Campinas, São Paulo
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Campinas (, ''Plains'' or ''Meadows'') is a Brazilian
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in
São Paulo State SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Serb Autonomous Regions (''Srpska autonomna oblast'', SAO), during the breakup of ...
, part of the country's Southeast Region. According to the 2020 estimate, the city's population is 1,139,047, making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous municipality in São Paulo state, the fifth most populous municipality in Southeast Brazil, and the largest city in Brazil outside the metro region of a state capital. The city's
metropolitan area A metropolitan area or metro is a region consisting of a densely populated urban area, urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories which share Industry (economics), industries, commercial areas, Transport infrastructure, transport network ...
,
Metropolitan Region of Campinas The Metropolitan Region of Campinas () is an administrative division of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It was created in 2000, and consists of the following municipalities: * Americana *Artur Nogueira *Campinas * Cosmópolis * Engenheiro Coe ...
, contains twenty municipalities with a total population of 3,656,363 people.


Etymology

Campinas means ''grass fields'' in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests (mato grosso or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along the many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of the mythical bird, the phoenix, because it was practically reborn after a devastating
epidemic An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί ''epi'' "upon or above" and δῆμος ''demos'' "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in meningococcal infection ...
of yellow fever in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants.


History

The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. It was initially a simple outpost on the way to
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in ...
and
Goiás Goiás () is a Brazilian States of Brazil, state located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Ge ...
serving the "
Bandeirantes ''Bandeirantes'' (; ; singular: ''bandeirante'') were settlers in colonial Brazil who participated in expeditions to expand the colony's borders and subjugate Indigenous peoples in Brazil, indigenous peoples during the early modern period. T ...
" who were in search of precious minerals and Indian
slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
. In the first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many
coffee Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted, ground coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content, but decaffeinated coffee is also commercially a ...
,
cotton Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure ...
and
sugarcane Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fib ...
farm A farm (also called an agricultural holding) is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used fo ...
s. The construction of a
railway Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in railway track, tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel railway track, rails. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of ...
linking the city of
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
to Santos' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. In the second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of
slavery Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
, farming and
industrialization Industrialisation (British English, UK) American and British English spelling differences, or industrialization (American English, US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an i ...
attracted many foreign
immigrants Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents. Commuters, tourists, and other short- ...
to replace the lost manpower, mainly from Italy. Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of an
opera house An opera house is a theater building used for performances of opera. Like many theaters, it usually includes a stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, backstage facilities for costumes and building sets, as well as offices for the institut ...
, theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations, a
philharmonic An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families. There are typically four main sections of instruments: * String instruments, such as the violin, viola, cello, a ...
orchestra, two newspapers (''
Correio Popular ''Correio Popular'' is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927, by Álvaro Ribeiro. The founder proposed a motto for the newspaper, which reads: "We will be diligent i ...
'' and ''
Diário do Povo Diario (Italian, Spanish "Diary") and ''El Diario'' (Spanish, "The Daily") may refer to: Newspapers, periodicals and websites :''Alphabetical by country'' * ''El Diario'' (Argentina) * ''Diario'' (Aruba) * ''El Diario'' (La Paz), Bolivia *'' Diari ...
''), a good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the Colégio Culto à Ciência), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a
charity Charity may refer to: Common meanings * Charitable organization or charity, a non-profit organization whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being of persons * Charity (practice), the practice of being benevolent, giving and sha ...
for poor people). And the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community, formerly known as ''Circolo Italiani Uniti''), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences, the
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas () (Agronomical Institute of Campinas—IAC) is a research and development institution affiliated to the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (São Paulo Agency of Agrobusiness Technology), of the ...
, which was founded by Emperor
Pedro II '' Dom'' PedroII (Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed the Magnanimous (), was the second and last monar ...
. Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway, was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state. Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer Carlos Gomes (1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic
Campos Salles Campos may refer to: Geography * Campos (crater), a crater on Mars * Campos, Spain, a municipality in Mallorca * Campos Basin, a sedimentary basin offshore of Rio de Janeiro state, named after Campos * Campos do Jordão, a municipality in the sta ...
(1841 — 1913). It was home for 49 years to
Hércules Florence Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (29 February 1804 – 27 March 1879) was a Monegasque-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre (but six years after Nicéphore Niépce), ...
, reputed as one of the early inventors of
photography Photography is the visual arts, art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is empl ...
,
photocopying A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine, and formerly Xerox machine, the generic trademark) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers ...
and the
mimeograph A mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo, sometimes called a stencil duplicator or stencil machine) is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. The process is called mimeography, and a co ...
.


Geography

The area of the city, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, is ; of this is the urban area and remaining constitute greater Campinas. It is located at 22°54′21″S, 47°03′39″W and is at a distance of northwest of São Paulo. Its neighboring cities are Paulínia, Jaguariúna and Pedreira, north; Morungaba, Itatiba and Valinhos in the east; Itupeva, Indaiatuba and Monte Mor, south, and Hortolândia in the west.


