilians injured
6 Egyptian civilians wounded
5 Palestinian civilians wounded , notes = {{align, center, Two ships have been hijacked by Houthi militants; one ship and 25 crew members remain in Houthi custody, while one ship has been released. At least 30 ships have been damaged by Houthi attacks. One UK-owned and one Greek-owned cargo ship sunk. , campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Gaza war{{Campaignbox Yemeni crisis {{Campaignbox Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) The Red Sea crisis ({{langx, ar, أزمة البحر الأحمر) began on 19 October 2023, when the Iran-backed

Houthi movement The Houthis, officially known as Ansar Allah, is a Zaydism, Zaydi Shia Islamism, Shia Islamist political and military organization that emerged from Yemen in the 1990s. It is predominantly made up of Zaydi Shias, with their namesake leadersh ...

launched missiles and armed drones at

, demanding an end to the

invasion of the Gaza Strip The Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip is a major part of the Gaza war. Starting on 7 October 2023, immediately after the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel, Hamas-led attack on Israel, Israel began bombing of the Gaza Strip, bombing the Ga ...

.{{#invoke:cite, news, date=19 December 2023 , title=Yemen's Houthis 'will not stop' Red Sea attacks until Israel ends Gaza war , url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208211147/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war , archive-date=8 February 2024 , access-date=9 February 2024 , publisher=

Al Jazeera Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; , ) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered in Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar. The network's flagship channels include Al Jazeera Arabic and Al Jazeera English, which pro ...

{{#invoke:Cite, web, date=2024-06-14 , title=US Navy faces its most intense combat since World War II against Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels , url=https://apnews.com/article/us-navy-yemen-houthis-israel-war-7a9997f9d84ac669fae69ecf819913fb , access-date=2024-08-23 , website=AP News , language=en , archive-date=23 August 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823024514/https://apnews.com/article/us-navy-yemen-houthis-israel-war-7a9997f9d84ac669fae69ecf819913fb , url-status=live The Houthis have since seized or bombarded dozens of merchant and naval vessels in the

and received hundreds of retaliatory air strikes by US and allied forces.{{#invoke:cite, web, last1=Diakun , first1=Bridget , last2=Raanan , first2=Tomer , date=15 December 2023 , title=Houthis target tenth ship in Red Sea as attacks turn increasingly indiscriminate , url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147633/Houthis-target-tenth-ship-in-Red-Sea-as-attacks-turn-increasingly-indiscriminate , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181846/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147633/Houthis-target-tenth-ship-in-Red-Sea-as-attacks-turn-increasingly-indiscriminate , archive-date=12 January 2024 , work=

Lloyd's List ''Lloyd's List'' is one of the world's oldest continuously running journals, having provided weekly shipping news in London as early as 1734. It was published daily until 2013 (when the final print issue, number 60,850, was published), and i ...

The crisis is linked to the

Gaza war The Gaza war is an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel fought since 7 October 2023. A part of the unresolved Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israeli–Palestinian and Gaza–Israel conflict, Gaza–Israel conflicts dating ...

, the

, the Iran–United States proxy conflict, and the

Yemeni crisis The Yemeni crisis began with the 2011–2012 revolution against President Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for 33 years. After Saleh left office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition group ...

.References for this being a US–Iran proxy war: * {{#invoke:cite, web, last1=Sanger , first1=David E. , last2=Barnes , first2=Julian E. , last3=Yee , first3=Vivian , last4=Rubin , first4=Alissa J. , date=14 January 2024 , title=U.S. and Iran Wage a Proxy War , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/world/middleeast/us-iran-mideast-war.html , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119050934/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/world/middleeast/us-iran-mideast-war.html , archive-date=19 January 2024 , archive-format=

News News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different Media (communication), media: word of mouth, printing, Mail, postal systems, broadcasting, Telecommunications, electronic communication, or through the te ...

article , access-date=20 January 2024 , work=The New York Times , format=

article * {{#invoke:cite, web, last1=McMahon , first1=Robert , last2=Robbins , first2=Carla Anne , date=18 January 2024 , title=U.S.–Iran Proxy War Intensifies, Sudan Conflict Rages On, Sundance Film Festival Marks Forty Years, and More , url=https://www.cfr.org/podcasts/us-iran-proxy-war-intensifies-sudan-conflict-rages-sundance-film-festival-marks-forty , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123185952/https://www.cfr.org/podcasts/us-iran-proxy-war-intensifies-sudan-conflict-rages-sundance-film-festival-marks-forty , archive-date=23 January 2024 , access-date=23 January 2024 , publisher=

Council on Foreign Relations The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank focused on Foreign policy of the United States, U.S. foreign policy and international relations. Founded in 1921, it is an independent and nonpartisan 501(c)(3) nonprofit organi ...

* {{#invoke:cite, web, last1=Plitsas , first1=Alex , last2=Mouton , first2=Daniel E. , last3=Panikoff , first3=Jonathan , last4=Warrick , first4=Thomas S. , last5=Wechsler , first5=William F. , last6=Fontenrose , first6=Kirsten , last7=Wald , first7=Ellen , date=11 January 2024 , title=Experts react: What to know about US and UK strikes on the Houthis in Yemen , url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/experts-react-what-to-know-about-us-and-uk-strikes-on-the-houthis-in-yemen/ , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123190753/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/experts-react-what-to-know-about-us-and-uk-strikes-on-the-houthis-in-yemen/ , archive-date=23 January 2024 , archive-format=

Think tank A think tank, or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governme ...

analysis Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (38 ...

, access-date=23 January 2024 , publisher=

Atlantic Council The Atlantic Council is an American think tank in the field of international affairs, favoring Atlanticism, founded in 1961. It manages sixteen regional centers and functional programs related to international security and global economic prosp ...

, format=

, quote=The challenge has long been that Iran, which provides technology and crucial parts for the Houthis' missiles and drones, will continue to urge its proxy to carry out attacks regardless of US strikes. Iran is not deterred by attacks on its proxies. But it remains to be seen what it will take to deter the Houthis from continuing to be involved in Iran's proxy war against the United States and its allies. , location=

Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...

Since 2014, the Houthis, who oppose Yemen's internationally recognized government, have controlled a considerable swath of the country's territory along the

. Shortly after the outbreak of the

, the

Hamas The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas (the Arabic acronym from ), is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islam, Sunni Islamism, Islamist political organisation with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has Gaza Strip under Hama ...

-allied group began to launch missiles and drones at Israel. It has also fired on merchant vessels in the Red Sea, particularly in the

, the southern maritime gateway to the

Suez Canal The Suez Canal (; , ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, Indo-Mediterranean, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest ...

