''Arthrobacter'' (from the Greek, "jointed small stick”) is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were am ...

that is commonly found in soil. All

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

in this genus are

Gram-positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bac ...

obligate aerobe An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy. In this type of respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal e ...

s that are

rod Rod, Ror, Ród, Rőd, Rød, Röd, ROD, or R.O.D. may refer to: Devices * Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment * Ceremonial rod, used to indicate a position of authority * Connecting rod, main, coupling, ...

s during

exponential growth Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time. It occurs when the instantaneous rate of change (that is, the derivative) of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself. Described as a function, a ...

and cocci in their stationary phase. ''Arthrobacter'' have a distinctive method of cell division called "snapping division" or reversion in which the outer bacterial

cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mec ...

ruptures at a joint.

Description

''Arthrobacter'' can be grown on mineral salts pyridone broth, where colonies have a greenish metallic center on incubated at . Under the microscope, ''Arthrobacter'' appear as rods when rapidly dividing, and cocci when in stationary phase. Dividing cells may also appear as chevrons ("V" shapes). Other notable characteristics are that it can use pyridone as its sole

carbon Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes ...

source, and that its cocci are resistant to

desiccation Desiccation () is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. ...

and starvation.

Use in industry

''Arthrobacter'', like other bacterial genera including '' Brevibacterium'', ''

Microbacterium ''Microbacterium'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Microbacteriaceae. Microbacteria are common contaminants of laboratory reagents, which can lead to their being misrepresented in microbiome data. Species ''Microbacterium'' comprises the fo ...

'', and ''

Corynebacterium ''Corynebacterium'' () is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria and most are aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name ('' coryneform'' means "club- ...

'' are used for industrial production of L-glutamate. In industrial applications, ''Arthrobacter'' is often grown with low-cost sugar sources such as cane or beet molasses, starch hydrolysates from corn or cassava tubers, or tapioca. Along with sugar, ammonia and ammonium salts are added as a nitrogen source. The vitamins, minerals, and some other types of nutrients can be provided by adding corn steep liquour.

Other uses

Various ''Arthrobacter'' species have been investigated for other commercial applications. '' A. crystallopoietes'' and '' A. chlorophenolicus'' have been shown to reduce hexavalent chromium and

4-chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH. It is one of three monochlorophenol isomers. It is a colorless or white solid that melts easily and exhibits significant solubility in water. Its pKa is 9.14. Preparation and reac ...

levels in contaminated soil, suggesting they may be useful for

bioremediation Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and plants), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluent ...

. Similarly, ''Arthrobacter'' sp. strain R1 (American Type Culture Collection strain number 49987) has been shown to grow on a variety of aromatic compounds, including homocyclic compounds, such as hydroxybenzoates, as well as N-heterocycles, including

pyridine Pyridine is a basic (chemistry), basic heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula . It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a highly flammable, weakl ...

and

picoline Picoline refers to any of three isomers of methylpyridine (CH3C5H4N). They are all colorless liquids with a characteristic smell similar to that of pyridine. They are miscible with water and most organic solvents. The CAS number of an unspecifi ...

''Arthrobacter'' sp. H65-7 produces the enzyme inulase II that converts inulin into the medically-relevant nutrient difructose anhydride. The enzyme Alu obtained from '' Arthrobacter luteus'' is able to cleave Alu sequences which is frequently repeated in human DNA.