Ecology

Most of the original vegetation of the city was largely eliminated. Like 13 other municipalities in the metropolitan region of Campinas, the city is subject to some
environmental stress Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor, such as an environmental condition or change in life circumstances. When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple s ...
, and Campinas is considered one of the areas liable to
flooding A flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture, civi ...
and
silting Siltation is water pollution caused by particulate Terrestrial ecoregion, terrestrial Clastic rock, clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the i ...
; it now has less than 5% of
vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plants and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular Taxon, taxa, life forms, structure, Spatial ecology, spatial extent, or any other specific Botany, botanic ...
cover in total area. Trying to reverse this situation, several projects have been and are being conducted and planned, such as building corridors, and the regulation of the Management Plan of Environmental Preservation Area (APA) in Campinas. There are also several environmental projects to combat the destruction of
riparian forest A riparian forest or riparian woodland is a forested or wooded area of land adjacent to a body of water such as a river, stream, pond, lake, marshland, estuary, canal, Sink (geography), sink, or reservoir. Due to the broad nature of the definitio ...
s located along the banks of the
Atibaia river The Atibaia River is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of São Paulo List of rivers in São Paulo ( Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin from north to south, with respective tributa ...
, which has a high level of
pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harm. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the component ...
. Today, Campinas houses the area of relevant ecological interest (ARIE) Mata de Santa Genebra, , established in 1985 by the city of Campinas' Fundação José Pedro de Oliveira and regulated by the Brazilian Environment and Renewable Natural Resources Institute (
IBAMA The Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources ( Portuguese: ''Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis'', IBAMA) is a government agency under the administration of the Brazilian Minis ...
). This is the now second-largest
urban forest Urban means "related to a city". In that sense, the term may refer to: * Urban area, geographical area distinct from rural areas * Urban culture, the culture of towns and cities Urban may also refer to: General * Urban (name), a list of peop ...
of Brazil, behind only the
Tijuca Forest The Tijuca National Park () is an urban national park in the mountains of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The park is part of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Preserve, and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conserva ...
, in
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
. The city also has smaller urban
forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...
groves and reserve parks, such as the Bosque dos Jequitibas (installed in
1881 Events January * January 1– 24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans. * January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army ...
), the Bosque dos Italianos (transl. Italian's Grove), the Bosque dos Alemães (transl. German's Grove), Guarantã's Park, as well as the larger Parque Portugal (Taquaral Lagoon, transl. Park and Lagoon of Bamboos), "Dom Bosco" Ecological Park and Monsenhor "Emílio José Salim" Ecological Park.


Climate

The city has a
tropical savanna climate Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories ''Aw'' (for a dry "winter") and ''As'' (for a dry "summer"). The driest month has less than ...
(''Aw'' in Köppen scheme). It was
humid subtropical A humid subtropical climate is a subtropical -temperate climate type, characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between la ...
(''Cwa'' type in the
Köppen classification Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...
) before the current climatic table (1981-2010 period). Winters are generally dry and mild (rarely too cold), and summers rainy with warm to hot temperatures. The warmest month is February, with an average temperature of 24 °C, an average maximum of 29.1 °C and average minimum of 19.0 °C. The coldest month, July, sees respective temperatures of 17.8 °C, and 24.2 °C and 11.4 °C average maximum and minimum. Fall and spring are transitional seasons. The average annual rainfall is 1424.5 mm and the driest month in August, when there is only 22.9 mm. In January, the rainiest month, the average is 280.3 mm. In recent years, however, the hot, dry days during the winter have been increasingly frequent, often surpassing 30 °C, especially between July and September. In August 2010, for example, the rainfall in Campinas was only 0 mm. During the dry season and long dry spells in the middle of the rainy season are also common records of fires in the hills and thickets, especially in rural areas of the city, which contributes to deforestation and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, further worsening air quality. The lowest temperature recorded in the city was −1.5 °C on June 25, 1918. The highest temperature was 39.0 °C, observed on 17 November 1985. The highest cumulative rainfall recorded in 24 hours in the city between June 1988 and October 2008 was 143.4 mm in 25 days May 2005. Between 1890 and 2004 there were 41 occurrences of frost in Campinas. The most recent was on July 18, 2000, when the minimum temperature reached 2.2 °C. There are also occasional episodes of strong winds, with gusts exceeding 100 km / h, and training records were made in the city day May 4, 2001 and March 9, 2008. The wet season is from mid-October to mid-April, with heavier rains particularly in December, January, February and early March, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average
rainfall Rain is a form of precipitation where water droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. ...
is 24.3 mm in August and 267.8 mm in January. Average
humidity Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation (meteorology), precipitation, dew, or fog t ...
ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January). In the region around Campinas near the state of
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in ...
there are a number of cities which enjoy an even milder mountain climate, such as
Serra Negra Serra Negra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It belongs to the meso-region of Campinas. Population (2020) was 29,452 inhabitants. Total area: 203,5 km2, demographic density: 112 inhabitants/km2. Geography The name of ...
, Socorro,
Lindóia Lindóia is a Brazilian municipalities, municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazilian people, Brazil. Lindóia is one of 11 municipalities considered spas by the State of São Paulo, in that it fulfills certain prerequisi ...
and
Águas de Lindoia Águas de Lindoia (''Lindoia Waters'') is a Brazilian municipality of the state of São Paulo. The population is 18,808 (2020 est.) in an area of 60.1 km2. It is a tourist spot in part due to its hot springs, being part of the ''Circuito das ...
, where several water
spa A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa health treatments are known as balneotherapy. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters and hot springs goes back to pre ...
s are located.


Demographics

According to the 2022 Census, as of August 2022, Campinas had a population of 1,139,047 and a population density of 1.433,54 (inhabitants / km ²). Infant mortality levels were at up to 1 year (per thousand): 14.05 and life expectancy in the city was 72.22 years. The fertility rate was at 1.78 children per woman. 96.01 of the populace could read. * Human Development Index (HDI-M): 0.852 (high) * HDI-M Income: 0.845 (high) * HDI-M Longevity: 0.787 * HDI-M Education: 0.925 (very high) (Source: DATA)


Ethnicity

Source: 2022 census:


