Brockville is a city in

Eastern Ontario Eastern Ontario (census population 1,892,332 in 2021) () is a secondary region of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It occupies a wedge-shaped area bounded by the Ottawa River and Quebec to the northeast and east, the St. Lawr ...

, Canada, in the

Thousand Islands The Thousand Islands (, ) constitute a North American archipelago of 1,864 islands that straddles the Canada–US border in the Saint Lawrence River as it emerges from the northeast corner of Lake Ontario. They stretch for about downstream fr ...

region. Although it is the seat of the

United Counties of Leeds and Grenville The United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, commonly known as Leeds and Grenville, is a county and census division in Ontario, Canada, in the Eastern Ontario subregion of Southern Ontario. It fronts on the St. Lawrence River and the internation ...

, it is politically

independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in Pennsylvania, United States * Independentes (English: Independents), a Portuguese artist ...

of the county. It is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only. Known as the "City of the 1000 Islands", Brockville is situated on the land which was previously inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians and later by the

Oswegatchie people In 1749, the Sulpician missionary, Abbé Francois Picquet, built a fort where the Oswegatchie River empties into the St. Lawrence River (present-day Ogdensburg, New York). He invited the Iroquois to come to ''Fort de La Présentation'' to learn ...

. Brockville is one of Ontario's oldest communities established by

Loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cr ...

settlers and is named after the British general Sir

Isaac Brock Major-General Sir Isaac Brock KB (6 October 1769 – 13 October 1812) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Guernsey. He is best remembered for his victory at the Siege of Detroit and his death at the Battle of Quee ...

. Tourist attractions in Brockville include the

Brockville Tunnel The Brockville Railway Tunnel, also called the Brockville Tunnel, is a former railway tunnel located beneath the downtown of Brockville, Ontario, Canada. It is the first railway tunnel built in Canada; construction began in September 1854 and the ...

Fulford Place Fulford Place is a historic mansion in Brockville, Ontario. It was completed in 1901 for Senator George Taylor Fulford, a Canadian businessman and politician. The home is now a historic house museum reflecting Edwardian era decorations, and it ...

, and the Aquatarium.

History

Human inhabitation of the upper St. Lawrence River dates at least to the late Middle

Woodland period In the classification of :category:Archaeological cultures of North America, archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BC to European contact i ...

by the Point Peninsula people. Iron oxide

pictographs A pictogram (also pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto) is a graphical symbol that conveys meaning through its visual resemblance to a physical object. Pictograms are used in systems of writing and visual communication. A pictography is a wri ...

on rock faces have been documented on the Fulford property in Brockville and at Hillcrest west of Brockville. From around 1450 until sometime in the 1500s, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians established a cluster of

palisade A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall. Palisades can form a stockade. Etymo ...

d agricultural villages in the vicinity of Brockville and

Prescott Prescott may refer to: People Given name * Prescott E. Bloom, American lawyer and politician * Prescott Bush, American banker and politician * Samuel Prescott Bush, American industrialist * Prescott F. Hall, American lawyer, author and eugenicist ...

, the Roebuck site being the best known. By 1751, the

had occupied the north shore of the St. Lawrence between Toniato Creek (now known as Jones Creek, in

Thousand Islands National Park Thousand Islands National Park (established 1904), formerly known as the St. Lawrence Islands National Park, is a Canadian National Park located on the 1000 Islands Parkway in the Thousand Islands Region of the Saint Lawrence River. The islands ...

) and the

Long Sault Long Sault was a rapid in the St. Lawrence River upstream and west of Cornwall, Ontario. ''Sault'' is the archaic spelling of the French word ''saut'', meaning rapids. The Long Sault created a navigation barrier along the river for much of its ...

. After negotiations with the British, they withdrew from the frontage on the north shore of the St. Lawrence in 1784, resettling at what is now

Lisbon, New York Lisbon is a Administrative divisions of New York#Town, town in St. Lawrence County, New York, St. Lawrence County, New York (state), New York, United States. The population was 4,102 at the 2010 census. By some accounts, the town is named after ...

. This area of Ontario was first settled by

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Culture, language and peoples * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England * ''English'', an Amish ter ...

speakers in 1784, when thousands of American refugees arrived from the American colonies after the

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...

. They were later called

United Empire Loyalists United Empire Loyalist (UEL; or simply Loyalist) is an honorific title which was first given by Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, the 1st Lord Dorchester, the governor of Province of Quebec (1763–1791), Quebec and Governor General, governor ...

because of their continued allegiance to

King George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...

. The struggle between Britain and the 13 American colonies occurred in the years 1776 to 1783 and seriously divided loyalties among people in some colonies such as

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...

and

Vermont Vermont () is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York (state), New York to the west, and the Provinces and territories of Ca ...

. In many areas, traders and merchants, especially in the coastal cities or the northern border regions, had stronger business ties and allegiance to the Crown than did the frontiersmen of the interior. During the six-year war, which ended with the capitulation of the British in 1782, many colonists who remained loyal to the crown were frequently subject to harsh reprisals and unfair dispossession of their property by their fellow citizens. Many Loyalists chose to flee north to the

British colony A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by England, and then Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English and later British Empire. There was usually a governor to represent the Crown, appointed by the British monarch on ...

