The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels ( ''(ArBA-EsA)''; ) is an

art school An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on practice and related theory in the visual arts and design. This includes fine art – especially illustration, painting, contemporary art, sculpture, and graphic design. T ...

Brussels Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...

, Belgium, founded in 1711. Starting from modest beginnings in a single room in Brussels' Town Hall, it has since 1876 been operating from a former convent and orphanage in the /, which was converted by the architect . The school has played an important role in training leading local artists.

History

Origins

Historically, artistic training in Brussels was organised in traditional workshops where masters would teach their skills to pupils. The masters needed to be registered with their local guild to be able to practice their craft. On 30 September 1711, the magistrate of the

City of Brussels The City of Brussels is the largest List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, municipality and historical City centre, centre of the Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, as well as the capital of the French Community of Belgium, the ...

gave the guilds of painters, sculptors, weavers and other amateurs the use of a room in Brussels' Town Hall to teach drawing classes to their pupils. On 16 October of the same year, some sort of school was established at these premises to organise the classes. The school would concentrate mainly on teaching drawing. In 1737, the Academy adopted its first rules. The city assumed some costs, including those for the models. A few decades later, disagreement broke out. The classes moved to the inn 't Gulden Hoofd and were even suspended for a while. The Bruges painter Bernard Verschoot took over the Academy's leadership and tried to put it back on the rails with a heavy hand. The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, put the school under his high protection in 1762. His attention went mainly to the Department of

Architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and construction, constructi ...

. The school was re-established in 1768 as the ''Académie de Peinture, Sculpture et Architecture'' ("Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture"), with funds raised through a public subscription. Inspiration was found in the French model. A year later, the school returned to the Town Hall. In 1795, the Academy was closed after the conquest of Brussels by French revolutionary troops.

Resurgence under François-Joseph Navez

In 1829, the school moved into the Granvelle Palace (since demolished). One year later, François-Joseph Navez became director. He organized the school and expanded it. In 1832, it moved to the basement of the left wing of the Industrial Palace. From 1835 to 1836, Navez's plans were implemented. In 1836, the Academy was awarded the privilege to use the adjective "Royal" as part of its name. The panel painting was declared to another important department. It was based on the first golden age of Dutch painting. However, there was some time tensions at the Academy to the yet propagated neoclassical style. In addition to painting and sculpture, architectural education became more important, though it never achieved the status of a pioneering teaching and training facility. Opstand academie Brussel

In 1876, the Academy moved to the school buildings on the /, in what was the former Bogards'

convent A convent is an enclosed community of monks, nuns, friars or religious sisters. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The term is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglican ...

, which had meanwhile served as an orphanage. The architect was able to link the whole school in the limited space of the existing ensemble. The facade was redesigned in the neoclassical style. Until today the academy is there. From 5 January 1889 women were also allowed to participate in a class for advanced students. At the end of the 19th century, was the founding of the modern LUCA Campus Sint-Lukas Brussels, a strong competition. Meanwhile, ARBA is one of the 16 art schools of the

French Community of Belgium In Belgium, the French Community (, , CFB) refers to one of the three constituent constitutional linguistic communities. Since 2011, the French Community has used the name Wallonia-Brussels Federation (, , FWB), which is controversial because ...

. Under the director Charles van der Stappen, the doctrine came to this university to an even greater prestige. Even

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electroni ...

and

photography Photography is the visual arts, art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is empl ...

were part of the training offer. In the European art scene around the turn of the century, Brussels drew forth in addition to his training center in the shadow of Paris. Since 1889, Brussels was the uncrowned capital of

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( ; ; ), Jugendstil and Sezessionstil in German, is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and ...

, especially in architecture, which had its triumphal procession through Prof. Victor Horta. The Academy managed the step to another center of the

avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...

in the panel painting. From the Academy and its students went influence on the development of Realism, Symbolism,

Impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...

, Neo-Impressionism, Post Impressionism and the newly incipient

Expressionism Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...

. These were all precursors of

Modern Art Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradit ...