Composition

Source: 2022 Census Population (IBGE): 1,139,047


Metropolitan region

, Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with a total of 2.8 million inhabitants and a total land area of (data ), adjacent to the
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
metropolitan region (RMSP) and
São José dos Campos São José dos Campos (, meaning Saint Joseph of the Fields) is a major city and the seat of the Municipalities of Brazil, municipality of the same name in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil. One of the leading industrial and res ...
(RMVale). The Campinas Metropolitan area also comprehends a gross domestic product (GDP) of R$70.7 billion (around U$42 billion). *
Americana Americana may refer to: *Americana music, a genre or style of American music * Americana (culture), artifacts of the culture of the United States Film, radio and television * ''Americana'' (1981 film), an American drama film * ''Americana'' (20 ...
*
Artur Nogueira Artur Nogueira is a city in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 55,340 (2020 est.) in an area of 178.03 km2. The elevation is 595 m. The Adventist Univer ...
*
Cosmópolis Cosmópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 73,474 (2020 est.) in an area of 154.67 km². The elevation is 652 m. History The municipality was created by ...
*
Engenheiro Coelho Engenheiro Coelho is a municipality in the east of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 21,249 (2020 est.) in an area of 109.94 km². It is located about from São Paulo and f ...
*
Holambra Holambra (from the words Holland-America-Brazil) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. Holambra is the largest producer of flowers and ornamental plants in Lat ...
*
Hortolândia Hortolândia is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas and the List of microregions of São Paulo (state), Mesoregion and Microregion of Campinas. It is located northw ...
*
Indaiatuba Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 256,223 (2020 est.) in an area of . The elevation is . The city's name derives from the Tupi language, which roug ...
*
Itatiba Itatiba is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil, approximately 80 km from the State Capital. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population in 2022 was 121 590 in ...
*
Jaguariúna Jaguariúna is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 58,722 (2020 est.) in an area of 141.39 km2. The elevation is 584 m. This place name comes from the Tupi ...
*
Monte Mor Monte Mor is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 60,754 (2020 est.) in an area of 240.57 km². The elevation is 560 m. Media In telecommunications, the c ...
*
Nova Odessa Nova Odessa (literally "New Odesa") is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 60,956 (2020 est.) in an area of 73.79 km2. Nova Odessa was f ...
*
Paulínia Paulínia is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. It is located in the northwest of the São Paulo Macrometropolis and is about 119 km from the São Paulo, state capital. It occupies an ar ...
* Pedreira *
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the São Paulo (state), State of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. It lies about northwest of the State capital. It occupies an area of ...
*
Santo Antônio de Posse Santo Antônio de Posse is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 23,529 (2020 est.) in an area of 154.13 km2. The elevation is 695 m. Nearby cities are Jaguar ...
*
Sumaré Sumaré is a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 286,211 (2020 est.) in an area of 153.47 km2. The elevation is 583 m. Sumaré was founded in 1868, after being upgrad ...
*
Valinhos Valinhos () is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality (''município'') in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the birthplace of Adoniran Barbosa. Valinhos is famous for its purple fig, the theme of its annual Fig Fest. It is part of the Met ...
*
Vinhedo Vinhedo () is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the states of Brazil, state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population in 2020 was 80,111 and its area is . It has a po ...
The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of the micro- and meso-regions of the same name. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of Elias Fausto; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities: Aguaí, Amparo,
Águas da Prata Águas da Prata is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo. The population is 8,221 (2020 est.) in an area of 143 km². Demographics Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until ...
,
Águas de Lindóia Águas or Aguas may refer to: Places * Dos Aguas, a municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain * Aguas, municipality in Aragon, Spain * Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas, a Rococo palace in Valencia, Spain People People with this surname in ...
, Caconde, Casa Branca, Divinolândia,
Espírito Santo do Pinhal Espírito Santo do Pinhal ( Portuguese meaning "Holy Spirit of Pinhal") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2020 is 44,471 (IBGE 2020) and the area is 389 km2. The elevation is 870 m. Media In teleco ...
,
Estiva Gerbi Estiva Gerbi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 11,407 (2020 est.) in an area of 74.1 km2. The elevation is 590 m. Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In ...
,
Itapira Itapira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 75,234 (2020 est.) in an area of 518 km². The elevation is 643 m. History From the eighteenth century, there were already some residents in the region, whose ...
,
Itobi Itobi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 7,852 (2020 est.) in an area of 139 km2. Its elevation is 658m. The name Itobi is derived from the Tupi–Guarani, and means "green river". The town was initially ...
,
Lindóia Lindóia is a Brazilian municipalities, municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazilian people, Brazil. Lindóia is one of 11 municipalities considered spas by the State of São Paulo, in that it fulfills certain prerequisi ...
,
Mococa Mococa is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 68,980 (2020 est.) in an area of 855 km². The elevation is 645 m. The local government is made up of a mayor (in Brazil, '' Prefeito'') and a municipal council ...
,
Mogi Guaçu Mogi Guaçu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 153,033 (2020 est.) in an area of . The city is at an average elevation of above sea level. Mogi Guaçu is a place name that probably originates from the Tupi ...
, Moji-Mirim,
Monte Alegre do Sul Monte Alegre do Sul is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 7,736 (2015 est.) in an area of 110 km². The elevation is 748 m. History The municipality was created by state law in 1948. Media In telecommun ...
,
Pedra Bela Pedra Bela is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,110 (2020 est.) in an area of 159 km2. The elevation is 1,120 m. Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In Jul ...
, Pinhalzinho,
Pirassununga Pirassununga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil, with an altitude of 627 meters. The population is 76,877 (2020 est.) in an area of 727 km2. Situated in the southeast region of Brazil, the city is home to many important in ...
,
Porto Ferreira Porto Ferreira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is situated on the Mojiguaçu River at an altitude of 559 meters. The population is 56,504 (2020 est.) in an area of 244.9 km2. History The valley where Porto Ferreira ...
, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras,
Santo Antônio do Jardim Santo Antônio do Jardim ( Portuguese meaning "Saint Anthony of the garden") is a municipality in the eastern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 5,940 (2020 est.) in an area of 109.96 km2. The elevation is 850 m. Ge ...
,
São João da Boa Vista São João da Boa Vista (; "Saint John of the Good View" in English) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2020 was 91,771 and the area is . The elevation is . History of its foundation The city was founded on J ...
,
São José do Rio Pardo São José do Rio Pardo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 55,124 (2020 est.) in an area of 419 km2. The elevation is 676 m. It was founded by Colonel Antônio Marçal Nogueira de Bar ...
,
São Sebastião da Grama São Sebastião da Grama is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2020 was estimated as 12,159 in an area of . The elevation is . Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Pa ...
,
Serra Negra Serra Negra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It belongs to the meso-region of Campinas. Population (2020) was 29,452 inhabitants. Total area: 203,5 km2, demographic density: 112 inhabitants/km2. Geography The name of ...
, Socorro,
Tambaú Tambaú is a municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 23,232 (2020 est.) in an area of 562 km2. The elevation is 698 m. Tambaú was famous for the annual sermons of :pt:Donizetti Tavares de Lima, ...
, Tapiratiba,
Vargem Grande do Sul Vargem Grande do Sul (Portuguese for "Southern Great Lowland") is a municipality in the northeast of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 43,110 (2020 est.) in an area of 267 km². The elevation is 721 m. Ac ...
and
Vinhedo Vinhedo () is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the states of Brazil, state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population in 2020 was 80,111 and its area is . It has a po ...
. Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to the meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned:
Araras Araras () is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality located in the interior of São Paulo (state), State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 135,506 as of the 2020 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE estimate. Etymology ...
,
Atibaia Atibaia (or ''Estância de Atibaia'') is a Municipalities of Brazil, Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. According to the Brazilian statistics institute the IBGE, the city is a conurbation with Bom Jesus dos Pe ...
,
Bragança Paulista Bragança Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 170,533 (2020 est.) in an area of 512.6 km². The elevation is 817 m. The city is famous for its traditional sausages, with several establishments cl ...
,
Capivari Capivari is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 56,379 (2020 est.) in an area of 323 km2. Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to ...
,
Conchal Conchal is a municipality in São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 28,273 (2020 est.) in an area of 182.8 km2. The elevation is 591 m. History The municipality was created by state law in 1948. Media In telecommunications, the city was s ...
,
Iracemápolis Iracemápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 24,614 (2020 est.) in an area of 115.1 km². The elevation is 608 m. It is known as the birthplace of footballer Elano. Media In telecommunications, t ...
,
Itu The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)In the other common languages of the ITU: * * is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established ...
,
Itupeva Itupeva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 64,330 (2021 est.) in an area of . The elevation is . Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this com ...
,
Jarinu Jarinu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 30,617 (2020 est.) in an area of 208 km2. The elevation is 755 m. History The municipality was created by state law in 1948. Media In telecommunications, th ...
, Jundiai,
Limeira Limeira is a city in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. With a population of approximately 291,869 people (2022 IBGE.) and covering an area of 581 square kilometers, it sits at an elevation of 588 meters. The city is situated 1 ...
,
Louveira Louveira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 49,993 (2020 est.) in an area of 55.1 km2. The elevation is 690 m. Demographics Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações ...
, Mombuca,
Morungaba Morungaba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 13,781 (2020 est.) in an area of 146.75 km2. The elevation is 765 m. Media In telecommunications, the cit ...
,
Piracicaba Piracicaba ( ) is a Municipalities of Brazil, Brazilian municipality located in the Interior of São Paulo, interior of São Paulo (state), São Paulo state, in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of Brazil. It serves as the main city ...
, Rafard, Rio das Pedras, Salto and Tuiuti.