Quebec Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...

. Great Britain opened the western region of Canada (first known as Upper Canada and now Ontario), purchasing land from First Nations to allocate to the predominantly English-speaking Loyalists in compensation for their losses and helping them with some supplies as they founded new settlements. The first years were very harsh as they struggled on the frontier. Some exiles returned to the United States. Brockville - ON - Railway Tunnel

The

Saint Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (, ) is a large international river in the middle latitudes of North America connecting the Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean. Its waters flow in a northeasterly direction from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrenc ...

got its name from explorer

Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier (; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French maritime explorer from Brittany. Jacques Cartier was the first Europeans, European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, wh ...

's arrival in the gulf on August 10, 1535, the feast day of the martyred Roman Christian,

Saint Lawrence Saint Lawrence or Laurence (; 31 December 225 – 10 August 258) was one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome under Pope Sixtus II who were martyred in the Persecution of Christians, persecution of the Christians that the Roman Empire, Rom ...

. In 1785, the first Loyalist to take up land where Brockville is now located was William Buell Sr. (1751–1832), an ensign disbanded from the

King's Rangers The King's Rangers, also known as the King's American Rangers, was a Loyalist provincial ranger unit that specialized in close combat, irregular warfare, raiding, reconnaissance, and tracking. It raised in Nova Scotia for service during the Amer ...

from the state of New York. Residents commonly called the first settlement Buell's Bay. Around 1810, government officials of

Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada () was a Province, part of The Canadas, British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Queb ...

assigned the name Elizabethtown to the developing village. During mid-1812, the Hon. Charles Jones, and other leading residents of the village, then known by the misleading name Elizabethtown, started to refer to the village as Brockville in their correspondence. The commanding British General in Upper Canada and temporary administrator of the province was Major-General

. He was celebrated as the "Hero and Saviour" of Upper Canada because of his recent success in securing the surrender by Americans of

Fort Detroit A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Lati ...

during the first months of the

War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States United States declaration of war on the Uni ...

. After the surrender of Fort Detroit, General Brock was next involved in other battles on the

Niagara Peninsula The Niagara Peninsula is an area of land lying between the southwestern shore of Lake Ontario and the northeastern shore of Lake Erie, in Ontario, Canada. Technically an isthmus rather than a peninsula, it stretches from the Niagara River in the ...

. On October 13, 1812, he was fatally wounded while leading troops up the heights near the village of

Queenston Queenston is a compact rural community and unincorporated place north of Niagara Falls in the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. It is bordered by Highway 405 to the south and the Niagara River to the east; its location at the eponym ...

, then temporarily held by

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, p ...

militia A militia ( ) is a military or paramilitary force that comprises civilian members, as opposed to a professional standing army of regular, full-time military personnel. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or se ...

. General Brock had learned of the honour being offered by the residents of Elizabethtown but had no chance to give it his official blessing before his death. It took several years for Provincial officials to officially accept the new name, though most residents used it. A

raid on Elizabethtown The Raid on Elizabethtown occurred on February 7, 1813, when Major Benjamin Forsyth and 200 regulars and militia crossed the frozen St. Lawrence River to occupy Elizabethtown, Upper Canada (present day Brockville, Ontario), seize military and ...

occurred on the early morning of February 7, 1813, when

Benjamin Forsyth Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin Forsyth (June 28, 1814) served as a United States Army officer during the War of 1812. Born in North Carolina, Forsyth joined the United States Army in 1800 as an officer and was a captain of the Regiment of ...

and 200 of his American forces crossed the frozen Saint Lawrence River, occupied the settlement, seized military and public stores, freed American prisoners, and captured local militia soldiers and leading citizens. By 1830, the population of Brockville exceeded 1,000. This entitled it to be represented by its own elected member in the House of Assembly. Henry Jones, the village

postmaster A postmaster is the head of an individual post office, responsible for all postal activities in a specific post office. When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a national government), ...

, was elected in October 1830 to the 11th Parliament of the Province. Brockville became Ontario's first incorporated self-governing town on January 28, 1832, two years before the town of

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

. After the passing of the Brockville Police Act passed by the

Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada was the elected part of the legislature for the province of Upper Canada, functioning as the lower house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Li ...

, Brockville was granted the power to govern its own affairs, pass laws, and raise taxes. The first elections for the new Board of Police were held on April 2, 1832, when four male citizens were elected to the Police Board. These four, in turn, chose a fifth member, Daniel Jones, who became the first Police Board President (or Mayor) of Brockville. In March 1836, he became the first native Upper Canadian to receive a

knighthood A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood ...

for services to the Crown. By 1846, the population was 2,111. This growth was accompanied by the construction of many buildings made of stone and brick. There was a County courthouse and Jail, six churches or chapels, and a steamboat pier for travel to and from

Montreal Montreal is the List of towns in Quebec, largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Quebec, the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-largest in Canada, and the List of North American cit ...

and

Kingston Kingston may refer to: Places * List of places called Kingston, including the six most populated: ** Kingston, Jamaica ** Kingston upon Hull, England ** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia ** Kingston, Ontario, Canada ** Kingston upon Thames, ...