, damaging the global economy. The group has declared that it will not stop until Israel ceases the

.{{#invoke:cite, news, last=Michaelis , first=Tamar , date=10 December 2023 , title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says , url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222165250/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html , archive-date=22 December 2023 , access-date=10 January 2024 , publisher=

The Houthis say that any Israel-linked ship is a target,{{#invoke:Cite, news, last=Partington , first=Richard , date=3 January 2024 , title=What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade? , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108193101/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade , archive-date=8 January 2024 , access-date=9 January 2024 , newspaper=

{{#invoke:Cite, web, last=LaRocco , first=Lori Ann , date=3 January 2024 , title=Red Sea crisis boosts shipping costs, delays – and inflation worries , url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108224108/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/03/red-sea-crisis-shipping-costs-delays-inflation.html , archive-date=8 January 2024 , access-date=9 January 2024 , publisher=

CNBC CNBC is an American List of business news channels, business news channel owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of Comcast's NBCUniversal. The network broadcasts live business news and analysis programming during the morning, Day ...

including US and UK warships, but they have also indiscriminately attacked the ships of many nations with no connection to Israel. From October 2023 to March 2024, the Houthis attacked more than 60 vessels in the Red Sea.{{#invoke:cite, web, date=12 March 2024 , title=Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea: Issues for Congress , url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12301 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315174426/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12301 , archive-date=15 March 2024 , access-date=15 March 2024 , publisher=

Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress. Operating within the Library of Congress, it works primarily and directly for members of Congress and their committees and staff on a ...

, quote=Many Houthi attacks on commercial vessels have not appeared discriminate or linked to stated demands. Since October 17, the Houthis have attacked commercial and naval vessels more than 60 times (Figure 1) To avoid attack, hundreds of commercial vessels have been rerouted to sail around South Africa. The Houthis' Red Sea attacks have drawn a military response from a number of countries. In January 2024, the

UN Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, an ...

adopted Resolution 2722, condemning the Houthi attacks and affirming

freedom of navigation Freedom of navigation (FON) is a principle of law of the sea that ships flying the flag of any sovereign state shall not suffer interference from other states when in international waters, apart from the exceptions provided for in international ...

. The

-led

was launched to protect Red Sea shipping. From 12 January, the US and UK led coalition air and missile strikes against the Houthis, while other countries are independently attacking Houthi vessels in the Red Sea. On 3 May, Yemeni General Yahya Saree said, "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the

in any area we are able to reach". On 6 May, US President

announced US strikes to be over as a result of a ceasefire between the U.S. and the Houthis.

Background

Houthis within Yemen

The Houthi movement is an

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

-backed

Zaydi Zaydism () is a branch of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali's unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate. Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shi'ism, with the other two being Twelverism ...

Shia Islamist Shia Islamism is the implementation of Shia Islam in politics. Most study and reporting on Islamism has been focused on Sunni Islamist movements. Shia Islamism, a previously very small ideology, gained in popularity after the Iranian Revolution ...

militant organization that exercises ''de facto'' control over parts of

, though it is not the country's internationally recognized government; the

Houthi takeover in Yemen The Houthi takeover in Yemen, also known by the Houthis as the September 21 Revolution, or 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état (by opponents), was a popular revolution against Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi led by the Houthis and their suppo ...

in 2014 resulted in the group's acquisition of the capital city of

Sanaa Sanaa, officially the Sanaa Municipality, is the ''de jure'' capital and largest city of Yemen. The city is the capital of the Sanaa Governorate, but is not part of the governorate, as it forms a separate administrative unit. At an elevation ...

, but the anti-Houthi

Presidential Leadership Council The Presidential Leadership Council (PLC; ) is the executive body of Yemen's internationally recognized government, formed on 7 April 2022. It is chaired by Rashad al-Alimi and has a membership of eight, including representatives from Southe ...

remains recognized by the international community as Yemen's legitimate government. After this conflict grew into an ongoing

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

, millions of residents were internally displaced, and a Saudi-led coalition responded by imposing a

blockade A blockade is the act of actively preventing a country or region from receiving or sending out food, supplies, weapons, or communications, and sometimes people, by military force. A blockade differs from an embargo or sanction, which are ...

of Yemen. These combined to shrink the economy by half and contributed to famine in Yemen since 2016, one of the worst in the world. The US military destroyed drones in Yemen's Houthi-held region and over the Red Sea due to perceived threats, exacerbating tensions in the conflict-ridden area. This comes amidst ongoing attacks by the Houthis and challenges to diplomatic efforts to end the Yemeni war.

Houthis and the Gaza war

{{Main, Iran–Israel proxy conflict Yemen2024

Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, which triggered the

, numerous Iran-backed militant groups across the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

(including the Houthis) expressed support for the

Palestinians Palestinians () are an Arab ethnonational group native to the Levantine region of Palestine. *: "Palestine was part of the first wave of conquest following Muhammad's death in 632 CE; Jerusalem fell to the Caliph Umar in 638. The indigenou ...

and threatened to attack

. Houthi leader

warned the

against intervening in support of Israel, threatening that such an intervention would be met with retaliation by drone and missile strikes.{{cite news , last1=Copp , first1=Tara , last2=Baldor , first2=Lolita C. , name-list-style=and , date=19 October 2023 , title=US military shoots down missiles and drones as it faces growing threats in volatile Middle East , url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019193345/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b , archive-date=19 October 2023 , access-date=2 November 2023 , work=

Associated Press The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit organization, not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are dist ...

In order to end their attacks in the

, the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in the Gaza war and an end to the accompanying

Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by Israel date to the early 1990s. After Hamas took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete blockade on the movement of good ...

Weapons used by Houthi militants

According to

Armament Research Services Armament Research Services (ARES) is a consultancy company providing expertise and analyses in the field of arms and munitions to governments and non-government organizations. director of ''Armament Research Services'' is N.R. Jenzen-Jones. Found ...

, Houthi weapons are mostly of Russian, Chinese or Iranian origin. They are known to use

surface-to-surface missile A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They ar ...

artillery rocket Rocket artillery is artillery that uses rocket (weapon), rockets as the projectile. The use of rocket artillery dates back to medieval China where devices such as fire arrows were used (albeit mostly as a Psychological warfare, psychological weapo ...

loitering munition A loitering munition, also known as a suicide drone, kamikaze drone, or exploding drone, is a weapon with a warhead that is typically designed to Loiter (aeronautics), loiter until a target is designated, then crash into it.unmanned aerial vehicle An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft with no human pilot, crew, or passengers onboard, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.De Gruyter Handbook of Dron ...

s (UAVs). They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen: * Toufan – a

, with a range of {{cvt, 1800, km.{{Cite web , date=1 November 2023 , title=Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel , url=https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel , access-date=2 November 2023 , website=Amwaj.media , language=en , archive-date=2 November 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102172004/https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel , url-status=live *

Cruise missile A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided missile that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cru ...

s – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about {{cvt, 2000, km. * Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of {{cvt, 1350, km but made to strike Israel.{{Cite web, title=The Houthis' Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications, url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications, access-date=3 November 2023, website=

Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute (MEI) is a non-profit, non-partisan think tank and cultural center in Washington, D.C., founded in 1946. It seeks to "increase knowledge of the Middle East among the United States citizens and promote a better understan ...

, language=en, date=20 October 2023, last=Jalal, first=Ibrahim, archive-date=3 November 2023, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103043502/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications, url-status=live * Samad-3 and Samad-4 – UAVs/loitering munitions with ranges of {{cvt, 1800, km and further. * Wa'id drones – similar to Iran's

Shahed 136 The HESA Shahed 136 (, ), also known by its Russian designation Geran-2 (, ), is an Iranian-designed loitering munition, also referred to as a kamikaze drone or suicide drone, in the form of an Autonomous aircraft, autonomous Pusher configurat ...