Economy

Campinas is the richest city in the metropolitan region of Campinas and the 10th richest city in Brazil, showing a gross domestic product (GDP) of 36.68 billion
reais The Brazilian real ( pl. '; sign: R$; code: BRL) is the official currency of Brazil. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil is the central bank and the issuing authority. The real replaced the cruzeiro real in 1994. ...
(2010), which represents almost 1% (0.998%) of all Brazilian GDP. Currently, the city concentrates 10% of industrial production of
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. The paper highlights the high-tech industries and metallurgical park, considered the capital of Silicon Valley Sterling. The region hosts 17,677 industries, the second largest number in the
State of São Paulo State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
. The petrochemical complex is centered in the Southeastern section, a few miles from Campinas, near the refinery of Petrobras Planalto Paulista (Replan), the largest in Brazil one of the largest in Latin America, and has companies like
Dupont Dupont, DuPont, Du Pont, duPont, or du Pont may refer to: People * Dupont (surname) Dupont, also spelled as DuPont, duPont, Du Pont, or du Pont is a French surname meaning "of the bridge", historically indicating that the holder of the surname re ...
,
Chevron Chevron (often relating to V-shaped patterns) may refer to: Science and technology * Chevron (aerospace), sawtooth patterns on some jet engines * Chevron (anatomy), a bone * '' Eulithis testata'', a moth * Chevron (geology), a fold in rock la ...
,
Shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses Science Biology * Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...
,
Exxon Exxon Mobil Corporation ( ) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Spring, Texas, a suburb of Houston. Founded as the largest direct successor of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, the modern company was form ...
, Group Ipiranga, Eucatex, Rhodia, and others. It is the hub of companies and Blue Trip. The largest companies have a global turnover of more than $80 billion, larger than many Latin American countries. The city has several shopping malls, two of the largest being Iguatemi Campinas and Shopping Parque Dom Pedro. Campinas has, within its metropolitan area, the largest cargo airport for import/export,
Viracopos International Airport The Viracopos/Campinas International Airport (sometimes referred to as São Paulo/Campinas or São Paulo/Viracopos) is an international airport serving the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. On 6 January 1987, the airport nam ...
, a significant entity in the international transport of cargo. Campinas' main economic activities are
agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...
(mainly coffee,
sugarcane Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fib ...
, and
cotton Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure ...
), industry (
textiles Textile is an Hyponymy and hypernymy, umbrella term that includes various Fiber, fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, Staple (textiles)#Filament fiber, filaments, Thread (yarn), threads, and different types of #Fabric, fabric. ...
,
motorcycle A motorcycle (motorbike, bike; uni (if one-wheeled); trike (if three-wheeled); quad (if four-wheeled)) is a lightweight private 1-to-2 passenger personal motor vehicle Steering, steered by a Motorcycle handlebar, handlebar from a saddle-style ...
s, cars,
machinery A machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolec ...
,
agricultural equipment Agricultural machinery relates to the mechanical structures and devices used in farming or other agriculture. There are many types of such equipment, from hand tools and power tools to tractors and the farm implements that they tow or operate. M ...
, food and beverages,
chemical A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds. If two or more chemical substances can be combin ...
and
petrochemical Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable s ...
,
pharmaceuticals Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the ...
,
paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, Textile, rags, poaceae, grasses, Feces#Other uses, herbivore dung, or other vegetable sources in water. Once the water is dra ...
and
cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of glycosidic bond, β(1→4) linked glucose, D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important s ...
,
telecommunications Telecommunication, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as telecom, is the transmission of information over a distance using electronic means, typically through cables, radio waves, or other communication technologies. These means of ...
,
computers A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations ('' computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as ''programs'', ...
and
electronics Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other Electric charge, electrically charged particles. It is a subfield ...
, etc.),
commerce Commerce is the organized Complex system, system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered large-scale exchange (distribution through Financial transaction, transactiona ...
and services. The Campinas Metropolitan Region is home to many national and international high-tech industries and IT companies, including
IBM International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and present in over 175 countries. It is ...
,
Dell Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...
,
Motorola Motorola, Inc. () was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois. It was founded by brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin in 1928 and had been named Motorola since 1947. Many of Motorola's products had been ...
, NXP,
Lucent Lucent Technologies, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications equipment company headquartered in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It was established on September 30, 1996, through the divestiture of the former AT&T Technologies busines ...
,
Nortel Nortel Networks Corporation (Nortel), formerly Northern Telecom Limited, was a Canadian Multinational corporation, multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. It was founded in ...
,
Compaq Compaq Computer Corporation was an American information technology, information technology company founded in 1982 that developed, sold, and supported computers and related products and services. Compaq produced some of the first IBM PC compati ...
,
Celestica Celestica Inc. is a Canadian multinational design, manufacturing, hardware platform, and supply chain electronics manufacturing services (EMS) company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company operates in 50 sites across 15 countries. ...
,
Samsung Samsung Group (; stylised as SΛMSUNG) is a South Korean Multinational corporation, multinational manufacturing Conglomerate (company), conglomerate headquartered in the Samsung Town office complex in Seoul. The group consists of numerous a ...
,
Alcatel Alcatel SA was a French industrial conglomerate active between 1963 and 2006. It has roots to ''Compagnie Générale d’Electricité'' (CGE), a conglomerate founded in 1898 as an early state owned cable and telephone equipment company that lat ...
, Bosch, 3M,
Texas Instruments Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American multinational semiconductor company headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It is one of the top 10 semiconductor companies worldwide based on sales volume. The company's focus is on developing analog ...
, CI&T an
Daitan
The airline
TRIP Linhas Aéreas TRIP Linhas Aéreas S/A (formerly Transporte Aéreo Regional do Interior Paulista) was a domestic regional airline based in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC) between January and ...
is headquartered in Campinas. The Viracopos airport is also the operational hub of Azul Airlines. The
automotive industry The automotive industry comprises a wide range of company, companies and organizations involved in the design, Business development, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, Maintenance, repairing, and Custom car, modification of motor ve ...
is also heavily represented:
General Motors General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
,
Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to simply as Mercedes and occasionally as Benz, is a German automotive brand that was founded in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group, established in 2019) is based in Stuttgart, ...
,
Honda commonly known as just Honda, is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate automotive manufacturer headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in October 1946 by Soichiro Honda, Honda has bee ...
,
Magneti Marelli Marelli Europe S.p.A. (formerly Magneti Marelli S.p.A.) is a European subsidiary of Marelli Holdings which develops and manufactures components for the automotive industry. The firm is headquartered in Corbetta, Italy, and includes 86 manufac ...
,
Eaton Corporation Eaton Corporation plc is an American-Irish-domiciled multinational power management company, with a primary administrative center in Beachwood, Ohio. Eaton has more than 85,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countr ...
,
Tenneco Tenneco, Inc. (formerly Tenneco Automotive and originally Tennessee Gas Transmission Company) is an American automotive components original equipment manufacturer and an aftermarket ride control and emissions products manufacturer. It is a ''F ...
,
Toyota is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is the List of manuf ...
and many others are present. It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma,
Altana Altana AG (styled as ALTANA) is a German chemical company headquartered in Wesel. It was created in 1977, as a result of spinning off divisions from the Varta Group. The first CEO was Herbert Quandt. The group comprises the divisions BYK (co ...
,
Merck Sharp and Dohme Merck & Co., Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey. The company does business as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada. It is one of the largest pharmaceutical co ...
,
Cristália Cristália is a Brazilian municipality located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. In 2020 the population was 5,982 in a total area of 841 km2. The elevation is 728 meters. It became a municipality in 1962. Geography Cristália i ...
,
Valeo Valeo is a French global automotive supplier headquartered in France, listed on the Paris Stock Exchange ( CAC Next 20 Index). It supplies a wide range of products to automakers and the aftermarket. The Group employs 113,600 people in 29 countri ...
, etc. In addition the region is home to many
research center Center or centre may refer to: Mathematics *Center (geometry), the middle of an object * Center (algebra), used in various contexts ** Center (group theory) ** Center (ring theory) * Graph center, the set of all vertices of minimum eccentric ...
s and
universities A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...
, such as the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, National Laboratory of Science and Technology of Bioethanol, Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory,
Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações CPQD is a Research and Development Center in Telecommunications and one of the largest Latin American Research and development, R&D centers in Telecommunications and Information technology, IT. Located in Campinas, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, ...
(CPqD), CenPRA,
Embrapa The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa - ) is a state-owned research corporation affiliated with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. Since its inception on April 26, 1973, it has been devoted to developing technologies, knowl ...
,
Unicamp The University of Campinas (), commonly called Unicamp, is a public research university in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil. Established in 1962, Unicamp was designed from scratch as an integrated Research institute, researc ...
, Facamp and Puccamp. According to the Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings, the University of Campinas (
Unicamp The University of Campinas (), commonly called Unicamp, is a public research university in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil. Established in 1962, Unicamp was designed from scratch as an integrated Research institute, researc ...
) is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the
University of São Paulo The Universidade de São Paulo (, USP) is a public research university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, and the largest public university in Brazil. The university was founded on 25 January 1934, regrouping already existing schools in ...
in 176th place). Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech
business incubator A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture ...
s and industrial parks (a total of eight), such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas, and others. The presence of one of the largest
oil refineries An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied pet ...
in Latin America ( of crude per day), operated by
Petrobras Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and Trade name, trading as the portmanteau Petrobras (), is a Brazilian state-owned enterprise, majority state-owned multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. ...
in the neighboring county of
Paulínia Paulínia is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. It is located in the northwest of the São Paulo Macrometropolis and is about 119 km from the São Paulo, state capital. It occupies an ar ...
, has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including
DuPont Dupont, DuPont, Du Pont, duPont, or du Pont may refer to: People * Dupont (surname) Dupont, also spelled as DuPont, duPont, Du Pont, or du Pont is a French surname meaning "of the bridge", historically indicating that the holder of the surname re ...
, Rhone-Poulenc, and
Royal Dutch Shell Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company, headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New ...
. The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new
sucrose Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula . For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined ...
-rich
sugarcane Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fib ...
, to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an
internal combustion engine An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal comb ...
capable of using either
gasoline Gasoline ( North American English) or petrol ( Commonwealth English) is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. When for ...
or
ethanol Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with its formula also written as , or EtOH, where Et is the ps ...
. Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are
fiber optics An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at ...
,
laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word ''laser'' originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radi ...
s for telecommunications and medical applications,
integrated circuit An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a set of electronic circuits, consisting of various electronic components (such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors) and their interconnections. These components a ...
s design and fabrication, satellite environmental monitoring of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital
telephone switch A telephone exchange, telephone switch, or central office is a central component of a telecommunications system in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or in large enterprises. It facilitates the establishment of communication circuits ...
es, deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment,
medical software Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context. This can include: * Standalone software used for Medical diagnosis, diagnostic or Therapy, therapeutic purposes. * Software used by health care providers to reduce pape ...
,
genetic engineering Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of Genetic engineering techniques, technologies used to change the genet ...
and recombinant
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...
technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and food engineering. Because of this, Campinas has been called the
Brazilian Silicon Valley Brazilian Silicon Valley is a term commonly applied to the region of Campinas and in southern region this term is applied for Florianópolis city, Brazil because of its similarity to the 'original' Silicon Valley, located in California in the USA. ...
.