. Two newspapers were published, two bank agencies were established, and the post office received mail daily. Several court and government departments had offices here. The first industries consisted of one grist mill, four

tanneries Tanning may refer to: *Tanning (leather), treating animal skins to produce leather *Sun tanning, using the sun to darken pale skin **Indoor tanning, the use of artificial light in place of the sun **Sunless tanning, application of a stain or dye t ...

, two asheries and four wagon makers, in addition to tradespeople of various types. Later in the 19th century, the town developed as a local centre of industry, including shipbuilding, saddleries, tanneries,

tinsmith A tinsmith is a historical term for a skilled craftsperson who makes and repairs things made of tin or other light metals. The profession was also known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate worker; whitesmith may also refer to this profe ...

s, a

foundry A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals pr ...

, a brewery, and several hotels. By 1854, a

patent medicine A patent medicine (sometimes called a proprietary medicine) is a non-prescription medicine or medicinal preparation that is typically protected and advertised by a trademark and trade name, and claimed to be effective against minor disorders a ...

industry had sprung up in Brockville and Morristown, New York, across the Saint Lawrence River, featuring such products as Dr Morse's Indian Root Pills, Dr. McKenzie's Worm Tablets, and later, Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People. In 1855, Brockville was chosen as a

divisional point In Canada and also in the United States, a divisional point (or division point) is a local operational headquarters for a railway. Divisional points are significant in railway maintenance of way operations. Especially historically, they could be the ...

of the new

Grand Trunk Railway The Grand Trunk Railway (; ) was a Rail transport, railway system that operated in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario and in the List of states and territories of the United States, American sta ...

between Montreal and Toronto. This contributed to its growth, as it could offer jobs in railway maintenance and related fields. At the same time, the north–south line of the

Brockville and Ottawa Railway The Brockville and Ottawa Railway (B&O) was an early railway incorporated in 1853 by the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada with the financial support of English iron-founders, Bolckow and Vaughan, of Middlesbrough, England, who were ...

was built to join the timber trade of the Ottawa Valley with the Saint Lawrence River ship route. A well-engineered tunnel for this railway was dug and blasted underneath the middle of Brockville. Completed in December 1860, the

was the first railway tunnel built in Canada. Brockville and many other towns in Canada West were targets of the threatened

Fenian The word ''Fenian'' () served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood. They were secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ...

invasion after the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

ended in 1865. In June 1866, the

Irish-American Irish Americans () are Irish ethnics who live within in the United States, whether immigrants from Ireland or Americans with full or partial Irish ancestry. Irish immigration to the United States From the 17th century to the mid-19th c ...

Brotherhood of Fenians invaded Canada. They launched raids across the

Niagara River The Niagara River ( ) flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, forming part of the border between Ontario, Canada, to the west, and New York, United States, to the east. The origin of the river's name is debated. Iroquoian scholar Bruce T ...

into

Canada West The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in British North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, in the Report ...

(Ontario) and from Vermont into

Canada East Canada East () was the northeastern portion of the Province of Canada. Lord Durham's Report investigating the causes of the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions recommended merging those two colonies. The new colony, known as the Province of ...

(Quebec). Canadian Prime Minister

John A. Macdonald Sir John Alexander Macdonald (10 or 11January 18156June 1891) was the first prime minister of Canada, serving from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 until his death in 1891. He was the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, and had a political ...

called upon the volunteer militia companies in every town to protect Canada. The Brockville Infantry Company and the Brockville Rifle Company (now

The Brockville Rifles The Brockville Rifles is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. The unit is a part of the 33 Canadian Brigade Group, 4th Canadian Division. It is fifteenth in the order of precedence of Canadian Army Infantry Regiments. Badge ...

) were mobilized. The unsuccessful Fenian Raids was a catalyst that contributed to the creation of the new confederated

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

in 1867. By 1869, Brockville had a population of 5000 and a passenger station on the Grand Trunk Railway. It was the County Town of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and a Port of Entry.

Steamboats A steamboat is a boat that is marine propulsion, propelled primarily by marine steam engine, steam power, typically driving propellers or Paddle steamer, paddlewheels. The term ''steamboat'' is used to refer to small steam-powered vessels worki ...

stopped in Brockville daily while plying among Montreal, Kingston, Toronto and

Hamilton Hamilton may refer to: * Alexander Hamilton (1755/1757–1804), first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States * ''Hamilton'' (musical), a 2015 Broadway musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda ** ''Hamilton'' (al ...

. The Brockville and Ottawa Railway connected Brockville with Smith's Falls,

Perth Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...