, loitering munition with a range of {{cvt, 2500, km. * Naval drones – {{Convert, 7, m, ft unmanned surface vessels (USVs) laden with explosives.

Timeline of events

{{Main, Timeline of the Red Sea crisis

{{Image frame , content =

{{ #invoke:Chart , bar-chart , width = 450 , height = 250 , stack = yes , units suffix = _vessels , group 1 = 539 : 525 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 , group 2 = 0 : 0 : 573 : 525 : 530 : 526 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 , group 3 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 401 : 395 : 338 : 316 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 , group 4 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 284 : 246 : 239 : 234 : 255 : 260 : 216 : 225 : 237 : 227 : 231 : 202 , tooltip 1 = Before attacks : Before attacks : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack , tooltip 2 = Before attacks : Before attacks : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack , tooltip 3 = Before attacks : Before attacks : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack , tooltip 4 = Before attacks : Before attacks : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : After first ship attack : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : Operation Prosperity Guardian : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack: After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack : After US/UK attack , colors = blue : darkorange : orangered : darkred , group names = Before attacks : After first ship attack : Operation Prosperity Guardian : After US/UK attack , hide group legends = yes , x legends = 45 Week in 2023 : 46 : 47 : 48 : 49 : 50 : 51 : 52 : 1 Week in 2024 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : ''12'' : ''16'' : ''20'' : ''24'' : ''28'' : ''32''

, caption = {{center, 1=

transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000

deadweight tonnage Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight; abbreviated to DWT, D.W.T., d.w.t., or dwt) or tons deadweight (DWT) is a measure of how much weight a ship can carry. It is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water Fresh water or ...

(approx.){{cite news , url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147985/Red-Sea-shipping-is-now-divided-down-lines-of-risk-appetite-and-national-security , title=Red Sea shipping is now divided down lines of risk appetite and national security , last1=Diakun , first1=Bridget , last2=Meade , first2=Richard , website=Lloyd's List Intelligence , date=19 January 2024 , access-date=30 August 2024 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://archive.today/20240830215344/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147985/Red-Sea-shipping-is-now-divided-down-lines-of-risk-appetite-and-national-security , archive-date=30 August 2024

{{nowrap, {{color box, blue, {{Spaces, 6 Before attacks

{{nowrap, {{color box, darkorange, {{Spaces, 6 After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

{{nowrap, {{color box, orangered, {{Spaces, 6 After {{#ifeq: Red Sea crisis, Operation Prosperity Guardian, naval protection operation, naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

{{nowrap, {{color box, darkred, {{Spaces, 6 After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

, pos = top

Houthi attacks on commercial vessels

{{main, Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Houthi forces began attacking shipping vessels affiliated with

passing through the Red Sea on 19 November 2023. By February, 40 vessels had been attacked. Global shipping companies, which had typically sailed through the Red Sea, as well as the

, instead moved to position their vessels around the

Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope ( ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A List of common misconceptions#Geography, common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Afri ...

, off the

Cape Peninsula The Cape Peninsula () of South Africa is a generally mountainous peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean at the south-western extremity of the African continent. At the southern end of the peninsula are Cape Point and the Cape of Good ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

.{{#invoke:cite, web, url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger, title=Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships on a 4,000 mile detour, work=

BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...

, date=21 January 2024, access-date=22 January 2024, archive-date=21 January 2024, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121234147/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger, url-status=live Between November and December 2023, a 1.3 percent decrease in global trade resulted from Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea. By March 2024, over 2,000 ships had diverted routes away from the Red Sea, making costlier voyages, since the first Houthi attack the previous November. Initial Houthi pledges to target any ship with links to Israel were followed by attacks on ships connected to over a dozen nations, as well, stated, in January 2024, as avenging "American-British aggression against our country". US Central Command responded that the Houthis attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", targeting ships, and impacting more than 40 nations.{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68110358 , title=Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden , last=Gregory , first=James , work=BBC News , date=26 January 2024 , access-date=27 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202900/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68110358 , archive-date=27 January 2024 On 3 May 2024, the Houthi-aligned Yemeni Armed Forces SPC military spokesperson Yahya Saree announced, in a televised speech, that "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach".{{cite news , date=3 May 2024 , title=Houthis say they will target Israel-bound ships anywhere within their range , url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/3/yemens-houthis-say-they-will-target-ships-heading-for-israel-within-range , access-date=4 May 2024 , work=Al Jazeera

Issues

Disinformation

{{See also, Misinformation in the Gaza war, Misinformation#Online misinformation The Houthis and their supporters have engaged in a disinformation campaign. According to the

U.S. Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest displacement, at 4.5 million tons in 2021. It has the world's largest aircraft ...

, these false claims to undermine efforts to secure "freedom of navigation" in the Red Sea and surrounding waters by the United States and its allies and to gain recognition as a regional power.{{Cite web , last1=LaPorta , first1=James , last2=Delzer , first2=Erielle , date=2024-06-05 , title=Disinformation campaign uses fake footage to claim attack on USS Eisenhower , url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yemen-houthi-attack-disinformation-uss-eisenhower/ , access-date=2024-06-08 , website=

CBS News CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS. It is headquartered in New York City. CBS News television programs include ''CBS Evening News'', ''CBS Mornings'', news magazine programs ''CBS News Sunday Morn ...

, language=en-US On 1 February 2024, the Houthis claimed an attack on a US ship named ''KOI'', but maritime sources told

that it was false. Hezbollah-affiliated news outlets such as Islam Times and

Al Mayadeen Al Mayadeen () is a Lebanese pan-Arabist satellite news television channel based in the city of Beirut. Launched on 11 June 2012, it has news reporters in most of the Arab countries. In the pan-Arabist television news market, it stands out as ...

have backed false claims by the Houthis. On 28 January, Islam Times released footage of the 2021 X-Press Pearl fire, purporting it displayed the aftermath of a Houthi attack on a British ship. Three days later, Al Mayadeen reported that the Houthis accurately struck USS Gravely, but the claim was rejected by US officials. Social media users on platforms such as X have published old or doctored images and videos falsely claiming them as Houthi attacks. In February 2024, users on X posted the 2018 sinking of the {{USS, Racine, LST-1191 and the X-Press Pearl disaster, claiming they showed the Houthi attacks on the ''Star Nasia'' and ''Morning Tide''. In June 2024, users posted satellite images of the USS ''Dwight D. Eisenhower'' with damage digitally edited onto it, claiming that it was the result of a Houthi attack. Other mislabeled or digitally edited photographs and videos were also published purporting damage to the aircraft carrier, though some were

satire Satire is a genre of the visual, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposin ...

. Footage from the Czech-based video game ''

Arma 3 ''Arma 3'' is an open world tactical shooter simulation video game developed and published by Bohemia Interactive exclusively through the Steam distribution platform. It is the third main entry in the ''Arma'' series, and the eighth installment ...

