Alois Rašín (18 October 1867 – 18 February 1923) was a
Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus
*Czech (surnam ...
and Czechoslovak
politician
A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...
,
economist
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics.
The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and first Ministry for Finance. He was the author of the first law of Czechoslovakia and creator of the country's currency, the
Czechoslovak koruna
The Czechoslovak koruna (in Czech and Slovak: ''koruna československá'', at times ''koruna česko-slovenská''; ''koruna'' means ''crown'') was the currency of Czechoslovakia from 10 April 1919 to 14 March 1939, and from 1 November 1945 to 7 ...
. Rašín was a representative of
conservative liberalism
Conservative liberalism, also referred to as right-liberalism, is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement. In the case of modern con ...
and was mortally wounded in
assassination
Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important. It may be prompted by political, ideological, religious, financial, or military motives.
Assassinations are orde ...
for being viewed as a head of the nation's
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit. This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by ...
.
Early years
Rašín was born on 18 October 1867 as a ninth child (of which seven were alive) into the cottage in the outskirts of a small town
Nechanice
Nechanice (; ) is a town in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,500 inhabitants.
Administrative division
Nechanice consists of eight municipal parts (in brackets population according to th ...
near
Hradec Králové
Hradec Králové (; ) is a city of the Czech Republic. It has about 94,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Hradec Králové Region. The historic centre of Hradec Králové is well preserved and is protected as an Cultural monument (Czech R ...
. His father
František Rašín was a farmer, baker and a vendor of flour and cereals. His mother worked in their household and on the field. The family later bought a house in the town and another field. Later in life, Rašín described poor social reality in the area that was focused on the sugar industry.
He also criticized the so-called "''harfenictví''": traveling musician groups connected to prostitution that expanded after the cancellation of the corvee.
From 1878 to 1881, Rašín attended a
gymnasium in
Nový Bydžov and he spent the fourth year of the gymnasium in a German gymnasium in
Broumov. He finished the last years of high school in the gymnasium of Hradec Králové and graduated there in 1886. In these years he became interested in politics into which he was guided by his father who in 1887 became the mayor of Nechanice. He was fourth of his brothers who started to study at university. The other two brothers pursued a job in the trade sector. Firstly, he studied at the Faculty of Medicine of
Charles University
Charles University (CUNI; , UK; ; ), or historically as the University of Prague (), is the largest university in the Czech Republic. It is one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest universities in the world in conti ...
(back then called Charles-Ferdinand) but he was forced to leave due to lung disease. He switched for Faculty of Law because there was an optional attendance at lectures and moved to the house of his sister in
Krkonoše
The Giant Mountains, Krkonoše, or Karkonosze (Czech: , , ), are a mountain range located in the north of the Czech Republic and the south-west of Poland, part of the Sudetes mountain system (part of the Bohemian Massif). The Czech–Polish bor ...
for rehabilitation. After two years he recuperated.
Student radical movement
In 1888, Rašín returned to Prague to properly continue his studies. There he was actively participating in the student movement and three years later he participated at the
Conference of Slavonic students with
Antonín Hajn and
Václav Klofáč. The Czech youth's opinions defied against the Austrian
monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, reigns as head of state for the rest of their life, or until abdication. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutio ...
, police and the conservative
Old Czech Party. Their most powerful instrument was the Magazine of Czech Students (), where they propagated the adoption of universal voting rights and greater national rights for Czech people. Rašín was supporting the National Freedom Party which is another name for the
Young Czech Party
The Young Czech Party (, officially National Liberal Party, ''Národní strana svobodomyslná'') was formed in the Bohemian crown land of Austria-Hungary in 1874. It initiated the democratization of Czech political parties and led to the establi ...
that got into the Bohemian Diet and in 1891 into the Imperial Council.