, Almonte,

Carleton Place Carleton Place is a town in Eastern Ontario, Canada, in Lanark County, about west of downtown Ottawa. It is located at the crossroads of Highway 15 and Highway 7, halfway between the towns of Perth, Almonte, Smiths Falls, and the nation's capi ...

and Sand Point. During the summer, a steam ferry plied every half-hour between Brockville and Morristown, New York. In 1962, Brockville was granted official status as a

city A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agree ...

. Its coat of arms featured a

beehive A beehive is an enclosed structure which houses honey bees, subgenus '' Apis.'' Honey bees live in the beehive, raising their young and producing honey as part of their seasonal cycle. Though the word ''beehive'' is used to describe the nest of ...

surrounded by a golden chain and bears the motto ''Industria, Intelligentia, Prosperitas''. This is an official

heraldic Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree. Armory, the best-known branc ...

design. Brockville is one of the few Canadian cities to have a recognized heraldic flag.

Geography

Brockville is located on the north shore of the

, about halfway between

to the west and

Cornwall Cornwall (; or ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South West England. It is also one of the Celtic nations and the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, ...

to the east. It is south of the national capital

Ottawa Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern Ontario, southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the cor ...

. Brockville faces the village of

Morristown, New York Morristown is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 1,974 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Gouverneur Morris, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and landowner in New York. ...

, on the south side of the river.

Climate

Brockville experiences a

humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold ...

(Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded in Brockville was on July 31, 1917, and June 4, 1919. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on February 4, 1886, and January 28, 1925.

Demographics

In the

2021 Census of Population The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It follows the 2016 Canadian census, which recorded a population of 35,151,728. The overall response rate was 98%, which is sli ...

conducted by

Statistics Canada Statistics Canada (StatCan; ), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It is headquartered in ...

, Brockville had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.

Economy

Brockville is home to several large industrial manufacturers. 3M operates four factories in Brockville, manufacturing tape and occupational health and safety products.

Procter & Gamble The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/con ...

manufactured dryer sheets and cleaning products from the brands their brands Bounce and

Swiffer Swiffer is an American brand of cleaning products that is made by Procter & Gamble. Introduced in 1999, the brand uses the " razor-and-blades" business model, whereby the consumer purchases the handle assembly at a low price, but must continue ...

respectively, employing 600 people, however, operations began to slow down in 2017 until the closure of the plant in 2020 and all operations of the plant being moved to locations in

West Virginia West Virginia is a mountainous U.S. state, state in the Southern United States, Southern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.The United States Census Bureau, Census Bureau and the Association of American ...

. In January 2022, the Canadian food company Leclerc, a brand known for making dessert products, announced it would be moving into the vacant P&G plant. Other industries include manufacturer Canarm, pharmaceutical manufacturer Trillium Canada, and the oil-blending plant of

Shell Canada Shell Canada Limited () is the principal Canadian subsidiary of British energy major Shell plc and one of Canada's largest integrated oil companies. Exploration and production of oil, natural gas and sulphur is a major part of its business, as ...

. Canadian retailer

Giant Tiger Giant Tiger Stores Limited is a Canadian discount store chain which operates over 260 stores across Canada. The company's stores operate under the Giant Tiger banner in Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island ...

has also opened a distribution centre for frozen food in Brockville. Some area residents are employed at the

Invista Invista (stylized as INVISTA) is a fiber, resin, and intermediates company headquartered in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It has about 10,000 employees in over 20 countries worldwide. The predecessor DuPont Textiles and Interiors was formed fro ...

Canada facility (formerly

DuPont Dupont, DuPont, Du Pont, duPont, or du Pont may refer to: People * Dupont (surname) Dupont, also spelled as DuPont, duPont, Du Pont, or du Pont is a French surname meaning "of the bridge", historically indicating that the holder of the surname re ...

Canada Ltd.) in Maitland, just east of Brockville. Brockville is also the primary administrative, health-care, and commercial centre for Leeds—Grenville county. The

Upper Canada District School Board The Upper Canada District School Board (UCDSB), known as English-language Public District School Board No. 26 prior to 1999) is one of the largest public school boards in Ontario in terms of geographical area, spanning 12,000 square kilometres. I ...

is headquartered in Brockville. The Brockville General Hospital has completed a major expansion project. The Brockville Mental Health Centre is located east of Brockville.

Tourism

Brockville, known as The City of the

, is located on the shore of the Saint Lawrence River. The city revitalized its downtown area, enhancing a waterfront open to the public with parks, walking trails, and numerous shopping locations. The city is an outdoor architecture museum with hundreds of exemplary buildings from all historical periods on its streets. The Aquatarium at Tall Ships Landing operates the Tourism Office or Visitor Information Centre at 6 Broad Street, along with a small outlet on Blockhouse Island during the Summer season. Both are close to the south end of the