'' has also been used to spread disinformation about the conflict, with Russian websites such as The Intel Drop and ''

Pravda ''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, 'Truth') is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most in ...

'' publishing gameplay, falsely claiming it showed attacks on the USS ''Dwight D. Eisenhower''. The video game's developers,

Bohemia Interactive Bohemia Interactive a.s. is a Czech video game developer and video game publisher, publisher based in Prague. The company focuses on creating military simulation games such as ''Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis'' and the ''Arma (series), A ...

, said that action taken against the videos was ineffective, saying: "With every video flagged, debunked, or taken down, ten more can be uploaded each day." Footage from the video game has also been misrepresented as attacks on shipping and a US fighter jet being shot down by the Houthis over Sanaa.

Foreign involvement

{{See also, Houthis#Alleged Iranian, North Korean, Russian and Chinese support

Iran

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...

'', citing unnamed Iranian sources and "a security official close to Iran", has claimed that Iranian personnel are in Yemen, working with

Hezbollah Hezbollah ( ; , , ) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament. I ...

militants. Their role involves directing and overseeing Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. The sources also stated that Iran has escalated its provision of advanced drones, anti-ship cruise missiles, precision-strike ballistic missiles, and medium-range missiles to the Houthis, since the outbreak of the Gaza war.{{cite news , last1=Nakhoul , first1=Samia , last2=Hafezi , first2=Parisa , title=Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say , url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ , access-date=20 January 2024 , publisher=Reuters , date=20 January 2024 , archive-date=20 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120162434/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ , url-status=live US officials told '' Semafor'' that commanders and advisors from Iran's

Revolutionary Guards The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces. It was officially established by Ruhollah Khomeini as a military branch in May 1979 i ...

are currently stationed in Yemen, and are directly involved in the Houthi attacks on commercial traffic in the Red Sea. The IRGC has also stationed missile and drone trainers and operators in Yemen. The Qods Force, has overseen the transfer of the attack drones, cruise missiles, and medium-range ballistic missiles which have been used in the strikes on Red Sea and Israeli targets in recent weeks.{{cite news , last=Solomon , first=Jay , title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard deployed in Yemen, url=https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen , access-date=15 January 2024 , publisher=Semafor , date=15 January 2024 , archive-date=26 January 2024, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052016/https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen , url-status=live According to Western intelligence officials, the Iranian

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, Iranian Armed Forces. It was officially established by Ruhollah Khom ...

placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers. According to the Institute for the Study of War, this was likely MV ''Behshad'', which had replaced {{MV, Saviz (which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli

limpet mine A limpet mine is a type of naval mine attached to a target by magnets. It is so named because of its superficial similarity to the shape of the limpet, a type of sea snail that clings tightly to rocks or other hard surfaces. A swimmer or diver m ...

attack in April 2021). The

Iranian Iranian () may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Iran ** Iranian diaspora, Iranians living outside Iran ** Iranian architecture, architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia ** Iranian cuisine, cooking traditions and practic ...

frigate {{ship, IRIS, Alborz, 72, 2 later also entered the Red Sea.{{cite news , title=Iranian warship Alborz enters Red Sea amid tensions: State media , url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/01/Iranian-warship-Alborz-enters-Red-Sea-amid-tensions-State-media , access-date=3 January 2024 , work=Al Arabiya English , date=1 January 2024 , archive-date=2 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002811/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/01/Iranian-warship-Alborz-enters-Red-Sea-amid-tensions-State-media , url-status=live In July 2024, the

Defense Intelligence Agency The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is an intelligence agency and combat support agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) specializing in military intelligence. A component of the Department of Defense and the United States In ...

reported that the Houthis used an Iranian-made missile in their attack on the Norwegian-flagged ''Strinda'' on 11 December 2023. Features of Iran's Tolu-4 turbojet engine, used in their Noor missile, were found in the debris. An insurance group earlier stated that an Iranian-made missile was used after examining debris aboard the vessel.{{Cite web , date=2024-07-11 , title=Yemen Houthi rebels fired an Iranian missile at Norwegian-flagged ship, debris analyzed by US shows , url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-iran-israel-hamas-war-red-sea-attacks-076e5e764b7bed548b15cff4175bb4d5 , access-date=2024-07-11 , first=Jon , last=Gambrell , website=The Associated Press , language=en

NBC News NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal Media Group, a division of NBCUniversal, which is itself a subsidiary of Comcast. The news division's various operations r ...

, citing two US officials, reported in September 2024 that Iran was directly assisting the Houthis with targeting and attacking American

drones, several of which were shot down or damaged during the Red Sea crisis. The officials did not elaborate on how Iran was helping the Houthis, but Michael Knights of the American think tank

Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), also known simply as The Washington Institute (TWI), is a pro-Israel American think tank based in Washington, D.C., focused on the foreign policy of the United States in the Near East. WINE ...

said the Houthis received Iranian surface-to-air missiles, such as the

358 Year 358 ( CCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Datianus and Cerealis (or, less frequently, year 1111 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 358 for ...

and

SA-2 The S-75 (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude air defence system. It is built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Following its first deployment in 1957 it became one of the ...

, that allowed them to improve their air defenses and target US drones.

North Korea

Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international broadcasting network funded by the federal government of the United States that by law has editorial independence from the government. It is the largest and oldest of the American internation ...

reported that

North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ...

may have shipped weapons to the Houthis via Iran based on

Hangul The Korean alphabet is the modern writing system for the Korean language. In North Korea, the alphabet is known as (), and in South Korea, it is known as (). The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs ...

writing that was found on Houthi-launched missiles.{{Cite web, title=후티 반군 '북한 미사일' 사용 전적 주목...최근 '한글 표기' 발견되기도, url=https://www.voakorea.com/a/7446475.html, website=Voice of America, date=19 January 2024, language=ko, access-date=3 February 2024, url-status=live, archive-date=19 January 2024, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119032126/https://www.voakorea.com/a/7446475.html

China

Two China-based companies were sanctioned by the US in 2024 for providing "dual-use materials and components needed to manufacture, maintain, and deploy an arsenal of advanced missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against U.S. and allied interests." A report by the

Foundation for Defense of Democracies The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) is a Neoconservatism, neoconservative 501(c)(3) organization, 501(c)(3) non-profit think tank based in Washington, D.C., United States. It has also been described as a pro-Israel, anti-Iran lobby gr ...

stated that the Houthis were using weapons made in China for their attacks on shipping in the Red Sea in exchange for Chinese ships having safe passage through the Sea.{{cite web , last1=FDD Flash Brief , title=China Arming Houthi Rebels in Yemen in Exchange For Unimpeded Red Sea Passage , url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/01/02/china-arming-houthi-rebels-in-yemen-in-exchange-for-unimpeded-red-sea-passage/ , website=FDD , date=2 January 2025 , access-date=8 March 2025 Another report from Israel's i24 News stated that China provided the Houthis with "advanced components and guidance equipment" for their missiles. According to the

United States Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an United States federal executive departments, executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy of the United State ...