Socio-economic conditions

Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$17,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP (
Purchasing Power Parity Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currency, currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market bask ...
), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly US$12,300 per year).


Tourism and recreation

Tourist attractions include: * the Bosque dos Jequitibás, an urban preserved wooded area reminiscent of the original rain forest that covered the region in the past: it has a small zoo with local
fauna Fauna (: faunae or faunas) is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding terms for plants and fungi are ''flora'' and '' funga'', respectively. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively ...
and a natural history museum; * the cathedral, which was built in the 19th century; its interior is entirely made of
jacaranda ''Jacaranda'' is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas while cultivated around the world. The generic name is also used as the common name. The species ' ...
wood sculptures and works. It was made using a technique called "taipa de pilão" using clay and rocks – it is one of the largest buildings in the world using this construction technique; * the Central Market, with typical stall stands full of the fresh products of the region; * the old Central Railway Station, now converted to a cultural center; * ''Centro de Convivência'', a cultural complex of theater, an open
arena An arena is a large enclosed venue, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, Music, musical performances or Sport, sporting events. It comprises a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for specta ...
for concerts and spectacles, and a plaza where Campinas Symphony Orchestra often plays to the public, during on Sundays this place receive many art exhibitors known by most people as Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas Hippie Fair; * the ''Castelo'' (Castle) Water Tower, which provides views over the downtown; * the Historical Railway Society of Campinas, which maintains the Anhumas station, a set of steam
locomotive A locomotive is a rail transport, rail vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However, Push–pull train, push–pull operation has become common, and in the pursuit for ...
s and full carriages and which promotes regular trips along a picturesque region dotted with old coffee farms; * the Lagoa do Taquaral Park, a much-beloved urban
lagoon A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform, such as reefs, barrier islands, barrier peninsulas, or isthmuses. Lagoons are commonly divided into ''coastal lagoons'' (or ''barrier lagoons'') an ...
and adjacent wooded park, includes: a
planetarium A planetarium (: planetariums or planetaria) is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation. A dominant feature of most planetariums is ...
, a
science museum A science museum is a museum devoted primarily to science. Older science museums tended to concentrate on static displays of objects related to natural history, paleontology, geology, Industry (manufacturing), industry and Outline of industrial ...
, an indoor sports stadium and swimming pool,
kart racing Kart racing or karting is a motorsport discipline using open-wheel, four-wheeled vehicles known as go-karts or shifter karts. They are usually raced on kart circuit, scaled-down circuits, although some professional kart races are also held on fu ...
(now deactivated) and
model airplane A model aircraft is a physical model of an existing or imagined aircraft, and is built typically for display, research, or amusement. Model aircraft are divided into two basic groups: flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also termed s ...
areas, an open concert auditorium, a floating
caravel The caravel (Portuguese language, Portuguese: , ) is a small sailing ship developed by the Portuguese that may be rigged with just lateen sails, or with a combination of lateen and Square rig, square sails. It was known for its agility and s ...
replica, an electric
tram A tram (also known as a streetcar or trolley in Canada and the United States) is an urban rail transit in which Rolling stock, vehicles, whether individual railcars or multiple-unit trains, run on tramway tracks on urban public streets; some ...
way (streetcar line),
pedalo A pedalo (British English), pedal boat (U.S. English), or paddle boat (U.S., Canadian, and Australian English) is a human-powered watercraft propelled by the action of bicycle pedal, pedals turning a paddle wheel. Description A pedalo is ...
s, plus facilities for several types of sports, including a long track for running and walking; * the Rural Exhibition of Campinas is an annual agricultural fair that showcases the region's agricultural products and traditions; * the region is rich in bird species, attracting birdwatchers from all over the world; Campinas' readers of the ''
Correio Popular ''Correio Popular'' is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927, by Álvaro Ribeiro. The founder proposed a motto for the newspaper, which reads: "We will be diligent i ...
'' newspaper and the Cosmo Website voted in July 2007 for the "Seven Wonders of Campinas". The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of
Serra Negra Serra Negra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It belongs to the meso-region of Campinas. Population (2020) was 29,452 inhabitants. Total area: 203,5 km2, demographic density: 112 inhabitants/km2. Geography The name of ...
and
Águas de Lindóia Águas or Aguas may refer to: Places * Dos Aguas, a municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain * Aguas, municipality in Aragon, Spain * Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas, a Rococo palace in Valencia, Spain People People with this surname in ...
; and in
Holambra Holambra (from the words Holland-America-Brazil) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. Holambra is the largest producer of flowers and ornamental plants in Lat ...
, a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual
flower Flowers, also known as blooms and blossoms, are the reproductive structures of flowering plants ( angiosperms). Typically, they are structured in four circular levels, called whorls, around the end of a stalk. These whorls include: calyx, m ...
festival and typical buildings and restaurants.