, Canada's first railway tunnel. Closed in 1970, it was acquired by Brockville in 1982, and the tunnel reopened in August 2017 as an LED illuminated pedestrian tunnel with music. The Aquatarium is an interactive discovery centre about the ecology and history of the 1000 Islands region, opened in March 2016. It is located at the bottom of Broad Street next to the Tall Ships Landing, a condominium project. Both overlook the Saint Lawrence River. The classically designed Brockville Court House, built in 1842–43 and set in its surrounding central Court House Square, stands as the most impressive of all of Brockville's 19th-century architectural structures. It was designed by Toronto architect John G. Howard, who is known to have designed three buildings in Brockville. The

house museum was built in 1899–1901 for Senator

George Taylor Fulford George Taylor Fulford (August 8, 1852 – October 15, 1905) was a Canadian businessman and politician. Life and family Born in Brockville, Canada West (now Ontario), to a family of United Empire Loyalist stock, he was the youngest son of H ...

at 287 King Street East in Brockville's east end. His palatial home was built on his successful marketing of patent medicines, including Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People around the world. He was one of the area's wealthiest industrialists before his death in 1905. The house owned and operated by the

Ontario Heritage Trust The Ontario Heritage Trust () is a non-profit agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture. It is responsible for protecting, preserving and promoting the built, natural and cultural heritage of Canada's most populous province, Ontario. ...

is open for public tours on a seasonal schedule. The Brockville Museum, situated in the historic downtown core at 5 Henry Street, features exhibits and artifacts related to Brockville's rich history and the city's development as a waterfront community. The John H. Fulford Memorial Fountain was erected in 1917. The "1000 Islands & Seaway Cruises" company offers scenic cruises on the Saint Lawrence River departing from Brockville. The Brockville area is the launching point for underwater

wreck diving Wreck diving is recreational diving where the wreckage of ships, aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. The term is used mainly by recreational and technical divers. Professional divers, when diving on a shipwreck, generally ref ...

on sunken ships discovered in the Saint Lawrence, and several dive operators take divers to these sites. In 2014, Brockville collaborated with S.O.S. (Save Ontario Shipwrecks) to launch an underwater Sculpture Park off of Centeen Park. New sculptures are added annually. (Since the early 1990s, underwater visibility has increased due to the effects of the

invasive species An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native spec ...

zebra mussels The zebra mussel (''Dreissena polymorpha'') is a small freshwater mussel, an Aquatic animal, aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Dreissenidae. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally Intro ...

.) Brockville was named one of Canada's safest communities by the

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a list of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Gen ...

Brockville boating

Brockville's boating resources include a Municipal Harbour and public marina, a Yacht Club, and several commercial marinas. Upstream is the Brockville-owned Islands group, which contains some city island parks, as well as an island park belonging to the

system. Brockville is at the downstream end of the

region, which extends to

Kingston, Ontario Kingston is a city in Ontario, Canada, on the northeastern end of Lake Ontario. It is at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River, the south end of the Rideau Canal. Kingston is near the Thousand Islands, ...

(at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River at

Lake Ontario Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is bounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. The Canada–United Sta ...

), away. The next nearest commercial boating facilities are located downstream at

Prescott, Ontario Prescott is a town on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in province of Ontario, Canada. The town is a part of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. In 2021, it had a population of 4,078. The Ogdensburg–Prescott International ...

and upstream at Rockport, Ontario, each roughly half a day's boat trip away at displacement speeds.

Culture

The city has several music, art and dance organizations, such as the Brockville Artists Studio Association, the Brockville Community Choir, the Brockville Concert Association, the Brockville Musicians' Association, the Brockville Operatic Society, the Brockville Theatre Guild, the Uppity Improv Society the City of Brockville Pipes & Drums, and the Thousand Islanders Chorus. The Brockville Concert Band arises from a long tradition of community and military bands in Brockville. Civic bands provided entertainment at public venues such as community picnics and outdoor skating rinks. The Brockville Rifles Reserve Band entertained "on the green" in the 1930s and 40s. Military band members returning from the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

formed the Brockville Civic Band. Re-organized as the ''Brockville Concert Band'' in 1974, it inherited a musical tradition (and sheet music) from civic and military bands dating back to the turn of the 20th century. The Brockville Concert Band used to play a series of summer concerts every second Tuesday in Hardy Park in Brockville within view of the Saint Lawrence River. The band also plays for various civic functions and entertains at charitable fundraising events. The band's musical director and conductor are now co-conducted by Judy Quick and Christopher Coyea. St. Lawrence College in Brockville is home to the Music Theatre - Performance Program, which trains students to enter the professional world of musical theatre. SLC Stage produces three professional-quality musicals each season at the Brockville Arts Centre. The Brockville Arts Centre is a 700-seat theatre venue with a full season of entertainment offerings. Several festivals occur each year.

Sports

Basketball

The Brockville youth basketball teams, the Brockville Blues and the Brockville Blazers provide basketball coaching and training for boys and girls across the area. The Blues and Blazers have repeatedly placed in the

Ontario Basketball Association Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...

(OBA) championships. A female basketball player,

Stacey Dales Stacey Dales (born September 5, 1979) is a Canadian-American former basketball player and a current reporter on the NFL Network. Dales was born in Collingwood, Ontario, and raised in Brockville, Ontario. Basketball career High school Before att ...

(a graduate of Thousand Islands Secondary School), has gone on to play for the

University of Oklahoma The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a Public university, public research university in Norman, Oklahoma, United States. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two territories became the ...