. In 1912, Horta had made changes to the organisation of the school. A system of studios was created, as it was recommended by Paul Bonduelle and Émile Lambot. In 1936, the ''Royal Order'' was made to the formation of the separate Department of Architecture.

Changes in organization and teaching after 1945

In 1949, a small Department of Planning and Urban Development was established. Architectural studies got the rank of university education. In 1972, the Department of Artistic Humanities was established. In 1977, the Department of Architecture finally acquired its autonomy. In 1977, the ''Institute Supérieur d'Architecture Victor Horta'', named after the Art Nouveau architect and former director, was founded. In 1980, the higher education of the second degree and new courses at the Academy of Fine Arts were presented. In 2009, the Faculty of Architecture of the Free University of Brussels was founded. This was done after the merger of the two schools of architecture: the School of Architecture Victor Horta (ISAVH) and the chamber of the French Community of the Higher Institute of Architecture (ISACF). Nowadays, programs are offered for

Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is the holder of a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts deg ...

and

Master of Arts A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have ...

in the fields of design, art and media and offered doctoral studies, too. The Academy has been an ESA (Ecole Supérieure des Arts - Art College) with a university orientation. In addition, it is part of Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) which was founded in 2001. It is responsible for the task of promoting activities of the affiliated members and organizations here and coordinate. Its tasks include projects at home and abroad. The school is sometimes confused with the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) and the

Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium The Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium ( , sometimes referred to as ' ) is the independent learned society of science and arts of the French Community of Belgium. One of Belgium's numerous academies, it is the French-speak ...

, both separate institutions, as well as the French

Académie des Beaux-Arts The (; ) is a French learned society based in Paris. It is one of the five academies of the . The current president of the academy (2021) is Alain-Charles Perrot, a French architect. Background The academy was created in 1816 in Paris as a me ...

in Paris, part of the

Institut de France The ; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the . It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute manages approximately ...

The faculty and alumni of ARBA

Includes some of the most famous names in Belgian painting, sculpture, and architecture: *

James Ensor James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor (13 April 1860 – 19 November 1949) was a Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for most of his life. He was associated with the artistic ...

(1860–1949), painter and printmaker * Paul Delvaux (1897–1994),

surrealist Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...

painter *

René Magritte René François Ghislain Magritte (; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgium, Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about the nature ...

(1898–1967), surrealist painter *

Kali Kali (; , ), also called Kalika, is a major goddess in Hinduism, primarily associated with time, death and destruction. Kali is also connected with transcendental knowledge and is the first of the ten Mahavidyas, a group of goddesses who p ...

(1918–1998), Polish-American painter * Peyo (1928–1992),

cartoonist A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comics illustrators/artists in that they produce both the litera ...

, creator of ''

The Smurfs ''The Smurfs'' (; ) is a Belgian comic franchise centered on a fictional colony of small, blue, humanoid creatures who live in mushroom-shaped houses in the forest. ''The Smurfs'' was created and introduced as a series of comic characters by ...

'' * Oriane Lassus (b. 1987), French author, cartoonist and illustrator

Notable directors and professors

* Barnabé Guimard (1731–1805), French architect * Tilman-François Suys (1783–1861), architect * François-Joseph Navez (1787–1869), neoclassical painter *

Louis Gallait Louis Gallait (9 or 10 May 1810 – 20 November 1887) was a Walloons, Belgian painter. He lay at the basis of a revival of history painting in Belgium. He earned his reputation especially with the large painting of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, ...

(1810–1887), painter * Eugène Simonis (1810–1893), sculptor * Jean-François Portaels (1818–1895), painter * Charles van der Stappen (1843–1910), sculptor * Jef Lambeaux (1852–1908), sculptor * Jacques de Lalaing (1858–1917), Belgian-British sculptor and painter * Victor Horta (1861–1947), architect * Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952), architect, teacher, architectural historian, and writer * Henri van Dievoet (1869–1931), architect * Alfred Bastien (1873–1955), artist, academic, and soldier * Léon Devos (1897–1974), painter

Gallery of works by notable teachers and directors

File:Mozes en Aaronkerk 1.jpg, Tilman-François Suys (date unknown): ''St. Antonius Church'', Amsterdam. File:François Joseph Navez (1787-1869) - Les musiciens ambulants (A Musician Family) - NG 2773 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg, François Joseph Navez (1828): ''Travelling Musicians'',

National Galleries of Scotland The National Galleries of Scotland (, sometimes also known as National Galleries Scotland) is the executive non-departmental public body that controls the three national galleries of Scotland and two partner galleries, forming one of the Nation ...