Sports

Campinas is home to two football clubs nationally recognized:
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta Associação Atlética Ponte Preta (), commonly referred to as Ponte Preta or just Ponte, is a Brazilian association football club based in Campinas, São Paulo state. Ponte currently plays in the Série C, the third tier of Brazilian footb ...
and
Guarani Futebol Clube Guarani Futebol Clube, colloquially called Guarani, is a Brazilian association football club in Campinas, São Paulo. Guarani is the only club not based in a state capital or coastal city to have won the top tier of the Brazilian Championsh ...
, who perform " Campineiro derby" match that is considered one of the most traditional of the state occurring since 1912. There is also
Red Bull Brasil Red Bull Bragantino II was a professional association football club based in Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. The team last played in the Campeonato Paulista Série A3, the third tier of the São Paulo state football league, before reque ...
, which was created in November 2007 and lately has gained significant prominence. Women's football also has been outstanding, albeit amateur. In the story also revealed other clubs, such as Mogiana Sports Club, which was created on June 7, 1933, and came into bankruptcy in the 60s. The city also has three major venues: Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa, owned by Guarani, which opened in 1953 and today has a capacity of around 29,130 people, Sport and Recreation Centre in Campinas Dr. Horacio Antonio da Costa (Cerecamp Stadium or Mogiana Stadium), which belongs to the state of São Paulo and was opened in 1940, right by the
Estádio Moisés Lucarelli Estádio Moisés Lucarelli , also known as Estádio Majestoso, or just Majestoso, is a football stadium inaugurated on September 12, 1948 in Campinas, São Paulo, with a maximum capacity of 19,728 spectators. The stadium is owned by Associação ...
, owned by Ponte Preta, which was built by its own supporters, and founded in 1948 and has the capacity to 19,728 visitors. It is popularly known as "Majestoso" (The Majestic One), for being the third-largest stadium in Brazil as the year of its foundation (1948), smaller only than
Pacaembu Pacaembu () is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 14,263 (2020 est.) in an area of 339 km². The elevation is 415 m. History The municipality was created by state law in 1948. Media In telecommunicati ...
, in
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
and São Januário, in
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
. The city is still home to several sporting events in other modalities, such as Corrida Integração (Integration Race), which is held since 1983 by Pioneer Broadcasters Television (EPTV), being divided into two modes (a 5 km-dedicated to disabled people and wheelchair users, and another 10 km, for non-disabled people). Campinas also has a tradition in the Open Games of the Interior, created in 1936, and competition involving various sports. Four times, hosted the competition (1939, 1945, 1960, and 1994), and ten times the city came out as the winner of the competition (1939, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979), being the third city which has won the most competition. In tennis, there is the Tennis Club of Campinas (CBT), which was created in 1913, offering, in addition to the blocks of the sport, swimming pools, courts for basketball and soccer, as well as rooms suitable for the practice of judo, gymnastics, and dance. Club de Regatas Campineiro and Swim (CCRN) also provides space for the practice of various types of Olympic sports.


Government

The municipality is subdivided into one main district and four subdistricts, Joaquim Egídio, Sousas, Barão Geraldo and Nova Aparecida. There are also 14 regional administrations. The Secretariat of International Cooperation (SMCI) was created on April 28, 1994. It is one of the 18 Secretariats of the City Hall of Campinas and it is currently located in that building. Its main goals are: * the attraction and facilitation for the arrival of new investments to the city; * the expansion of the companies activities that are already established in the city; * the perpetuation of the relations between the city, its international community, and partners, such as the Sister-Cities. The Secretariat also acts as a supporter to other secretariats in the City Hall, often through: the identification of national and foreign potentials investors; keeping systematic contacts with executives in Brazil and abroad, Embassies, Chambers of Commerces and relevant International Organizations; presenting Campinas to the cities and interested investors.


Mayors

* Orozimbo Maia – 1904, 1908–1910, 1926–1930 * Ruy Hellmeister Novais – 1956–1959, 1964–1969 * Orestes Quércia – 1969–1972 * Lauro Péricles Gonçalves; 1973–1976 * Francisco Amaral; 1977–1982, 1997–2001 * José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira – 1983–1988, 1993–1996 (died of hepatic cancer while in office) * Jacó Bittar – 1989–1992 * Antonio da Costa Santos (''Toninho'') – 2001 (murdered while in office) * Izalene Tiene – 2001–2005 * Hélio de Oliveira Santos (''Dr. Hélio'') – 2005–2011 (deposed) * Demétrio Vilagra – 2011(removed) * Pedro Serafim Júnior – 2011 * Demétrio Vilagra – 2011 (deposed) * Pedro Serafim Júnior – 2011–2012 (interim) * Jonas Donizette  – 2013–2020 * Dário Saadi – 2021–present


Infrastructure


Transportation

Campinas is a major transportation and telecommunications hub for the State of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, as it is located on the major motorways that connect the São Paulo (city), capital to the Northwest and Northern parts of the State. The city is served by the Campinas Beltway (''Anel Viário'') and the following main motorways: * Rodovia Anhangüera * Rodovia dos Bandeirantes * Rodovia Santos Dumont * Rodovia Dom Pedro I * Rodovia Adhemar de Barros * Rodovia Professor Zeferino Vaz * Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença All these motorways are built according to the highest international standards (see highway system of São Paulo). The Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira (SP-038) around the city currently interconnects the Anhangüera and Dom Pedro I motorways. The main airport of the city is
Viracopos International Airport The Viracopos/Campinas International Airport (sometimes referred to as São Paulo/Campinas or São Paulo/Viracopos) is an international airport serving the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. On 6 January 1987, the airport nam ...
, located from Downtown Campinas and from the city of
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
. The airport serves as the main hub for Azul Brazilian Airlines, transporting 11.8 million passengers in 2022. It also operates the second-largest cargo terminal in Brazil. It is one of the fastest-growing airports in the country, and since it was turned over to the private sector in 2012, a number of improvements and innovations have been implemented through the Viracopos Brazil Airports concession. A second facility, Campo dos Amarais Airport located from downtown Campinas, is dedicated to general aviation.


Campinas public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Campinas, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 77 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 23 min, while 52% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.9 km, while 16% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.


Education

Portuguese language, Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official High school (upper secondary), high school curriculum.


Universities and colleges

* Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas); * IFSP (Instituto Federal de São Paulo); * INPG Business School (Instituto Nacional de Pós-Graduação)
INPG
* PUC-Campinas (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas); * UNIP (Universidade Paulista); * FACAMP (Faculdades de Campinas); * METROCAMP (Faculdade Integrada Metropolitana de Campinas); * IPEP (Faculdades Integradas IPEP); * UNISAL (Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo); * USF (Universidade São Francisco); * ESAMC (Escola Superior de Administração, Marketing e Comunicação); * Universidade Mackenzie; * FAC (Faculdades Comunitárias de Campinas); * Faculdades Fleming; * Faculdade de Odontologia São Leopoldo Mandic.
Fatec Campinas


Technical schools

* ETE Bento Quirino (Escola Técnica Estadual Bento Quirino) * ETEC (Escola Técnica de Campinas) * ETECAP (Escola Técnica Estadual Conselheiro Antonio Prado) * POLI Bentinho (Colégio Politécnico Bento Quirino) * COTUCA (Colégio Técnico da Universidade de Campinas) * SENAI (Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial) * IFSP (Instituto Federal de São Paulo)


Media

Three daily newspapers are published in Campinas, all owned by media company Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação:
Correio Popular ''Correio Popular'' is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927, by Álvaro Ribeiro. The founder proposed a motto for the newspaper, which reads: "We will be diligent i ...
,
Diário do Povo Diario (Italian, Spanish "Diary") and ''El Diario'' (Spanish, "The Daily") may refer to: Newspapers, periodicals and websites :''Alphabetical by country'' * ''El Diario'' (Argentina) * ''Diario'' (Aruba) * ''El Diario'' (La Paz), Bolivia *'' Diari ...
and Notícia Já (a tabloid). Several other local newspapers with weekly or monthly circulation are also published. Several magazines are also published in Campinas, the largest one being ''Metrópole'', which circulates on Sundays as a supplement to ''Correio Popular''. The city has also a large number of radio stations as well as several local TV stations, including ''TV Universidades'' and ''Fenix TV'' (both not-for-profit), distributed by Net Serviços de Comunicação S/A, Net Campinas, the local cable distributor.
Campinas
was the first city in Brazil, outside the capitals of Brazilian states, which received the transmission in Digital television, digital signal for TV, by Emissoras Pioneiras de Televisão, EPTV, an affiliate of Rede Globo, on October 3, 2008. It currently has the second TV station that also broadcasts the signal by TVB, now an affiliate of Rede Record, since February 2011 (before Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão, SBT, when it began on May 8, 2010). In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo (telecommunications company), Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).


Notable people

* Maurício Lima, Maurício, volleyball player, Olympic Champion * Campos Sales (politician, fourth president of Brazil) * Carlos Gomes (opera composer) * Nelsinho Baptista (footballer) * Olavo de Carvalho (philosopher and writer) * Daniel Dias (paralympic swimmer) * Luciano do Valle (sports commentator) * Felipe Meligeni Alves (tennis player) * Marcelo Damy (physicist) * Gabriel (footballer, born July 1992), Gabriel (footballer) * Gilberto de Nucci (physician and biomedical researcher) * Renato M.E. Sabbatini (biomedical scientist and writer) *
Hércules Florence Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (29 February 1804 – 27 March 1879) was a Monegasque-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre (but six years after Nicéphore Niépce), ...
(inventor) * Luís Fabiano (footballer) * Carlos Roberto Martins (entrepreneur) * Crodowaldo Pavan (biologist and scientist) * Henrique Martins (World Champion in swimming and Mister Brazil) * Zeferino Vaz (physician, former dean of UNICAMP) * Fabiana Murer (pole vaulter) * Oliver Minatel (footballer) * José Fiolo (swimmer) * Sandy (Brazilian singer), Sandy (singer) * Fabinho (footballer, born 1993), Fabinho (footballer) * Marcel de Souza (basketball), Marcel, basketball player * Ricardo Mello, tennis player * Fábio Gomes (pole vaulter), Fábio Gomes, pole vaulter


Twin towns – sister cities

Campinas is Sister city, twinned with: * Asunción, Paraguay (1973) * Auroville, India (2004) * Cabinda (city), Cabinda, Angola (2009) * Cascais, Portugal (2012) * Concepción, Chile, Concepción, Chile (1979) * Córdoba, Argentina, Córdoba, Argentina (1993) * Cotorro, Cotorro (Havana), Cuba (2009) * Daloa, Ivory Coast (1982) * Durban, South Africa (2009) * Fuzhou, China (1996) * Gifu, Japan (1982) * Indianapolis, United States (2009) * Jericho, Palestine (2003) * Malito, Italy (2006) * San Diego, United States (1995) * Viseu, Portugal (2012) * Zaragoza, Spain (2013)


Cooperative agreements

Campinas signed Cooperation Protocol with: * Fundão, Portugal, Fundão, Portugal (2012)


Domestic cooperation

Campinas cooperates with: * Belém, Pará (2003) * Blumenau, Santa Catarina (1983) * Camanducaia, Minas Gerais (2010) * Peruíbe, São Paulo (2007) * Salinas, Minas Gerais, Salinas, Minas Gerais (2012) * Ubatuba, São Paulo (2007)


See also

* List of municipalities in São Paulo * Interior of São Paulo


References


External links


Official home page
(in Portuguese).
EncontraCampinas - Find everything about Campinas
(in Portuguese)
The Seven Wonders of Campinas
(in Portuguese)
Other Campinas Tourist Spots
(in Portuguese) {{Authority control Campinas, Populated places established in 1774 1774 establishments in South America