Sooners Sooners is the name given to settlers who entered the Unassigned Lands illegally in what is now the state of Oklahoma before the official start of the Land Rush of 1889. The Unassigned Lands were a part of Indian Territory that, after a lobbyi ...

, coming in a close second for the

NCAA The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates College athletics in the United States, student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, and Simon Fraser University, 1 in Canada. ...

title in her graduating year. She also has the highest Canadian woman's draft pick for the WNBA, where she has played for the

Washington Mystics The Washington Mystics are an American professional basketball team based in Washington, D.C. The Mystics compete in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as a member of the Eastern Conference (WNBA), Eastern Conference. The team was ...

and

Chicago Sky The Chicago Sky are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago. The Sky compete in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as a member of the Eastern Conference. The franchise was founded prior to the 2006 season. Th ...

. She has worked for ESPN and the NFL Network.

Rowing

Several local clubs, organizations, and high schools have achieved success at provincial, national, and international levels, such as the Brockville Rowing Club.

Track and field

Thousand Islands Secondary School is home to a strong high school track & field and cross-country running program. The Pirates have captured numerous Canadian championships and have won 5 straight overall provincial (OFSAA) Ontario championships in track & field and cross country running in an association of over 1000 schools since 2004. With over 15 former students on NCAA athletic track & field scholarships in the United States, TISS has been awarded over $1,000,000 in student athletic scholarships. The TISS team travels all over

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

including

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

New Hampshire New Hampshire ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...

, and

British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...

, consistently winning major international championships. The school's accomplishments have inspired the community to construct a $1.5 million athletic centre at the school.

Hockey

The Brockville Braves are a Tier I Junior "A" ice hockey team representing Brockville. They are a part of the Central Junior A Hockey League. Founded in 1963, the Brockville Braves are the second oldest team that has never ceased operation in CJHL history—second only to Pembroke. In 1979, the team was the focus of national attention when it was left homeless due to its arena collapsing. This did not stop the Braves, though. Playing their home games out of Cardinal and Rockland, Ontario, the Braves did not miss a beat. It took until 1986 for the Brockville Braves to win a CJHL championship. In 1997, times began to change for the better again. The Braves were tasked with hosting the Fred Page Cup, the Eastern Canadian Junior "A" championship. In November 2017, the grounds at Rotary Park were excavated to build a new skating rink, complete with a bathroom and change rooms. On January 9, 2020, the new building was named P&G Pavilion after its biggest sponsor, the local company Procter & Gamble.

Baseball

Brockville Bunnies Youth Baseball Program is an elite-level program that operates out of this small city, with provincial championships and several pro and Olympic graduates. Brockville was home to a

minor league baseball Minor League Baseball (MiLB) is a professional baseball organization below Major League Baseball (MLB), constituted of teams affiliated with MLB clubs. It was founded on September 5, 1901, in response to the growing dominance of the National Le ...

team that competed in the

Canadian–American League The Canadian–American League, nicknamed the Can-Am League, was a class C level minor league baseball circuit which ran from 1936 through 1951, with a three-year break during World War II. It was equivalent to a Rookie-level league in today's ...

in 1936 and 1937, known as the

Brockville Pirates Brockville is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada, in the Thousand Islands region. Although it is the seat of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, it is politically independent of the county. It is included with Leeds and Grenville for cen ...

for one season and then as the Brockville Blues.

Golf

Several golf courses in the Brockville area cater to various skill levels. Sunnidel Golf is perfect for an easy-going round, featuring a par three course. In contrast, the Brockville Country Club poses a more significant challenge to the average golfer. The membership comprises an older

demographic Demography () is the statistics, statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration. Demographic analy ...

and is semi-private. The course is open to green fees; however, certain playing restrictions are imposed.

Automobile racing

The Brockville Ontario Speedway (The BOS) is a clay oval track just north of the city on Highway 29 in Forthton. The track races every Saturday night from May to September. Classes that race every week include Rookies, Street Stock, Sportsman, Modified, and Vintage.

Rugby

The Brockville Privateers R.F.C. was formed in 1993, reestablishing a local rugby club in the area. Rugby has been played in the Brockville area as far back as 1899. The original Brockville Rugby Football Club eventually became part of the Brockville Collegiate Institute (BCI). Brockville Rugby now includes multiple men's and women's teams and a solid junior-age grade program.

Swimming

The Upper Canada Swim Club (The River Otters) runs competitive teams for children and young adults. The YMCA Brockville runs competitive teams for children and young adults.

Transportation

Brockville is midway between

and

( northeast of Toronto and southwest of Montreal), and just over one hour from

Highway 401 King's Highway 401, commonly referred to as Highway 401 and also known by its official name as the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway or colloquially referred to as the four-oh-one, is a controlled-access 400-series highway in the Canadian prov ...

runs through Brockville, with exits at Leeds & Grenville County Road 29 and North Augusta Road. There are several daily

Via Rail Via Rail Canada Inc. (), operating as Via Rail or Via (stylized as VIA Rail), is a Canadian Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail service in Canada. As of December 2023, Via Rail operates 406 trains per week across eight ...

connections at Brockville station to Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa along the Corridor. The town has a municipal airport (

Brockville Regional Tackaberry Airport Brockville Regional Tackaberry Airport , also known as Brockville Municipal Airport,Brockville - 1 ...