Species

''Arthrobacter'' comprises the following species: * '' A. agilis'' (Ali-Cohen 1889) Koch et al. 1995 * '' A. alkaliphilus'' Ding et al. 2009 * '' A. alpinus'' Zhang et al. 2010 * '' A. bambusae'' Park et al. 2014 * '' A. bussei'' Flegler et al. 2020 * "'' A. casei''" Wenning et al. 2006 * '' A. castelli'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * '' A. celericrescens'' Yan et al. 2019 * '' A. cheniae'' Yang et al. 2021 * '' A. citreus'' Sacks 1954 (Approved Lists 1980) * "'' A. crusticola''" Liu et al. 2020 * "'' A. crygenae''" Vasil'eva et al. 1998 * '' A. cryoconiti'' Margesin et al. 2012 * '' A. crystallopoietes'' Ensign and Rittenberg 1963 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' A. cupressi'' Zhang et al. 2012 * '' A. deserti'' Hu et al. 2016 * "'' A. dextranlyticum''" Hatada et al. 2004 * "'' A. dokdonellae''" Koh et al. 2019 * '' A. echini'' Lee et al. 2016 * '' A. flavus'' Reddy et al. 2000 * '' A. frigidicola'' Yang et al. 2021 * '' A. gandavensis'' Storms et al. 2003 * '' A. ginkgonis'' Cheng et al. 2017 * "'' A. ginsengisoli''" Siddiqi et al. 2014 * '' A. glacialis'' Liu et al. 2019 * '' A. globiformis'' corrig. (Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' A. gyeryongensis'' Hoang et al. 2014 * '' A. halodurans'' Chen et al. 2012 * '' A. humicola'' Kageyama et al. 2008 * "'' A. ipsi''" Gonzalez-Dominici et al. 2021 * '' A. jiangjiafuii'' Zhang et al. 2022 * "'' A. keyseri''" Eaton 2001 * '' A. koreensis'' Lee et al. 2003 * '' A. liuii'' Yu et al. 2015 * '' A. livingstonensis'' Ganzert et al. 2011 * '' A. luteolus'' Wauters et al. 2000 * "'' A. luteus''" Kaneko et al. 1969 * '' A. methylotrophus'' Borodina et al. 2002 * '' A. mobilis'' Ye et al. 2020 * '' A. monumenti'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * '' A. nanjingensis'' uang et al. 2015 * "'' A. nitrophenolicus''" Arora and Jain 2013 * '' A. oryzae'' Kageyama et al. 2008 * '' A. paludis'' Zhang et al. 2018 * "'' A. paraffineus''" Duvnjak et al. 1982 * '' A. parietis'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * '' A. pascens'' Lochhead and Burton 1953 (Approved Lists 1980) * "'' A. photogonimos''" Phinney and Hoober 1992 * '' A. pigmenti'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * '' A. pityocampae'' İnce et al. 2014 * '' A. pokkalii'' Krishnan et al. 2017 * '' A. psychrochitiniphilus'' Wang et al. 2009 * '' A. psychrolactophilus'' Loveland-Curtze et al. 2000 * '' A. ramosus'' Jensen 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' A. rhombi'' Osorio et al. 1999 * '' A. roseus'' Reddy et al. 2002 * '' A. ruber'' Liu et al. 2018 * '' A. russicus'' Li et al. 2004 * "'' A. saudimassiliensis''" Papadioti et al. 2017 * "'' A. sedimenti''" Lin et al. 2020 * "'' A. senegalensis''" Ndiaye et al. 2019 * '' A. silvisoli'' Yan et al. 2018 * '' A. silviterrae'' Lee et al. 2017 * '' A. stackebrandtii'' Tvrzová et al. 2005 * '' A. subterraneus'' Chang et al. 2008 * "'' A. sulfonylureivorans''" Han et al. 2021 * '' A. sunyaminii'' Zhang et al. 2022 * '' A. tecti'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * "'' A. terrae''" Jiang et al. 2022 * '' A. terricola'' Trinh and Kim 2021 * '' A. tumbae'' Heyrman et al. 2005 * '' A. ulcerisalmonis'' Kämpfer et al. 2020 * "'' A. wenxiniae''" Sun et al. 2022 * '' A. woluwensis'' Funke et al. 1997 * '' A. yangruifuii'' Ge et al. 2020 * '' A. zhaoguopingii'' Ge et al. 2020

References

External links

Arthrobacter Genome Projects
(fro
Genomes OnLine Database

Comparative Analysis of Arthrobacter Genomes
(at DOE's IMG system) {{Taxonbar, from=Q310202 Micrococcaceae Psychrophiles Bacteria genera