In October 1891, he graduated from his law studies at Charles University and continued in his political activity. In the day of the Emperor's
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( ; ; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the Grand title of the emperor of Austria, other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 until his death ...
arrival to Prague, Rašín published an anti-state legal-political text Czech State Law () in which he outlined the program of restoring the independent Czech state in the spirit of the democracy with the guarantees for the rights of the minorities. He joined service in the military in
Hungarian Pest (where he was complaining about their cuisine
) and passed an officer's exams with the best results. But because of his previous controversial article that was confiscated by the police, he was threatened by prolonging his service in the military to two years in total and loss of his ranks.
Rašín returned from his military service in the fall of 1892 and started to work as an advocate concipient. He was elected the mayor of "Slavia": literary and rhetorical association of progressives that supported strengthening
radicalism. He also published critical articles in journals New Flows of Ideas () and Prospects () like Study on the death penalty, Judicial independence, Political crimes according to the outline of the new Criminal Code, Reflections on the draft Criminal Code.
Despite having little and questionable evidence against radical movements in
Prague
Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...
, the Austrian government declared a state of emergency in September 1893 and started to arrest critical voices.
In October Alois Rašín was taken to custody together with redactors and editorial staff of oppositional newspapers
Antonín Hajn,
Josef Škába,
Antonín Pravoslav Veselý,
Karel Stanislav Sokol,
Stanislav Kostka Neumann, and others. Journals were banned and 70 people were arrested. The defendants in the process remembered as
Omladina Trial were accused of the highest treason for conspiring against the state. In fact, the group called Omladina never existed. In January 1894 the trial began and Rašín was sentenced to 2 years unconditionally to prison in
Bory (cell number 248). He lost his academic titles and civil rights.
In prison, he never asked for pardon and in his free time, he pursued learning French, English, reading, translating (translated English social-political text The Eight Hour Day), and studying national economic policies. In November 1894, his father became a member of the
Imperial Council which is the highest legislative body of the
Cisleithania
Cisleithania, officially The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (), was the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual Monarchy created in the Compromise of 1867—as distinguished from ''Transleithania'' (i.e., ...
n part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...
based in
Vienna
Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
. When he returned, he planned to stand against weakness and humanism of the realist wing of the Young Czech Party represented by
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include:
Given name Sport
*Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...
.
The Young Czech Party was also denounced by supporters of
Czech Modernism like
Josef Svatopluk Machar.
Political activity after the amnesty
Rašín left prison after the amnesty in November 1895 and regain his academic titles. He returned to writing his critical anti-monarchic articles to Radical Newspaper, newly with a critique of Masaryk's views. The
Czech Progressive Movement divided to radically progressive around the journal Independence () and
Antonín Hajn and to nationally progressive and statutory around Radical Newspaper which Rašín turned into a journal. In 1899, he was partially involved in the creation of a
Radical Statutory Party officially named
Czech Statutory Party () but left it year after when his son was born. He founded independent weekly newspaper Word () and created his own Law Office. As an advocate, Alois Rašín represented
Živnobanka bank.
The weekly paper ended 1905 and together with the banker of Živnobanka
Jan Preiss, Rašín entered in 1907 into the
Young Czech Party
The Young Czech Party (, officially National Liberal Party, ''Národní strana svobodomyslná'') was formed in the Bohemian crown land of Austria-Hungary in 1874. It initiated the democratization of Czech political parties and led to the establi ...
, the second biggest
burgheral party after agrarian. He was propagating universal suffrage and was trying to reform the party. Rašín was the first in Czech lands who introduced member legitimations, regional branch offices, paid regional secretary and party cash register with regular contributions. He sided with
Karel Kramář and
František Fiedler and founded Party's journal Day (). With Kramář he gained Czech newspapers
National Newspaper in 1910. Rašín, new editor-in-chief, Preiss and
Antonín Pimper were writing about economic policy. In elections 1911 to Bohemian Diet, they were second after
social democrats
Social democracy is a social, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achieving social equality. In modern practice, s ...
and he also got into Imperial Council as a member for the district Bohemia 31 – Klatovy. He joined Council's Czech Club. In 1914 he published text Political Crimes () dealing with jurisdiction, consequences of punishment and imprisonment of political prisoners.