. File:GdeBouillon.JPG, Eugène Simonis (1848): ''Equestrian statue of

Godfrey of Bouillon Godfrey of Bouillon (; ; ; ; 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a preeminent leader of the First Crusade, and the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1100. Although initially reluctant to take the title of king, he agreed to rule as pri ...

'', Place Royale/Koningsplein, Brussels. File:Louis Gallait - Fisherman's Family - WGA8438.jpg, Louis Gallait (1848): ''The family of the fisherman'',

Hermitage Museum The State Hermitage Museum ( rus, Государственный Эрмитаж, r=Gosudarstvennyj Ermitaž, p=ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ, links=no) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and holds the large ...

, St. Petersburg. File:Alexandre Nestor Nicolas Robert - Young page.jpg, Alexandre Robert (date unknown), ''Young page'', Private collection. File:Joseph Quinaux - The rest.jpg, Joseph Quinaux (date unknown): ''The rest'', Private collection. File:Jean-François Portaels - Sweet flowers.jpg, Jean-François Portaels (date unknown): ''Sweet flowers'', Private collection. File:Joseph Stallaert - Der Prophet Jeremias weissagt dem König Zedekia den Untergang Jerusalem.jpg, Joseph Stallaert (date unknown): ''The prophet Jeremiah prophesies the fall of Jerusalem'', Private collection. File:Le sommeil de Jamilé--.jpg, Herman Richir (date unknown): ''The sleep of Jamilé'', Private collection. File:Victor Horta Hotel Tassel.JPG, Victor Horta (1892/93): ''

Hôtel Tassel The Hôtel Tassel (; ) is a historic town house in Brussels, Belgium. It was designed by Victor Horta for the scientist and professor Emile Tassel, and built between 1892 and 1893, in Art Nouveau style. It is considered one of the first buil ...

'', Brussels. File:Constant Montald- Ophelia.jpg, Constant Montald (1893): ''Ophelia'', Private collection. File:Le Temps.JPG, Charles Van der Stappen (1894/98): ''Time'', Meise Botanic Garden. File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Hôtel Van Eetvelde - 01.jpg, Victor Horta (1898/1900): '' Hôtel van Eetvelde'', Brussels. File:BE Bruxelles Horta Solvay.JPG, Victor Horta (1898/1900): '' Hôtel Solvay'', Avenue Louise/Louizalaan 81, Brussels. File:Antwerp Brabofontein 017 8004.jpg, Jef Lambeaux (date unknown): '' Brabo Fountain'', Antwerp. File:Batiment Horta - rue Neuve - 1901.jpg, Victor Horta (1901): ''À L'Innovation department store'', Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, Brussels. File:Frankfurt Am Main-Zeil-Grand Bazar-Palais Rothschild-Schmoller-um 1910.jpg, Victor Horta (1903/05): ''Le Grand Bazar department store'', Frankfurt. File:Jacques de Lalaing - Cheval de Brabant.jpg, Jacques de Lalaing (date unknown): ''Brabantine horse''. File:Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien - Canadian Cavalry Ready in a Wood.jpg, Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (date unknown): ''Canadian Cavalry Ready in a Wood'',

Canadian War Museum The Canadian War Museum (CWM) () is a National museums of Canada, national museum on the military history of Canada, country's military history in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The museum serves as both an educational facility on Canadian military hist ...

, Ottawa. File:Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien - Throwing Grenades.jpg, Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien (1918): ''Grenade throwing'', Canadian War Museum, Ottawa. File:Beringen-Mijn - Sint-Theodarduskerk1.jpg, Henry Lacoste (date unknown): ''St. Theodardus Church'', Beringen-Mijn.