, Chinese state-owned

Chang Guang Satellite Technology Corporation Chang may refer to: People Surname * Chang (surname), the romanization of several separate Chinese surnames * Chang or Jang (Korean name), romanizations of the Korean surname Given name * Chang Bunker () (1811–1874), one of the original ...

provides

geospatial intelligence In the United States, geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) is intelligence about the human activity on Earth derived from the exploitation and analysis of imagery, signals, or signatures with geospatial information. GEOINT describes, assesses, and visu ...

to the Houthis to target U.S. warships in the Red Sea.

Russia

In July 2024, ''

The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' (''WSJ''), also referred to simply as the ''Journal,'' is an American newspaper based in New York City. The newspaper provides extensive coverage of news, especially business and finance. It operates on a subscriptio ...

'' reported that US officials saw increasing indications that Russia was considering arming the Houthis with advanced anti-ship missiles via Iranian smuggling routes in response to US support for Ukraine during Russia's invasion. However it did not follow through due to pushback by the US and Saudi Arabia. In August 2024, ''

Middle East Eye ''Middle East Eye'' (MEE) is a United Kingdom-based media website and channel that primarily focuses on news related to the Middle East, North Africa, and the broader Muslim world. The ownership of the organisation is undisclosed. Some sources ...

'', citing a US official, reported that personnel of Russia's

GRU Gru is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the ''Despicable Me'' film series. Gru or GRU may also refer to: Arts and entertainment * Gru (rapper), Serbian rapper * Gru, an antagonist in '' The Kine Saga'' Organizations Georgia (c ...

were stationed in Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen to assist the militia's attacks on merchant ships. In October 2024, ''

'' reported that Russia had provided intelligence to the Houthis for targeting commercial ships.

War crimes

{{See also, War crimes in the Gaza war The Houthis have claimed they would target ships that had no military function, which would be a

war crime A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostage ...

, according to

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Headquartered in New York City, the group investigates and reports on issues including War crime, war crimes, crim ...

(HRW) and others. The HRW also noted that the detention of captured crews could be considered hostage-taking if they are detained to compel a third party to do or abstain from any act as a condition for the hostage's release or safety. Hostage-taking is a violation of

international humanitarian law International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict or the laws of war, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (''wikt:jus in bello, jus in bello''). It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit ...

and a war crime. A statement issued by the HRW called upon the militants to "end their attacks on civilians caught in the crosshairs of their declared war on Israel." The HRW called the Israeli strikes on Yemen in July 2024 a possible war crime since they were apparently an "indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians". It also called the Houthi drone attack on Tel Aviv that occurred one day prior to the strikes a possible war crime since it deliberately or indiscriminately targeted civilians.

Impact

Israel and Egypt

Houthi attacks have reduced shipping to Israel and local trade. Commercial shipping to

Eilat Eilat ( , ; ; ) is Israel's southernmost city, with a population of , a busy port of Eilat, port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in Jordan as the Gulf of Aqaba. The c ...

has almost completely ceased. Commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey three weeks longer and more expensive. By 21 December 2023, over 100 container ships had been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance. Insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; some Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance. While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza. In March, Israeli media reported that half of the workers at Eilat Port were at risk of losing their jobs after the port took a major financial hit due to the crisis in the Red Sea. The Histadrut Labor Federation, the umbrella organization for hundreds of thousands of public sector workers, said port management announced it intended to fire half of the 120 Eilat Port employees. In July, the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy and requested support from the Israeli government due to its activity decreasing by 85% due to the Yemeni blockade in the Red Sea. The annual revenue of the Suez Canal meanwhile declined to $7.2 billion for the 2023–24 financial year, down from about $9.4 billion the previous year.{{cite web , first=Yusri , last=Mohammed , date=18 July 2024 , title=Suez Canal revenue drops as some shippers shun Red Sea , url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/suez-canal-revenue-drops-some-shippers-shun-red-sea-2024-07-18/ , access-date=18 July 2024 , website=www.reuters.com , publisher=Reuters

Global economy

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,

Maersk (), usually known simply as Maersk ( ), is a Danish Freight transport, shipping and logistics company founded in 1904 by Arnold Peter Møller and his father Peter Mærsk Møller. Maersk's business activities include Port operator, port operat ...

CMA CGM The Compagnie maritime d'affrètement - Compagnie générale maritime or CMA CGM is a French shipping and logistics company founded in 1978 by Jacques Saadé. The name is an acronym of two predecessor companies, Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètemen ...

COSCO China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) was a former shipping corporation from 1961 to 2016, owned by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, State Council of China. The company merged with China Shipping Group, China Shipping Grou ...

Hapag-Lloyd Hapag-Lloyd AG is a German international shipping and container transportation company, the 5th biggest in the world. It was formed in 1970 through a merger of Hamburg-American Line (HAPAG) and Norddeutscher Lloyd. History The company was forme ...

, and

Evergreen Marine Corporation Evergreen Marine Corporation (Taiwan) Ltd. () is a Taiwanese container transportation and shipping company that is headquartered in Luzhu District, Taoyuan, Luzhu District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. With over 150 container ships, it is part of the Ev ...

. On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67748605 , title=BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks , last= Jones , first=Lora , date=18 December 2023 , website=BBC , access-date=18 December 2023 , archive-date=18 December 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120734/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67748605 , url-status=live Maersk, which holds about 14.8% of the

market share Market share is the percentage of the total revenue or sales in a Market (economics), market that a company's business makes up. For example, if there are 50,000 units sold per year in a given industry, a company whose sales were 5,000 of those ...

in the global

container shipping Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called shipping containers, or ISO containers). Containerization, also referred as container stuffing or container loading, is the process of uni ...

market,{{cite web , last=Wintour , first=Patrick , author-link=Patrick Wintour , date=17 December 2023 , title=US to announce expanded protection force for Red Sea shipping , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/us-to-announce-expanded-protection-force-for-red-sea-shipping , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109195316/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/us-to-announce-expanded-protection-force-for-red-sea-shipping , archive-date=9 January 2024 , access-date=9 January 2024 , work=

announced on 25 December 2023 that it would resume operations soon as a result of Operation Prosperity Guardian. By 30 December, Maersk had resumed Red Sea operations, but again paused them following the attacks on ''Maersk Guangzhou''. The following May, based on the second quarter of its fiscal 2024 figures, Maersk estimated a capacity loss of 15–20 percent across the industry due to the Red Sea crisis. On 12 January, Tesla said it would suspend most production from its Grünheide factory, its only factory in Europe, for two weeks starting 29 January due to supply chain issues caused by Houthi attacks.

Volvo Cars Volvo Car AB, trading as Volvo Cars (, styled VOLVO in the company's logo) is a Sweden, Swedish multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles. Volvo is headquartered in Torslanda, Gothenburg. The company manufactures SUVs, station wagons, and ...

also said it would halt production from its plant in

Ghent Ghent ( ; ; historically known as ''Gaunt'' in English) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the Provinces of Belgium, province ...

for three days starting the following week.

Shell plc Shell plc is a British Multinational corporation, multinational petroleum, oil and natural gas, gas company, headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and second ...

announced a hold on "transit" through the Red Sea. On 18 December,

announced it was suspending its import and export service to Israel because of risk and safety considerations.{{cite news , url=https://www.barrons.com/news/evergreen-suspends-israel-shipping-services-40e7f178 , title=Evergreen Suspends Israel Shipping Services , agency=AFP , publisher=Dow Jones , work=Barron's , date=18 December 2023 , access-date=29 January 2024 , archive-date=29 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129005549/https://www.barrons.com/news/evergreen-suspends-israel-shipping-services-40e7f178 , url-status=live{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/20/israel-economy-red-sea-houthis/ , title=How Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea threaten Israel's economy , last=Pietsch , first=Bryan , newspaper=Washington Post , date=20 January 2024 , access-date=29 January 2024 , archive-date=23 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123035433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/20/israel-economy-red-sea-houthis/ , url-status=live

, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary

OOCL Orient Overseas Container Line, commonly known as OOCL, is a container shipping and logistics service company with headquarters in Hong Kong. The company is incorporated in Hong Kong as Orient Overseas Container Line Limited and separately inc ...

similarly stopping all services to Israel in early January 2024.{{cite news , url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-cosco-quits-serving-israel-joining-its-subsidiary-oocl , title=Report: COSCO Quits Serving Israel , website=The Maritime Executive , date=7 January 2024 , access-date=25 January 2024 , archive-date=24 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124141529/https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-cosco-quits-serving-israel-joining-its-subsidiary-oocl , url-status=live On 21 December, the CEO of the

port of Eilat The Port of Eilat () is the only Israeli port on the Red Sea, located at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. This strategic location has given it outsized importance despite being remote from the country's main population centers, and access ...

said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea. Many ships instead took a safer route, going around Africa and the

, although this route incurs an extra ten days, spends more fuel, and requires more crew time.{{cite web, last=Gronholt-Pedersen, first=Jacob, url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/maersk-diverts-vessels-away-red-sea-for-foreseeable-future-2024-01-05/, title=Maersk warns of major disruption as it diverts ships away from Red Sea, work=

, date=5 January 2024 The suspension of a large volume of trade through the Red Sea led to a decrease in use of the

, and was thus a blow to the Egyptian economy. A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large

container ship A container ship (also called boxship or spelled containership) is a cargo ship that carries all of its load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. Container ships are a common means of commercial intermodal ...

s diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by

bulk carrier A bulk carrier or bulker is a merchant ship specially naval architecture, designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo—such as Grain trade, grain, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement—in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrie ...

s and

tankers Tanker may refer to: Transportation * Tanker, a tank crewman (US) * Tanker (ship), a ship designed to carry bulk liquids ** Chemical tanker, a type of tanker designed to transport chemicals in bulk ** Oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanke ...

which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.{{cite news, url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/red-sea-fallout-much-greater-for-containers-than-tankers-bulkers , title=Red Sea fallout much greater for containers than tankers, bulkers , last=Miller , first=Greg , website=FreightWaves , date=20 December 2023 , access-date=13 January 2024 , archive-date=13 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113153829/https://www.freightwaves.com/news/red-sea-fallout-much-greater-for-containers-than-tankers-bulkers , url-status=live{{cite news , url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/as-red-sea-risk-spooks-container-shipping-tankers-remain-unfazed , title=As Red Sea risk spooks container shipping, tankers remain unfazed , last=Miller , first=Greg , website=FreightWaves , date=8 January 2024 , access-date=4 February 2024 , archive-date=4 February 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204151534/https://www.freightwaves.com/news/as-red-sea-risk-spooks-container-shipping-tankers-remain-unfazed , url-status=live In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before. In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,{{cite news , url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/10/economy/red-sea-attacks-economic-impact/index.html , title=How the Red Sea crisis could clobber the global economy , last=Ziady , first=Hanna , work=CNN, date=12 January 2024 , access-date=13 January 2024 , archive-date=12 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112225325/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/10/economy/red-sea-attacks-economic-impact/index.html , url-status=live with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.{{cite news , url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/shipping/011224-us-uk-launch-strikes-on-houthi-in-yemen-in-response-to-red-sea-attacks-white-house , title=Red Sea shipping slumps after US airstrikes in Yemen trigger retaliation fears , last1=Kumagai , first1=Takeo , last2=Gordon , first2=Meghan , last3=Mohindru , first3=Sameer , website=S&P Global Commodity Insights , date=12 January 2024 , access-date=14 January 2024 , archive-date=14 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114221503/https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/shipping/011224-us-uk-launch-strikes-on-houthi-in-yemen-in-response-to-red-sea-attacks-white-house, url-status=live Following

China Ocean Shipping Company China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) was a former shipping corporation from 1961 to 2016, owned by the State Council of China. The company merged with China Shipping Group Company to form China COSCO Shipping Corporation in January 2016. ...

, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary

stopping all services to Israel, a senior Houthi official said in January 2024 that Chinese and Russian vessels not connected with Israel will have

safe passage Safe passage (German: ''Geleitrecht'') is the escorting of travellers or goods in the Holy Roman Empire. Safe Passage may also refer to: *Safe Passage (charity), a non-profit organization based in Yarmouth, Maine, U.S.A., supporting families in Gua ...

.{{cite news , url=https://www.voanews.com/a/houthis-won-t-target-chinese-russian-ships-in-red-sea/7446893.html , title=Houthis Won't Target Chinese, Russian Ships in Red Sea , publisher=Voice of America , date=19 January 2024 , access-date=25 January 2024 , archive-date=25 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125232429/https://www.voanews.com/a/houthis-won-t-target-chinese-russian-ships-in-red-sea/7446893.html , url-status=live As of January 2024, most marine insurers require a warranty of no Israeli involvement to insure vessels for the Red Sea route, with some requiring warranties of no US or UK interest and no calls to Israeli ports in the last 12 months.{{cite news , url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1148069/War-risk-market-split-on-covering-US-and-UK-linked-vessels-for-Red-Sea-transits , title=War risk market split on covering US and UK-linked vessels for Red Sea transits , last=Osler , first=David , website=Lloyd's List Intelligence , date=26 January 2024 , access-date=4 February 2024 , archive-date=4 February 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204151534/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1148069/War-risk-market-split-on-covering-US-and-UK-linked-vessels-for-Red-Sea-transits , url-status=live Qatar has halted tankers of

liquefied natural gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume o ...

through the Bab al-Mandeb Strait after US-led airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen increased risks in the strait. Considering that Qatar is Europe's second-largest supplier of LNG, the long-term suspension of exports has raised concerns as the winter season begins in Europe. On 16 January, the British multinational

oil An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturate ...

and

gas Gas is a state of matter that has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape and is a compressible fluid. A ''pure gas'' is made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon) or molecules of either a single type of atom ( elements such as ...

company

Shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses Science Biology * Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...

suspended all Red Sea shipments indefinitely due to attacks on commercial vessels. Some ships traveling through the Red Sea began broadcasting "No contact Israel" on their

automatic identification system The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships and is used by vessel traffic services (VTS). When satellites are used to receive AIS signatures, the term ''Satellite-AIS'' (S-AIS) is ...

in response to a Houthi request to vessels without ties to Israel.{{cite news , url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147850/Houthi-leader-tells-ships-to-deny-Israel-links-on-AIS , title=Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS , website=Lloyd's List Intelligence , date=8 January 2024 , access-date=12 January 2024 , archive-date=12 January 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112163635/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147850/Houthi-leader-tells-ships-to-deny-Israel-links-on-AIS , url-status=live By February 2024, more than half of the United Kingdom's export businesses were affected by disruption to shipping in the Red Sea, with companies surveyed reporting that the costs of hiring containers increased by 300%.{{cite web , url=https://www.independent.co.uk/business/red-sea-shipping-disruption-hits-more-than-half-of-uk-exporters-survey-finds-b2502289.html , title=Red Sea shipping disruption hits more than half of UK exporters, survey finds , website= Independent.co.uk , date=26 February 2024 , access-date=26 February 2024 , archive-date=26 February 2024 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226185247/https://www.independent.co.uk/business/red-sea-shipping-disruption-hits-more-than-half-of-uk-exporters-survey-finds-b2502289.html , url-status=live Businesses then stated that the crisis had also caused cashflow difficulties and shortages of components on production lines. A

UNCTAD UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations Secretariat that promotes the interests of developing countries in world trade. It was established in 1964 by the United Nations General Assembl ...

analysis found that, from December 2023 to February 2024,

spot Spot or SPOT may refer to: Places * Spot, North Carolina, a community in the United States * The Spot, New South Wales, a locality in Sydney, Australia * South Pole Traverse, sometimes called the South Pole Overland Traverse People * Spot Coll ...

container rates from Shanghai to Europe rose by 256% on average, mostly due to Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping. Compare to the same period a year earlier, there were also 42% fewer cargo ships transiting the Suez Canal. In June 2024, the US

reported that the Houthi attacks caused a 90% decrease in container shipping through the Red Sea from December 2023 to February 2024. Additionally, the report said that 29 energy and shipping companies across 65 countries were affected and forced to change their shipping routes, most of them choosing to go around the Cape of Good Hope which adds an extra {{convert, 11,000, nmi, ten days of travel, and US$1,000,000 in fuel costs to each voyage. The

Russell Group The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in Cambridge and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to governme ...

estimated that goods worth around $1 trillion were disrupted due to Houthi attacks from October 2023 to May 2024 in the Red Sea. The number of ship passing through the Suez Canal fell from 2,068 in November 2023 to about 877 in October 2024. Approximately 200 cargo ships transited the Bab el Mandeb Strait in the southern Red Sea near Yemen in February 2025 and global freight prices by March 2025 were still significantly higher than pre-

Gaza War The Gaza war is an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel fought since 7 October 2023. A part of the unresolved Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israeli–Palestinian and Gaza–Israel conflict, Gaza–Israel conflicts dating ...

levels.

Humanitarian

Houthi attacks have held up shipments containing vital aid for

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

and made it more expensive for humanitarian agencies to operate in the country, which has been the site of an ongoing armed conflict that put millions at risk of famine. Sudanese director of the

International Rescue Committee The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is a global humanitarian aid, relief, and development nongovernmental organization. Founded in 1933 as the International Relief Association, at the request of Albert Einstein, and changing its name in 1 ...

Eatizaz Yousif said the attacks made shipments which normally take one or two weeks take months to reach the country, since shipping carrying aid en route to

Port Sudan Port Sudan (, Beja: ) is a port city on the Red Sea in eastern Sudan, and the capital of Red Sea State. Port Sudan is Sudan's main seaport and the source of 90% of the country's international trade. The population of Port Sudan was estimated in ...

has been forced to navigate around Africa, traverse through the Mediterranean, and then enter the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to reach their destination.

Reactions

UN Security Council

On 10 January 2024, the

adopted Resolution 2722. The resolution, sponsored by the US and

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

, condemned the Houthi attacks, affirmed

and the right of member states to defend their ships, and demanded that the Houthis immediately release the ''Galaxy Leader'' and its crew. Edith M. Lederer
UN Security Council demands Houthi rebels stop Red Sea attacks in vote that implicitly condemns Iran
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315174425/https://apnews.com/article/un-yemen-houthis-shipping-red-sea-resolution-attacks-f26262fe055c8a1e39dee0c3c0d6f7f6 , date=15 March 2024 , Associated Press (10 January 2024). The vote was 11–0, with four abstentions.
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111232751/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15561.doc.htm , date=11 January 2024 , UN Security Council (10 January 2024). Among the

permanent five The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the United N ...

members of the Security Council, the US, UK, and France supported the resolution, and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

and

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

abstained.

Israel and Egypt

In a speech at a manufacturing

exposition Exposition (also the French for exhibition) may refer to: *Universal exposition or World's Fair *Expository writing *Exposition (narrative), background information in a story * Exposition (music) *Trade fair * ''Exposition'' (album), the debut alb ...

following the incident of 27 October,

President of Egypt The president of the Arab Republic of Egypt () is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointer of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014. Under the various iterations of the History of the Egypt ...

Abdel Fattah al-Sisi Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil El-Sisi (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has been serving as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. After the 2011 Egyptian revolution and 201 ...

urged all parties in the Gaza war to respect Egypt's sovereignty, and emphasized that the

Egyptian Army The Egyptian Army (), officially the Egyptian Ground Forces (), is the land warfare branch (and largest service branch) of the Egyptian Armed Forces. Until the declaration of the Republic and the abolishment of the monarchy on 18 June 1953, it w ...

was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks. In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Advisor

Tzachi Hanegbi Tzachi Hanegbi (; born 26 February 1957) is an Israeli politician and national security expert serving as Israel's National Security Advisor. A member of Likud, Hanegbi previously served as Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Mini ...

said that if threats continue, "we will act to remove this blockade." The

Southern Transitional Council The Southern Transitional Council (STC; ) is a secessionist organization in southern Yemen. The 26 members of the STC include the governors of five southern governorates and two government ministers. It was formed by a faction of the Southern ...

reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis. However, Al-Islah expressed support for the Houthi response to the Gaza war, despite its opposition to Houthi actions in the Yemeni Civil War.

Houthi response

On 25 January 2024,

stated, "Our battle aims to support the Palestinian people, and has no other goals," and said that the Houthi's operations would cease once food and medicine was reaching all of Gaza. On 30 January, Houthi Minister of Defence Mohamed al-Atifi stated, "We are prepared for a long-term confrontation with the forces of tyranny." A Houthi spokesperson stated on 4 February 2024, "When the world became alarmed by the bloodiness of what was happening against the Palestinian people,

Washington Washington most commonly refers to: * George Washington (1732–1799), the first president of the United States * Washington (state), a state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A ...

was not ashamed to deny the occurrence of genocide. Anyone who can do that can easily deny the connection between what is happening in the Red Sea and Gaza."