Resistance during the First World War
After the start of the
Great War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Rašín sided with the anti-monarchy voices in the country but realized that parliament parties do not matter anymore.
Přemysl Šámal together with
Edvard Beneš
Edvard Beneš (; 28 May 1884 – 3 September 1948) was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1939 to 1948. During the first six years of his second stint, he led the Czec ...
,
Karel Kramář,
Václav Klofáč, Alois Rašín and later
Antonín Švehla
Antonín Švehla (15 April 1873, in Hostivař – 12 December 1933 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak politician. He served three terms as the Interior Minister and three terms as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. He is regarded as one of the ...
created a resistance group
Maffia, inspired by Sicilian Mafia. They created the so-called National Council () that financed foreign resistance led by
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include:
Given name Sport
*Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...
. The consequences got to them in July 1916 when Rašín was arrested, taken into custody in
Vienna
Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
and charged for treason and espionage. The process with Alois Rašín, Karel Kramář, journalist and translator
Vincenc Červinka, and accountant of the malt house Zdeněk Zamazal lasted from December 1915 to July 1916 with the result of the
death penalty
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in s ...
.
Later in the same year, Emperor
Franz Joseph I
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( ; ; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the Grand title of the emperor of Austria, other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 until his death ...
and after him,
Charles I died, and punishments were changed to 10 years in Austrian
Möllersdorf. Alois Rašín shared a cell with Karel Kramář. During the time in the prison, Rašín wrote text National Economy (), which was published later in 1921. His Imperial Council Member's mandate was taken away from him in June 1917. Next month, the amnesty was announced.
After his return from prison, viewed as a national hero, he immediately started to be politically active.
He regained his Doctor of Laws academic title (
JUDr.). In 1918, the Young Czech Party merged with the
Statutory Progressive Party,
Moravian People's Progressive Party and some part of the
Progressive Party (Realists) with the common name the
Czech Statutory Democracy. The Old Czech Party joined in the next year. As a party chairman was elected
Karel Kramář. Rašín was part of the party's leadership that set its goals: support of social justice but rejection of the socialism as such, support of Czech nationalism and democracy, the need for strong control state, police, army and the large state apparatus. It promoted secularization, but with the preservation of freedom of religion and a strong influence of Christian morality, it also promoted solidarity and education. It was supposed to be oriented on the
United States of America
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguo ...
, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into one sovereign state, established by the Acts of Union 1800, Acts of Union in 1801. It continued in this form until ...
and Czarist
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
. The
National Newspaper continued to be the party's newspapers.
Independent Czechoslovakia
In July 1918, the
National Committee of Czechoslovakia () was formed to overtake the power in the country and to create new laws.
Karel Kramář was Chairman,
Antonín Švehla
Antonín Švehla (15 April 1873, in Hostivař – 12 December 1933 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak politician. He served three terms as the Interior Minister and three terms as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. He is regarded as one of the ...
Vice-Chairman,
František Soukup Managing Director and Alois Rašín Member of the Board. In the night from 27th to 28th,
Vlastimil Tusar
Vlastimil Tusar (18 October 1880 – 22 March 1924) was a Czech journalist and political figure. He served as prime minister of Czechoslovakia from 1919 to 1920, in two periods.
Tusar was born as the son of a civil servant, and attended a g ...
called Rašín from Vienna and said that Czech politics needs to go to the front and support fighters in endurance and not leaving. He knew that this is a sign of surrender. Rašín said: ''"I was convinced that it will burst tomorrow."''
In the morning, Rašín met Švehla and others from the National Assembly. After they received
Andrássyho nóta (recognition of nations to self-determination), they decided to take the power before surrender. Today, Alois Rašín is remembered as one of the
Men of the 28th October (with
Antonín Švehla
Antonín Švehla (15 April 1873, in Hostivař – 12 December 1933 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak politician. He served three terms as the Interior Minister and three terms as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. He is regarded as one of the ...
,
Jiří Stříbrný,
Vavro Šrobár,
František Soukup), who together declared an independent Czechoslovak state. Rašín was the first one who publicly announced the state in the place of National Assembly, he also was the author of the first law which established an independent state.
In November 1918, the
Revolutionary National Assembly was formed. On the first meeting, the members elected
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include:
Given name Sport
*Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...
as the
President of the Republic and appointed
Karel Kramář Prime Minister. Alois Rašín was firstly supposed to be the Interior Minister but for his knowledge in economics, he was needed to take the Ministry of Finance because state finances were devastated by inflation. Journalist
Ferdinand Peroutka pointed out that Rašín was not a pure economist but he has more political experience than for example Rašín's opponent doctor
Karel Engliš. January 1919, Alois Rašín wrote to Edvard Beneš: "The population thinks that freedom means not paying taxes, no one is doing anything from executions, so I don't know how economics could be managed further," but at the same time state is relied on as on the solver of all problems.
As a
Minister for Finance, Alois Rašín had efforts to back his proposed currency by gold. For that, he announced nationwide voluntary collection, where 64 kilograms of pure gold was obtained. At the beginning of 1919, Rašín closed borders and the isolated whole country from 26 February to 9 March and started to stamp all money from which he withholds some part as a government loan.
For that 2 weeks, he was given rule over police and army. The goal was to disconnect currencies, lower volume of money in circulation and subordinate emission policy to a newly created state bank. After the left won the elections in 1919,
Vlastimil Tusar
Vlastimil Tusar (18 October 1880 – 22 March 1924) was a Czech journalist and political figure. He served as prime minister of Czechoslovakia from 1919 to 1920, in two periods.
Tusar was born as the son of a civil servant, and attended a g ...
was appointed prime minister and Rašín became only Member of the Parliament.
The second
Vladimír Tusar's government was established in 1920 after the
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
When these pri ...
of Czechoslovakia was approved. Rašín still got a mandate for
Czechoslovak National Democracy that was also part of the
Committee of Five
The Committee of Five of the Second Continental Congress was a group of five members who drafted and presented to the full Congress in Pennsylvania State House what would become the United States Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. Th ...
(). In the same year, Alois Rašín published his book My Finance Plan () describing Czechoslovak financial history from Austria-Hungary till present days. Two years later he followed up with publications Financial and Economic Policy until the End of 1921 (), and Inflation and Deflation (). He was appointed Ministry for Finance in the government of
Antonín Švehla
Antonín Švehla (15 April 1873, in Hostivař – 12 December 1933 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak politician. He served three terms as the Interior Minister and three terms as the prime minister of Czechoslovakia. He is regarded as one of the ...
and introduced many measures against social benefits. He also criticized monetary compensations for the
legionaries
The ancient Rome, Roman legionary (in Latin ''legionarius''; : ''legionarii'') was a citizen soldier of the Roman army. These soldiers would conquer and defend the territories of ancient Rome during the Crisis of the Roman Republic, Republic and ...
. Amidst an economic crisis, Rašín stressed the politics of
deflation
In economics, deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0% and becomes negative. While inflation reduces the value of currency over time, deflation increases i ...
(in 1922 prices dropped by 42%, salaries by 32%) and a strong currency. High unemployment caused great animosity towards him, especially from the left. A fierce anti-Rašín campaign developed.
Assassination
In his last days of politics, Rašín got into conflict with his colleagues about deflationary measures. President
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include:
Given name Sport
*Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...
was planning to remove Alois Rašín from office. In the morning of 5 January 1923, Alois Rašín came out of his apartment in Žitná street house number 8 and was shot in the back and side when trying to get in the ministry car. He died after a long period of suffering on 18 February 1923. The assassin was young
anarcho-communist Josef Šoupal who confessed and told that he was planning to kill other representatives of Czechoslovak capitalism Jaroslav Preiss and
Karel Kramář. Because he was younger than 21 years, he was not sentenced to death but imprisoned for 18 years in
Kartouz. The assassination was condemned by the president and many anti-socialist laws were introduced.
Relations
Rašín married
Karla Janská from
Prague
Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...
's
Smíchov
Smíchov () is, since 1922, a district and cadastral area of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, and is part of Prague 5. It is on the west bank of the Vltava river.
History
It was only on 22 February 1903, that Smíchov was elevated to ...
in 1899. His wife's brother
Jan Janský
Jan Janský (; 3 April 1873 – 8 September 1921) was a Czech serologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. He is credited with the classification of blood into four types (I, II, III, IV).
Life and education
Janský was born on 3 April 1873 in ...
was the discoverer of
blood groups. Alois Rašín had three children with his wife Karla: Ladislav (1900), Miroslav (1901) and Ludmila (1904). His son Ladislav continued in his father's footsteps as a politician. He was part of the resistance against the Nazis.
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
arrested him in 1938. He died in a prison in
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
a few days before the American troops came.
Characteristics
According to
Ferdinand Peroutka, Alois Rašín was a thrifty man and as the Minister of Finance was very cautious every time someone demanded some portion of the governmental budget. He was a
workaholic
A workaholic is a person who works Compulsive behavior, compulsively. A workaholic experiences an inability to limit the amount of time they spend on work despite negative consequences such as damage to their relationships or health.
There is no ...
and demanded the same from those around him.
He also had an uncompromising and hot-headed nature. At a time when the Germans demanded greater autonomy he stuck out his tongue and called them monkeys. Rašín lived
ascetic
Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures through self-discipline, self-imposed poverty, and simple living, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their pra ...
life avoiding any dance or sport.
Alois Rašín was also member of freemason Lodge in
Prague
Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...
.
Publications
* ''České státní právo'', Ed.: Časopis českého studenstva, Prague 1891 (this brochure was forbidden)
* ''Můj finanční plán'', Pražská akciová tiskárna, Prague 1920
* ''Listy z vězení'', Prague 1937
* ''Mé vzpomínky z mládí'', Prague 1928
* ''Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the First Year of its History'', Clarendon Press, Oxford 1923
onlineat
Archive.org)
* ''Finanční a hospodářská politika do konce roku 1921'', Pražská akciová tiskárna, Prague 1922
* ''Národní hospodářství'', Český čtenář, Prague 1922
* ''Die Finanz- und Wirtschaftspolitik der Tschechoslowakei'', Duncker & Humblot, Munich/Leipzig 1923
Further reading
* ''Alois Rašín – Dramatický život českého politika'' by Čechurová Jana, Prague 1997
* ''Alois Rašín – Jeho život, dílo a doba'' by Hoch Karel, Prague 1934
* ''Říjen 1918'' by Klimek Antonín, Prague 1998
* ''Paměti dr. Aloise Rašína'' (editor Ladislav Rašín), Brno 1994
* ''Dr. Alois Rašín – Úvahy a vzpomínky'' by Penížek Josef, Prague 1926
* ''Rašínův památník'' (editors F. Fousek, J. Penížek, A. Pimper), Prague 1927
* ''Alois Rašín'' by Vencovský František, Prague 1992
References
External links
Short biographyBiography in CzechRašín as economist (in Czech)Monetary politics of Rašín (in Czech)*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rasin, Alois
1867 births
1923 deaths
People from Nechanice
Economists from Bohemia
Young Czech Party politicians
Czechoslovak National Democracy politicians
Finance ministers of Czechoslovakia
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1911–1918)
Members of the Revolutionary National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1920–1925)
Czechoslovak economists
Czech Freemasons
History of anarchism
Assassinated Czech politicians
Assassinated government ministers in Europe
People murdered in Czechoslovakia
Assassinated Czechoslovak politicians
Czechoslovak politicians
Politicians assassinated in the 1920s