Notable students

* Joseph-Pierre Braemt (1796–1864), medalist * François Musin (1820–1888), painter * Franz Meerts (1836–1896), painter * Josse Impens (1840–1905), painter * Gustave Léonard de Jonghe (1844–1848), painter * Emile Wauters (1846–1933), painter *

Isidore Verheyden Isidore Verheyden (24 January 1846, in Antwerp – 1 November 1905, in Elsene) was a Belgium, Belgian painter of landscapes, portraits and still life. He was the son of painter Jean-François Verheyden; his first teacher at the Académie Roya ...

(1846–1905), painter * Alfred Verhaeren (1849–1924), painter * Amédée Lynen (1852–1938), painter and illustrator *

Vincent van Gogh Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created approximately 2,100 artworks ...

(1853–1890), Dutch painter * Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1855–1925), Dutch painter * Paul Du Bois (1859–1938), French sculptor *

(1860–1949), painter * Victor Rousseau (1865–1954), sculptor * Jef Leempoels (1867–1935), painter * Gabriel Van Dievoet (1875–1934), painter * Mercédès Legrand (1893–1945), Spanish-born Belgian painter and sculptor * Victor Servranckx (1897–1965), painter * Paul Delvaux (1897–1994), painter *

(1898–1967), painter * Éliane de Meuse (1899–1993), painter * Claudia Cobizev (1905-1995), Moldovan sculptor * Zhang Chongren, better known as Tschang Tschong-jen (1907–1998), Chinese sculptor and painter * Ben-Ami Shulman, (1907–1986), Israeli architect * Claude Strebelle (1917–2010), architect and builderAcadémie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles
/ref>

Gallery of works by notable students

File:Brussel Sint-Katelijnekerk.jpg,

Joseph Poelaert Joseph Poelaert (21 March 1817 – 3 November 1879) was a Belgium, Belgian architect. He was entrusted with important projects in Brussels, such as Saint Catherine's Church, Brussels, Saint Catherine's Church, the Church of Our Lady of Laeken, t ...

(date unknown): ''New building of the Church of St. Catherine'', Brussels. File:ND du Sablon 1007.jpg, Jean-Frédéric Van der Rit (1856): ''Tomb of Augustus dal Pozzo at the Church of Our Lady of Victories at the Sablon'', Brussels. File:Charles de Groux - The farewell.Jpeg, Charles de Groux (1856/57): ''The farewell''. File:Franz Meerts - At the café.jpg, Franz Meerts (date unknown): ''At the café'', Private collection File:Guillaume Vogels - Vissersloep aan de oever.jpg, Guillaume Vogels (date unknown): ''Fishing boat on the shore'', Private collection. File:Emile Wauters - Caravan near Cairo.Jpeg, Emile Wauters (date unknown): ''Caravan near Cairo'', Private collection. File:Gustave Léonard de Jonghe - The Japanese Fan.jpg, Gustave Léonard de Jonghe (1865): ''The Japanese Fan'', Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens. File:Isidore Verheyden - Terug van de markt.JPG,

(date unknown): ''Return from the market'', Museum M, Leuven. File:Brüssel, Kirche Notre-Dame du Sablon.jpg, August Félix Schoy (1865): ''Restoration of the Church of Our Lady of Victories at the Sablon'', Brussels. File:Hippolyte Boulenger005.jpg, Hippolyte Boulenger (1870): ''View of Dinant'', Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. File:Amadée Lynen 001.jpg, Amadée Lynen (after 1872): ''Landscape with farm'', Privatbesitz. File:A.J. Heymans001.jpg, Adrien-Joseph Heymans (1875): ''Sky with the moonlight'', Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. File:La coulée à Ougrée.jpg, Constantin Meunier (1885/1890): ''The foundry of Ougrée'', Musée de l'Art Wallon, Liège. File:Amistad - Jef Leempoels.jpg, Jef Leempoels (1888): ''Friendship'', The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. File:Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts Belgique 1102.jpg, Charles van der Stappen (date unknown): ''Detail of the facade of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium'', Brussels. File:Van Gogh - Starry Night - Google Art Project.jpg,