Operation Prosperity Guardian: American-led military coalition

While the US Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, it has not retaliated against those firing them.{{cite web , last1=Lillis , first1=Katie Bo , last2=Bertrand , first2=Natasha , name-list-style=and , date=7 December 2023 , title=US military in talks to escort commercial ships in Red Sea amid attacks from Iranian-backed militants , url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/07/politics/us-military-commercial-ships-red-sea-houthi-militants/index.html , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160410/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/07/politics/us-military-commercial-ships-red-sea-houthi-militants/index.html , archive-date=12 December 2023 , access-date=12 December 2023 , work=CNN In December 2023, after discussions with allies, the US announced the creation of a multilateral naval task force of protective escorts for commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and

region. The operation, codenamed

, was formally launched on 23 December 2023. It is similar to past operations protecting commercial vessels from attack, including in the

Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean seas, mediterranean sea in West Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea and the larger Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.Un ...

and

Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz ( ''Tangeh-ye Hormoz'' , ''Maḍīq Hurmuz'') is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategica ...

during the " Tanker War" of the 1980s, and the ongoing maritime security operations of Combined Task Force 153, the US Navy-led task force based in

Bahrain Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia. Situated on the Persian Gulf, it comprises a small archipelago of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island, which mak ...

. The operation has also been compared to the successful multilateral naval campaign a decade earlier to combat Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa, although the Houthis, unlike the Somali pirates, enjoy Iranian support, and better equipment and technology, such as helicopters, drones, missiles, and speedboats.

Independent naval patrols for maritime security

France, Italy and India have all independently sent naval assets to the region, with the {{ship, French frigate, Languedoc intercepting drones launched from a Houthi-controlled port while Italy has sent the frigate {{ship, Italian frigate, Virginio Fasan, F 591, 2 under the Secure Mediterranean operation. India has also sent two {{sclass, Kolkata, destroyer, 1s to strengthen maritime security in the Red Sea.

Pro-Palestinian protests

{{Main, Gaza war protests In mid-January 2024, reports indicated that pro-Palestinian demonstrators in London voiced support for Houthi militants. This occurred shortly after the UK and the US initiated strikes on Houthi targets in response to the group's assaults on ships. Some demonstrators were observed chanting slogans like, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," while others displayed signs with messages such as "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen", and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza wants to live".

International

* {{#invoke:flag, , Bahrain: In January 2024, Bahraini King

Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (born 28 January 1950) is King of Bahrain since 1999. He is a member of the ruling Al Khalifa dynasty. Early life and education Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was born on 28 January 1950 in Riffa, Bahrain. ...

and Antony Blinken discussed the Houthi attacks and reaffirmed their shared commitment to ensure freedom of navigation. Bahrain was the sole Arab country to join Operation Prosperity Guardian. * {{#invoke:flag, , China: The Chinese Foreign Ministry said it was concerned about the Red Sea crisis and called for an end to the attacks. China abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722.{{Cite news , date=10 January 2024 , title=UN Security Council demands Houthis stop Red Sea attacks , url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-council-demands-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks-2024-01-10/ , access-date=29 April 2024 , work=Reuters * {{#invoke:flag, , Denmark: Denmark voiced its support for the US and UK strikes against the Houthis and warned them to halt their attacks on commercial shipping. * {{#invoke:flag, , Djibouti: Djibouti intensified

coast guard A coast guard or coastguard is a Maritime Security Regimes, maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with cust ...

patrols along the Bab-el-Mandeb amidst the crisis. Djibouti Minister of Foreign Affairs Mahamoud Ali Youssouf said that the attacks demonstrate "strong solidarity with the people of Palestine" and voiced support for the Houthis. Nevertheless, he called for the Houthis to end their attacks as they impacted the country's economy. * {{#invoke:flag, , France: France condemned Houthi attacks against commercial vessels and expressed its support for the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2722. * {{#invoke:flag, , Germany: Germany condemned Houthi attacks, describing them as violent and against international law. It said that the attacks are irresponsible and put the lives of crew members aboard vessels at risk. * {{#invoke:flag, , India: India held diplomatic talks with Iran and took measures to protect Indian exporters from the attacks, including increasing surveillance and providing protective escorts to Indian vessels. * {{#invoke:flag, , Iran: Iran voiced support for Houthi operations. It also condemned the strikes on Houthis in Yemen, calling them "arbitrary" and saying that they violated international law. * {{#invoke:flag, , Italy: Italy said that the Houthi attacks must cease without triggering an armed conflict. * {{#invoke:flag, , Japan: The

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan The is an executive department of the Government of Japan, and is responsible for the country's foreign policy and international relations. The ministry was established by the second term of the third article of the National Government Organiz ...

condemned Houthi intervention in freedom of navigation, and voiced support for the United States and other nations for fulfilling their responsibility in securing free and safe navigation. In November 2023, Japan said it was communicating with the Houthis and Israel to secure the release of the hijacked ''Galaxy Leader''. * {{#invoke:flag, , Russia: Russia abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722 and proposed amendments that would have stripped the endorsement of Operation Prosperity Guardian and recognize the Gaza war as the root cause of the attacks. It also condemned the US and UK strikes on the Houthis. * {{#invoke:flag, , Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia called on Iran to work towards de-escalation in the region. It also urged the US to show restraint in its response to the Houthis. * {{#invoke:flag, , Somalia: Somali Ambassador to Kenya Jabril Ibrahim Abdulle said that the attacks could negatively affect Somalia's economy and voiced concern over the possibility of Al-Shabaab acquiring weapons from the Houthis via sea routes. * {{#invoke:flag, , United Arab Emirates: The UAE expressed deep concern over the consequences of the Houthi attacks and called them an "unacceptable threat".

Analysis

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour. A senior fellow at the

Hudson Institute Hudson Institute is an American Conservatism in the United States, conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation. Kahn ...

and former Navy submariner, Bryan Clark, said that the Red Sea Crisis presented "the most sustained combat that the U.S. Navy has seen since World War II — easily, no question." On 25 April 2024, CNN reported that the Houthis’ successful targeting of US Reaper drones significantly hampered the ability of America to gain intelligence over Yemen and eliminate Houthi militant leaders while failing to secure air superiority.{{Cite web , last1=Bertrand , first1=Natasha , last2=Britzky , first2=Haley , last3=Cohen , first3=Zachary , date=2025-04-25 , title=Houthis' successful targeting of US drones is hampering Trump's mission to kill group's senior leadership , url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/25/politics/houthis-target-drones-hampering-trump-mission/index.html , access-date=2025-05-04 , website=CNN , language=en

Notes

{{notelist, refs= {{efn, name=fn1, Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.

References

{{reflist {{Red Sea crisis {{Gaza war {{Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) 2020s in international relations 2020s in Jordan 2020s in Yemen October 2023 in Israel October 2023 in Egypt October 2023 in Saudi Arabia 2020s conflicts Airstrikes during the Israel–Hamas war Aerial operations and battles involving Israel Aerial operations and battles involving the United Kingdom Aerial operations and battles involving the United States Military operations of the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) United States Navy in the 21st century Iran–Israel proxy conflict Houthis Presidency of Joe Biden Premiership of Rishi Sunak History of the Sinai Peninsula History of the Red Sea Armed standoffs Blockades Commerce raiders Drone strikes Bab-el-Mandeb South Sinai Governorate Egypt–Yemen relations Israel–Yemen relations Jordan–Yemen relations Second presidency of Donald Trump Saudi Arabia–Yemen relations United States–Yemen relations United Kingdom–Yemen relations Naval operations involving Pakistan Articles containing video clips