) in the neighbouring Elizabethtown-Kitley Township. The

Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport Ottawa/Macdonald–Cartier International Airport or simply Ottawa International Airport is the main international airport serving Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and its metropolitan area as well as Gatineau, Quebec known as the National Capital Re ...

is approximately away. The

Thousand Islands Bridge The Thousand Islands International Bridge () is an American-maintained international bridge system over the Saint Lawrence River connecting northern New York in the United States with southeastern Ontario in Canada. Constructed in 1937, with add ...

and the

Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge The Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge (also known as the St. Lawrence Bridge and the Seaway Skyway) is a suspension bridge connecting Ogdensburg, New York, in the United States to Johnstown, Ontario (a few kilometres east of Presc ...

, both of which cross the Saint Lawrence River into

, are south-west and north-east from Brockville, respectively.

Brockville Transit Brockville Transit is a small public transit system which covers the urban area of Brockville, Ontario, Canada. Transit services currently operate between Monday and Saturday, with no Sunday or holiday service. All three conventional bus routes ...

is the city-operated public transit system that covers the urban area and provides three regular scheduled bus routes and paratransit services from Monday to Saturday.

Education

Brockville has a community college, four high schools, and several elementary schools.

Community colleges

St. Lawrence College (Brockville Campus) has an enrolment of around 800. St. Lawrence College was recently ranked number one in Ontario regarding graduate employment rate.

High schools

Académie catholique Ange-Gabriel is a French Catholic school (Grades JK-12) and has an enrolment of approximately 282 students.

Brockville Collegiate Institute Brockville Collegiate Institute (BCI) is a Brockville public intermediate and high school that follows the Ontario curriculum. The French immersion and extended core French programs involve approximately 125 students in grades 9–12. Business, ma ...

has an enrolment of approximately 560 and boasts strong academic, theatre, and sports programs. St. Mary Catholic High School is an English Catholic school with around 600 students. It boasts many different athletic programs and a prominent theatre program. The Fulford Academy is a private boarding school for grades 7–10 international students. Thousand Islands Secondary School has an enrollment of approximately 1000 students and is both a university and college preparatory school with solid technology facilities. It is also known for its athletics programs, including track and field, women's basketball, men's soccer, and cross-country running.

Elementary schools

Public elementary schools in the city include Commonwealth Public School, Westminster Public School, Toniata Public School, and Vanier Public School. The Catholic English elementary schools are St. Francis Xavier, St. John Bosco and James L. Jordan. Académie Catholique Ange-Gabriel is a French-language Catholic school serving JK - Grade 12. Heritage Community Christian School, 20 minutes from downtown Brockville, is a privately funded Christian school offering pre-school through grade 8 in a Christian environment.

Media

Print

The city's leading daily newspaper is ''

The Recorder & Times ''The Recorder & Times'' is a daily newspaper published in Brockville, Ontario, Canada. History The paper was founded as the weekly ''Brockville Recorder'' by Chauncey Beach on January 16, 1821 and later led by William Buell, Jr. as editor ...

''. A free monthly magazine called ''Snapd 1000 Islands'' is also available around the city.

Radio stations licensed to operate in Brockville

Radio stations can also be heard in Brockville from surrounding communities including upstate

Television

* YourTV Brockville (Cogeco) *

CKWS-TV CKWS-DT (channel 11) is a television station in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, part of the Global Television Network. Owned and operated by network parent Corus Entertainment, the station maintains studios on Queen Street in downtown Kingston, and i ...

Kingston

Notable people

11h25 at Brockville court house with Sally Grant statue

* Brad Abraham - screenwriter of '' Stonehenge Apocalypse'' and '' Robocop: Prime Directives''; graduate of

George Chaffey George Chaffey (28 January 1848 – 1 March 1932) was a Canadian engineer, inventor and entrepreneur who with his brother William developed large parts of Southern California, including what became the community of Etiwanda and the cities of Ont ...

- civil engineer and urban planner; founder of

Ontario, California Ontario is a city in southwestern San Bernardino County, California, United States, east of downtown Los Angeles and west of downtown San Bernardino, the county seat. Located in the western part of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, it lies ...

, a sister city of Brockville * William Chaffey - civil engineer and urban planner; brother of George Chaffey * Brian Chapman - AHL All-Star *

William Everett Chipman William Everett Chipman (September 27, 1822 – September 30, 1893) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate. Chipman was born in Brockville, Canada, Upper Canada and lived there until he was 12. He moved to Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ...

Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...

State Senator *

Burke Dales Burke Dales (February 16, 1977 – January 6, 2024) was a Canadian professional football player who was a punter in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played CIS Football with the Concordia Stingers. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steeler ...

- CFL punter; player with Calgary Stampeders *

- WNBA All-Star and ESPN broadcaster *

Joan Erikson Joan Mowat Erikson (born Sarah Lucretia Serson; June 27, 1903 – August 3, 1997) was a Canadian author, educator, craftsperson, and dance ethnographer."Joan Erikson, Life Cycles Theorist, Dies" in Harvard University Gazette, September 11, 1997. ...

- author, educator, craftsperson, and dance ethnographer; wife of

Erik Erikson Erik Homburger Erikson (born Erik Salomonsen; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a German-American child psychoanalyst and visual artist known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis. ...

* Todd Gill - NHL player and former owner of the CJHL

Brockville Braves The Brockville Braves (French: Braves de Brockville) are a Junior A ice hockey team based in Brockville. The Braves compete in the Central Canada Hockey League (CCHL) as a member of the West Division. The Braves have won two Bogart Cup championsh ...

* Ben Hutton - ice hockey player for the Vegas Golden Knights *

Walter William LaChance Walter William LaChance (April 12, 1870 – September 23, 1951) was a Canadian architect best known for his designs of rural schools, although he also designed numerous buildings of other types. His commissions were concentrated in Cleveland, Ohio ...

- architect and author in the early 20th century *

Randy Ladouceur Randall Ladouceur (born June 30, 1960) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former professional ice hockey defenseman. He previously served as an assistant coach for the Montreal Canadiens, Hamilton Bulldogs and Toronto Maple Leafs. Career Ladouc ...

- NHL player and coach *

Hank Lammens Hank Jacob Lammens (born February 21, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was drafted 160th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and played 27 regular season games for the Ottawa Senators during ...

- professional hockey player *

Cyril Leeder Cyril Leeder (born September 20, 1959) is a Canadian businessman. He is the current president of the Ottawa Senators professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) and its corporation, the Senators Sports & Entertainment Corporat ...

- Ottawa Senators hockey team president *

Robert Henry Lindsay Robert Henry Lindsay (April 23, 1868 – March 19, 1938) was a Canadian painter. Personal life Lindsay was born at Prescott, Ontario on April 23, 1868. His father, George Lindsay, relocated his family to Brockville, Ontario while Robert was a yo ...

- painter *

John Matheson John Ross Matheson (14 November 1917 – 27 December 2013) was a Canadian politician, lawyer, and judge, who helped develop both the national flag of Canada and the Order of Canada. Early life John Matheson was born in Arundel, Quebec, th ...

- Member of Parliament and judge; moved to Brockville as an adult *

Alyn McCauley Alyn Daniel McCauley (born May 29, 1977) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for ten years with the Toronto Maple Leafs, San Jose Sharks, and the Los Angeles Kings. Prior to his NHL ...

- NHL player with Toronto Maple Leafs * James Motluk - documentary filmmaker who graduated from Thousand Islands Secondary School in 1981 *

Portia Perez Jenna Grattan (born October 26, 1987) is a Canadian former professional wrestler better known by her ring name Portia Perez. Perez teamed with Nicole Matthews as The Canadian NINJAs, and they are former two-time Shimmer Tag Team Champions. P ...

- women's professional wrestler *

Rachel Perry Rachel Perry (born January 20, 1976) is a Canadian TV personality working in the United States. The former MuchMusic VJ is the host of ''All Access'' on VH1, and is the narrator for ''Web Junk 20'', and the host of "The Stash" on Playboy TV. B ...

- former MuchMusic VJ and host on VH1 * Nathan Phillips - Mayor of Toronto * Shon Seung-wan - singer from South Korean girl group Red Velvet * Randy Sexton - general manager of the

Ottawa Senators The Ottawa Senators (), officially the Ottawa Senators Hockey Club and colloquially known as the Sens, are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa. The Senators compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Atlantic Di ...

and St. Lawrence University alumnus * Frances Ford Seymour - mother of

Jane Fonda Jane Seymour Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress and activist. Recognized as a film icon, Jane Fonda filmography, Fonda's work spans several genres and over six decades of film and television. She is the recipient of List of a ...

and

Peter Fonda Peter Henry Fonda (February 23, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was an American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He was a two-time Academy Award nominee, both for acting and screenwriting, and a two-time Golden Globe Award winner for his a ...

, wife of

Henry Fonda Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American actor whose career spanned five decades on Broadway theatre, Broadway and in Hollywood. On screen and stage, he often portrayed characters who embodied an everyman image. Bo ...

* Kelly Thornton - theatre director

Sister city

, United States

Notes

References

Robert B. Shaw
* Holbrook, Stewart (1959). ''Golden Age of Quackery''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1959. * Leavitt, Thad. W. H., (1879)
''History of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, from 1749 to 1879''
Recorder Press, 1879. Online at Canada's Local Histories Web Site, "Our Roots/Nos Racines." * Douglas M. Grant, (1979)
''Discovering Old Brockville, the Historic Core''
The Brockville Foundation, 1979. (Out of print).

External links

* * {{Authority control Cities in Ontario Ontario populated places on the Saint Lawrence River Single-tier municipalities in Ontario