(1896): ''Friendship'', Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires. File:1896 étang aquarelle parGabriel van Dievoet (1875-1934).JPG, Gabriel Van Dievoet (1896): ''Lake'', Private collection. File:Fernand Khnopff - Caresses - Google Art Project.jpg, Fernand Khnopff (1896): ''Carelessness or the tenderness of Sphinx'', Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. File:Hôtel Ciamberlani (DSCF7523).jpg, Paul Hankar (1897): ''

Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani The Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani (; ), occasionally also referred to as the Hôtel Veuve Ciamberlani (meaning ''House of Widow Ciamberlani''), is a historic Townhouse, town house in Brussels, Belgium. It was built in 1897 as the private residence ...

'', Rue Defaqz/Defaqzstraat, Brussels. File:James Ensor - Death and the masks.jpg,

(1897): ''Death and the masks'', Musée des beaux-arts de Liège. File:François Musin005.JPG, François Musin (date unknown): ''Stormy weather'', Private collection. File:Josse Impens - Artiste devant son chevalet.jpg, Josse Impens (date unknown): ''Painter in front of his easel'', Private collection. FIle:Alfred Verhaeren - Lost in thoughts.jpeg, Alfred Verhaeren (date unknown): ''Lost in thoughts'', Private collection. File:Cimetière de Bruxelles 02b.jpg, Jacques de Lalaing (date unknown): ''British Waterloo Memorial'', Brussels Cemetery. File:JanToorop-trio-fleuri-1886.jpg, Jan Toorop (date unknown): ''Flower trio'', Private collection. File:Old England facade, Brussels (DSCF7544).jpg, Paul Saintenoy (1898/99): '' Old England department store'', Rue Montagne de la Cour/Hofberg, Brussels. File:JH Wijsmuller - Het uitzetten van de fuiken.jpg, Jan Hillebrand Wijsmuller (1900): ''Laying of the fishing traps'', Private collection. File:Palais Minerve - ex-cinema Rialto r Haute 205-207 Hoogstr.jpg, Henri van Massenhove (date unknown): ''Palais Minerve'', former ''Rialto'' cinema, Rue Haute/Hoogstraat 205–207, Brussels. File:WLANL - Artshooter - De Smart.jpg, Georges Minne (date unknown): ''Mother protects her two children'', Private collection. File:Frantz Charlet - Die Goldenen Häuser von Brügge.jpeg, Frantz Charlet (date unknown): ''The golden houses of Bruges'', Museen voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent. File:Mondnacht-in-Boulogne.jpg,

Théo van Rysselberghe Théophile "Théo" van Rysselberghe (23 November 1862 – 13 December 1926) was a Belgian Neo-impressionism, neo-impressionist Painting, painter, who played a pivotal role in the European art scene at the turn of the twentieth century. Bi ...

(1900): ''Night with moon in Boulogne'', Private collection. File:Jan Toorop - The Schelde near Veere - Google Art Project.jpg, Jan Toorop (1907): ''The Scheldt near Veere'', Central Museum Utrecht. File:Van Rysselberghe 012.jpg,

(1910): ''Magnolia'', Private collection. File:London, UK (August 2014) - 109.JPG, Victor Rousseau (date unknown): '' Anglo-Belgian Warrior Memorial'', London. File:La vertu de l'Art (1913).jpg, Herman Richir (1913): ''Virtue of art'', Private collection. File:Lady in Blue in front of a Mirror.JPG,

Rik Wouters Hendrik Emil (Rik) Wouters (21 August 1882 – 11 July 1916) was a Belgian painter, sculptor and draughtsman. Wouters produced 200 paintings, drawings and sculptures in his 34 years before his illness-caused death. He died partway through th ...

