Astérix (satellite)

''Astérix'' or A-1 (initially conceptualized as FR.2 or FR-2) is the first French satellite. It was launched on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, Algeria. With ''Astérix'', France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite and the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket. Its main purpose was to test the Diamant launcher, though it was also designed to study the ionosphere. ''Astérix'' continues to orbit Earth as of 2022 and is expected to remain in orbit for centuries.

Background

The French space agencies Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) were developing ''Astérix'' concurrent with FR-1, another satellite, as early as 1963. FR-1 was the first step of an ambitious French plan to launch six FR-series satellites, each meant to study a different aspect of the Earth's atmosphere. FR-1 was generally designed to study the Earth's magnetic and electric fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. ''Astérix'', ultimately France's first satellite, was initially conceptualized as the second FR satellite under the name FR-2. Like FR-1, FR-2 would study the ionosphere. FR-3 was to be a "scaled-up" version of FR-2, with FR-4 to carry instruments measuring hydrogen distribution in the upper atmosphere, FR-5 to study "magnetic impulses" and serve as a platform for future research, and FR-6 to be a solar-stabilized spacecraft with final payload to be determined based on experimental results from its antecedents.

Initial plans called for a late 1964 or early 1965 launch of FR-1, with ''Astérixs launch scheduled for early 1965. It appears ''Astérix'' was put into orbit prior to FR-1 because Charles de Gaulle and CNES wanted France to become the third space power by launching an independently-developed satellite on a French launcher, a propaganda coup for French exceptionalism during the Cold War.

Spacecraft design

France managed to design, construct, and launch ''Astérix'' and FR-1 relatively quickly thanks to three related factors: postwar knowledge gained from Nazi scientists and their work on the V-2 rocket; France's independent development of nuclear IRBM launchers including the Saphir rocket, a precursor to Diamant; and France's collaborative civilian research with the United States (through NASA) and other European countries (through CERN and ESRO).

Measuring approximately in diameter and 55 centimetres high, ''Astérixs exterior casing is made of fiberglass and resembles a top. Its black stripes purportedly provide passive solar gain. Equipped with accelerometers measuring vertical and horizontal movement and angular velocity, a radio beacon, radar transponder, thermometer, and telemetry transmitters, the satellite was designed to report its position back to Earth. It is unclear whether ''Astérix'' was capable of making ionospheric measurements as originally planned.

The satellite was originally designated A-1, as the French Army's first satellite, but later renamed by the press after popular French comics character Astérix. The names ''Zébulon'' and ''Zebby'', after another cartoon character from the French children's television program ''Le Manège enchanté'', were also considered.

Specifications

* Weight:
* Perigee:
* Apogee:
* Inclination: 34.3 degrees
* Orbital period: 107.5 minutes

Mission and results

France carried out two suborbital ''Astérix'' prototype flights on 31 May and 3 June 1965 using Rubis rockets from the CIEES launch complex Bacchus at Hammaguir, Algeria.

''Astérix'' was launched on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch complex Brigitte/A at Hammaguir. The Diamant launcher measured tall and weighed , and was filled with a mix of turpentine and nitric acid fuel. The payload fairing ejected from the rocket ten minutes after launch, during which the satellite's telemetry equipment was damaged. Depending on the source, due to this damage ''Astérix'' either failed to transmit any signals, or stopped transmitting them after two days or 111 days. Nevertheless, American radar scans confirmed the satellite successfully entered orbit.

Legacy and status

With ''Astérix'', France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit after the USSR ('' Sputnik 1'', 1957), the United States (''Explorer 1'', 1958), the United Kingdom (''Ariel 1'', 1962), Canada (''Alouette 1'', 1962), and Italy (''San Marco 1'', 1964). France also became the third country after the USSR and US to launch a satellite on its own rocket: the British, Canadian, and Italian satellites were launched on American rockets.

''Astérix'' remains in orbit as of December 2020. Due to the relatively high altitude of its orbit, it is not expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere for several centuries.

The Musée de l'air et de l'espace in Paris Le Bourget displays a prototype of the satellite, while the Cité de l'espace in Toulouse displays a replica.

See also

* FR-1 (satellite)
* French space program
* Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

References

External links

Free paper model of ''Astérix'' satellite

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asterix (Satellite)
Satellites of France
Satellites orbiting Earth
Spacecraft launched in 1965
First artificial satellites of a country
Asterix