(1914): ''Lady in blue before the mirror'', Private collection. File:Bruxelles Schmalzigaug baron.JPG, Jules Schmalzigaud (1917): ''Portrait of Baron Francis Delbeke'', Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. File:Terras Schmalzigaug.jpg, Jules Schmalzigaud (1915/17): ''Terrace'', Private collection. File:Rik Wouters - Portretbuste van James Ensor 10-03-2009 16-00-33.JPG,

(date unknown): ''Portrait bust of the painter James Ensor''. File:Shield of R-26 - Georges Vantongerloo.jpg, Georges Vantongerloo (1930): ''Cubist Shield of R-26'', Private collection.

Footnotes

References

Exhibitions

* ''Academie Royale des Beaux-arts et Ecole des Arts decoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900''. * 1987: ''Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, 275 ans d'enseignement'', from 07.05 - 28.06.1987. * 2007: ''Art, anatomie trois siècles d'évolution des représentations du corps'', Académie royale des Beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 20.04. - 16.05.2007.

Biography

* ''Academie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles. 275 ans d'enseignement = 275 jaar onderwijs aan de Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Brussel.'' par Crédit Communal Bruxelles, 1987, . * ''Academie Royale des Beaux-arts et École des Arts décoratifs de Bruxelles. Exposition centennale 1800–1900''. catalogue of the exhibition at Bruxelles. * A. W. Hammacher: ''Amsterdamsche Impressionisten en hun Kring.'' J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1946. * Wiepke Loos, Carel van Tuyll van Serooskerken: ''Waarde Hoer Allebé – Leven en werk van August Allebé (1838–1927).'' Waanders, Zwolle 1988, . * Sheila D. Muller: ''Dutch Art – An Encyclopedia.'' Routledge, 2013, . * Jean Bouret: ''L’École de Barbizon et le paysage française au XIXe siècle.'' Neuchâtel 1972. * Georges Pillement: ''Les Pré-Impressionistes.'' Zug 1972, * Nathalia Brodskaya: ''Impressionismus''. Parkstone Books, New York 2007, . * Norma Broude: ''Impressionismus. an international movement, 1860–1920'' („World impressionism“). Dumont, Köln 2007, . * Jean-Paul Crespelle: ''Les Fauves, Origines et Evolution'', Office du Livre, Fribourg, und Edition Georg Popp, Würzburg 1981, . * Jean Leymarie: ''Fauvismus'', Editions d’Art, Albert Skira Verlag, Genève 1959. * Kristian Sotriffer: ''Expressionismus und Fauvismus.'' Verlag Anton Schroll & Co., Wien 1971. * Jean-Luc Rispail: ''Les surréalistes. Une génération entre le rêve et l'action'' (=

Découvertes Gallimard (, ; in United Kingdom: ''New Horizons'', in United States: ''Abrams Discoveries'') is an Collection (publishing), editorial collection of Book illustration, illustrated monographic books published by the Éditions Gallimard in Pocket edition, ...

. 109). Gallimard, Paris 2005, . * David Britt: ''Modern Art - Impressionism to Post-Modernism''. Thames & Hudson, London 2007, . * Sandro Bocola: ''Die Kunst der Moderne. Zur Struktur und Dynamik ihrer Entwicklung. Von Goya bis Beuys''. Prestel, München/ New York 1994, . (Neuauflage im Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen, Lahn 2013, ) * Sam Phillips: ''Moderne Kunst verstehen - Vom Impressionismus ins 21. Jahrhundert.'' A. Seemann Henschel, Leipzig 2013, . * Pierre Daix, Joan Rosselet: ''Picasso - The Cubist Years 1907–1916.'', Thames & Hudson, London 1979, . * Michael White: ''De Stijl and Dutch Modernism'' (= Critical Perspectives in Art History). Manchester University Press, . (englisch) * Thomas, Karin: ''Blickpunkt der Moderne: Eine Geschichte von der Romantik bis heute.'' Verlag M. DuMont, Köln 2010, .

Sources

ARBA online history (in French)

Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, The Hague, (RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History), Netherlands (in Dutch and English)

Royale Museums of fine Arts of Belgium - Brussels Museums

External links

*
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
{{DEFAULTSORT:Academie Royale Des Beaux-Arts Educational institutions established in 1711 1711 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy 1711 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire