Ṭā Hā (; ) is the 20th chapter (''

sūrah A ''surah'' (; ; ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. There are 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, each divided into ayah, verses (). The ''suwar'' are of unequal length; the shortest ''surah'' (al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while ...

'') of the

Qur'an The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God ('' Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides ...

with 135 verses ('' āyāt''). It is named "Ṭā Hā" because the chapter starts with the Arabic ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt'' (disjoined letters): (Ṭāhā) which is widely mistaken to be one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but is just one of the many unlinked letters at the beginning of many other surahs of the Quran. Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (''

asbāb al-nuzūl Occasions or circumstances of revelation (in Arabic - ''al-nuzūl'') names the historical context in which Quranic verses were revealed from the perspective of traditional Islam. Though of some use in reconstructing the Qur'an's historicity, ''a ...

''), it is traditionally believed to be a

Meccan surah A Meccan surah is, according to the timing and contextual background of their revelation ('' asbāb al-nuzūl'') within Islamic tradition, a chronologically earlier chapter ('' suwar'', singular ''sūrah'') of the Qur'an. The traditional chronolog ...

, from the second Meccan period (615-619),Ernst, Carl W. How to Read the Qurʼan: A New Guide, with Select Translations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2011. Print. which means it is believed to have been revealed in Mecca, rather than later in Medina. Among the subjects treated in this chapter are God's call of Moses (),

the Exodus The Exodus (Hebrew language, Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, ''Yəṣīʾat Mīṣrayīm'': ) is the Origin myth#Founding myth, founding myth of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four of the five books of the Torah, Pentateuch (specif ...

of the Israelites and the crossing of the Red Sea (), the worship of the

Golden Calf According to the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran, the golden calf () was a cult image made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mount Sinai (bible), Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as "the sin of the calf" (). It is first mentio ...

() and the

Fall of Man The fall of man, the fall of Adam, or simply the Fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God in Christianity, God to a state of guilty disobedience. * * * * ...

(). The main theme of the chapter is about the existence of God. It addresses this theme through stories about

Moses In Abrahamic religions, Moses was the Hebrews, Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of slavery in the The Exodus, Exodus from ancient Egypt, Egypt. He is considered the most important Prophets in Judaism, prophet in Judaism and Samaritani ...

and

Adam Adam is the name given in Genesis 1–5 to the first human. Adam is the first human-being aware of God, and features as such in various belief systems (including Judaism, Christianity, Gnosticism and Islam). According to Christianity, Adam ...

.Haleem, Abdel. The Qur'an. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print. Sura 20 displays several thematic and stylistic patterns described by

Angelika Neuwirth Angelika Neuwirth (born 4 November, 1943) is a German Islamic studies scholar and Professor of Qur’anic studies at the Free University of Berlin. Qur’anic education Born in Nienburg, Lower Saxony, she studied Islamic studies, Semitic studi ...

in Jane McAuliffe's book "The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'an".McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʼān. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print. These include the eschatological prophecies of the Quran, signs of God's existence, and debate. Additionally, sura 20 employs what has been termed the "ring structure" to reinforce its central theme. This is the chapter that convinced

Umar Umar ibn al-Khattab (; ), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr () and is regarded as a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Mu ...

to convert to Islam. The oldest surviving manuscript containing chapter ''Ṭā Hā'' is a Quranic manuscript in the

Mingana Collection The Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern manuscripts, comprising over 3,000 documents, is held by the University of Birmingham's Cadbury Research Library. History In 1924 Alphonse Mingana, an ethnic Assyrian, made the first of three trips to ...

identified as having been written on the

Birmingham Quran manuscript The Birmingham Quran manuscript comprises two leaves of parchment from an early Quranic manuscript or muṣḥaf. In 2015, the manuscript, which is held by the University of Birmingham in England, was radiocarbon dated to between 568 and 6 ...

, dated 0-25 AH.

Summary

*1-3 The Quran an admonition from God to the faithful *4-7 God one, a Sovereign King,

omniscient Omniscience is the property of possessing maximal knowledge. In Hinduism, Sikhism and the Abrahamic religions, it is often attributed to a divine being or an all-knowing spirit, entity or person. In Jainism, omniscience is an attribute that any ...

, and possessed of most excellent names *The History of

** 8-10 He sees the

burning bush The burning bush (or the unburnt bush) refers to an event recorded in the Jewish Torah (as also in the biblical Old Testament and Islamic scripture). It is described in the third chapter of the Book of Exodus as having occurred on Mount Horeb ...

** 11-12 God speaks to him out of the fire ** 13-14 He is chosen and instructed by God ** 15-17 The

day of judgment The Last Judgment is a concept found across the Abrahamic religions and the '' Frashokereti'' of Zoroastrianism. Christianity considers the Second Coming of Jesus Christ to entail the final judgment by God of all people who have ever lived, res ...

will surely come ** 18-24 God bestows on him signs and

miracles A miracle is an event that is inexplicable by natural or scientific lawsOne dictionary define"Miracle"as: "A surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divin ...

** 25 He is commanded to go to

Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian language, Egyptian: ''wikt:pr ꜥꜣ, pr ꜥꜣ''; Meroitic language, Meroitic: 𐦲𐦤𐦧, ; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') was the title of the monarch of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty of Egypt, First Dynasty ( ...

** 26-35 Moses prays for the assistance of

Aaron According to the Old Testament of the Bible, Aaron ( or ) was an Israelite prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of Moses. Information about Aaron comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament ...

** 36-42 God reminds Moses of former favours ** 43-50 He is sent with Aaron to Pharaoh ** 51-57 Conversation between Pharaoh and Moses ** 58-59 Pharaoh rejects Moses and accuses him of imposture ** 60-62 Pharaoh proposes to meet Moses and Aaron with countermiracles ** 63-64 Moses warns the

magicians Magician or The Magician may refer to: Performers * A practitioner of magic (supernatural) * A practitioner of magic (illusion) * Magician (fantasy), a character in a fictional fantasy context Entertainment Books * ''The Magician'', an 18th-ce ...

against deception ** 65 The magicians dispute among themselves ** 66 They counsel Pharaoh against Moses ** 67 Pharaoh encourages the magicians to do their best ** 68-72 The contest between Moses and the magicians ** 73 The magicians are converted ** 74-75 Pharaoh threatens the magicians with dire punishment ** 75-76 The magicians defy the wrath of Pharaoh, and express hope in God ** 77-80 God commands Moses to lead the Israelites through the Red Sea ** 81 Pharaoh pursues them, and is overwhelmed by the sea ** 82-83 God feeds the Israelites on manna and quails in the desert ** 83-84 God's treatment of the unbelieving and penitent ** 85-87 The Israelites worship a

golden calf According to the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran, the golden calf () was a cult image made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mount Sinai (bible), Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as "the sin of the calf" (). It is first mentio ...

** 88-89 Moses reproaches them with idolatry ** 90-91 They lay the blame on Samiri ** 92-93 The people disobey Aaron ** 94-95 Moses rebukes Aaron—his apology ** 96 Sámirí's explanation of his conduct 97-98 Sámirí's doom to social ostracism * 102-107 The resurrection and the conduct of those judged on the judgment-day * 108 No intercession on that day, except by permission * 109-111 The fate of the wicked and reward of the righteous * 112-114 The Quran made easy for Muhammad, but he is not to be hasty in repeating it * The Story of Adam **115 Adam broke God's covenant **116 All the angels prostrate to Adam except Iblís **117 Adam warned against Satan **118-119 Adam and Eve will never struggle in

Jannah In Islam, Jannah (, ''jannāt'', ) is the final and permanent abode of the righteous. According to one count, the word appears 147 times in the Qur'an. Belief in the afterlife is one of the Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith, six article ...

**120 Satan beguiles Adam and Eve **121 Adam disobeys God **122-123 God pardons, but expels them from Paradise **124 An admonition promised, with penalty of rejection of it *125-127 Infidels will appear in the judgment blind, and reasons for blindness *128-129 The Makkans warned *130-132 Muhammad comforted and encouraged *133-134 The Jews demand a sign, and the Quraish disbelieve *135 God directs Muhammad to proclaim his readiness to wait the final issue of the controversy between them

Structure

The first two words of Chapter 20 are ''Ṭā Hā''. Sura 20 focuses upon one theme, and is structured in such a way as to reinforce this theme repeatedly. Sura 20 begins with an introduction which proclaims the greatness of God. In the body of the sura, there are two distinct stories, one about Moses and one about Adam, each of which is broken into smaller sections. Both stories are prefaced by instructions from God to

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

, and followed by a discussion of

judgment day The Last Judgment is a concept found across the Abrahamic religions and the '' Frashokereti'' of Zoroastrianism. Christianity considers the Second Coming of Jesus Christ to entail the final judgment by God of all people who have ever lived, res ...

and the punishment of the disbelievers. To conclude the sura, there is another section restating and reinforcing the main theme, followed by a brief instruction to Muhammad. This repetitive pattern is what Carl W. Ernst terms the ring structure in his book "How to Read the Qur'an". The first part of the sura, up until the story of Adam, and the second part are, thematically and structurally, copies of each other. The story about Moses gives a much longer, more detailed description to introduce the theme, and the shorter story of Adam serves to summarize and repeat the theme already discussed. The introduction and conclusion paragraphs, including the verses where God addresses Muhammad, are the bookends to the sura, and bind the stories together.

1-8 Introduction

This section is an introduction to the sura. It begins with God addressing Muhammad, then lists several of God's characteristics and praises Him. In this section, there is also a mention of the Quran as a reminder of God's existence, a theme that is seen throughout the Quran. One of the two verses in this sura mentioned in

al-Wahidi 'Alī b. Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī al-Naysābūrī, who was better known as Al-Wāḥidī (), was a prominent grammarian and philologist of the Classical Arabic and a Quran scholar who wrote several classical exegetical works. He is considered one o ...

's "

Asbab al-Nuzul Occasions or circumstances of revelation (in Arabic - ''al-nuzūl'') names the historical context in which Quranic verses were revealed from the perspective of traditional Islam. Though of some use in reconstructing the Qur'an's historicity, ''a ...

" is verse 2. According to al-Wahidi, God sent this verse to Muhammad because the

Quraysh The Quraysh () are an Tribes of Arabia, Arab tribe who controlled Mecca before the rise of Islam. Their members were divided into ten main clans, most notably including the Banu Hashim, into which Islam's founding prophet Muhammad was born. By ...

were saying that Muhammad was distressed because he left their religion, and that God only sent down the Quran to distress Muhammad.Guezzou, Mokrane. Al-Wāḥidī's Asbāb Al-nuzūl: Great Commentaries of the Holy Qur'an. mman Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2008. Print. Verses 2–3: "It was not to distress you rophetthat We sent down the Qur'an to you, but as a reminder for those who hold God in awe…" Verse 8: "God—There is no god but Him—the most excellent names belong to Him."

9–98 The story of Moses

This section recounts the story of Moses's encounter with

, and how Moses's people were tested by God. Moses is originally tasked by God to go to Pharaoh, who has erred, and try to show him the right path. Verses 25-28: "He said, my Lord, open up my heart, and make my task easy for me. Loosen the knot in my tongue, so that they may understand my speech." Moses is triumphant over the Pharaoh because he is helped by God, but is then chased from the land by Pharaoh. After escaping, Moses leaves his people to confer with God. During his absence, his people are led awry by al-Samiri, and begin to worship a

instead of God. Upon his return, Moses is furious. He exiles al-Samiri, and chastises his brother

for allowing the people to worship anything other than the one true God. Samiri's provokation of Moses's disciples to worship a lowly calf beside the Almighty, clearly refuted God's grace as well as Moses and Aaron's preaching. Hence, Samiri's defiance that is quite similar to Iblis' or Satan's had earned him severe punishment from God. Verse 56: "We showed Pharaoh all Our signs, but he denied them and refused

o change O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''o'' (pronounced ), ...

" Verse 85: "…but God said, 'We have tested your people in your absence: the Samiri has led them astray.'" Verse 97: "(Moses) said: "Get thee gone! but thy (punishment) in this life will be that thou wilt say, 'touch me not'; and moreover (for a future penalty) thou hast a promise that will not fail: Now look at thy god, of whom thou hast become a devoted worshipper: We will certainly (melt) it in a blazing fire and scatter it broadcast in the sea!"

99–113 Judgment day and the disbelievers' punishment

This section again refers to the revealed nature of the Quran, and discusses the Day of Judgment. It gives a brief description of the events that will take place on judgment day. Disbelievers will be punished, but believers need not fear. This account of judgment day is an example of the

eschatological Eschatology (; ) concerns expectations of the end of present age, human history, or the world itself. The end of the world or end times is predicted by several world religions (both Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic), which teach that negative world ...

nature of the Quran, as described by Angelika Neuwirth. Also in this section, in verse 113, is a specific reference to the Quran in

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

. Verse 99: "…We have given you a Qur'an from Us." Verses 111–112: "Those burdened with evil deeds will despair, but whoever has done righteous deeds and believed need have no fear of injustice or deprivation." Verse 113: "We have sent the Qur'an down in the Arabic tongue and given all kinds of warnings in it, so that they may beware or it may make them take heed."

114–123 The story of Adam

This section begins with a proclamation of God's greatness, and then another address from God to Muhammad. Then, God relates the story of Adam. When God created Adam and asked the angels to bow before him, all but

Iblis Iblis (), alternatively known as Eblīs, also known as Shaitan, is the leader of the Shayatin, devils () in Islam. According to the Quran, Iblis was thrown out of Jannah#Jinn, angels, and devils, heaven after refusing to prostrate himself bef ...

did bow. Iblis (Satan) was punished and made the enemy of man. Satan tempted Adam, and Adam gave in, straying from God. But, Adam repented for his mistake and asked for God's forgiveness quite devotedly, for which God finally forgave him. Verse 114: "Exalted be God, the one who is truly in control. rophet do not rush to recite before the revelation is fully complete…" Verse 116: "When We said to the angels, 'Bow down before Adam,' they did. But Iblis refused." Verse 121–122: "…Adam disobeyed his Lord and was led astray—later his lord brought him close, accepted his repentance, and guided him."

123–127 Judgment day and the disbelievers' punishment

This section restates what was said before: Those who follow God will be rewarded, and those who do not will be punished on the Day of Judgment. Verse 126: "…You ignored Our revelations when they came to you, so today you will be ignored." Verse 127: "…The greatest and most enduring punishment is in the Hereafter."

128–132 Instructions to the believers

This section contains another of the patterns discussed by Neuwirth, the signs of God's existence. It references the ruins of old cities as signs that God exists and can easily destroy people. Also, this section instructs believers to pray, and not to long for others' possessions. Verse 131 is the second verse of the sura that is mentioned in Asbab al-Nuzul. Wahidi says that this was sent down because Muhammad once desired food to entertain a guest, but could not afford it. The Jewish man selling the food refused to sell it without a security, and Muhammad was furious with this. To appease his prophet, God sent down this verse. Verse 131: "And do not gaze longingly at what We have given some of them to enjoy, the finery of this present life: We test them through this, but the provision of your Lord is better and more lasting." Verse 132: "Order your people to pray, and pray steadfastly yourself."

133–135 Conclusion

The conclusion includes another of the elements Neuwirth discusses: debate. In the conclusion, there is a debate between the disbelievers and Muhammad. The disbelievers wonder why God does not bring them a sign, and in the final verse God instructs Muhammad what to reply to them. Verse 135: " rophet say, 'We are all waiting, so you carry on waiting: you will come to learn who has followed the even path, and been rightly guided.'"

References

External links

Q20:4
50+ translations, islamawakened.com *
Quran 20

Clear Quran translation Mustafa Khattab is a Canadian–Egyptian Muslim scholar, imam, and university chaplain. He holds a professional ijâzah in the Ḥafṣ style of recitation. He is known for his translation of the Quran in "The Clear Quran" series. Career He ...

{{Authority control

Ta-Ha Ṭā Hā (; ) is the 20th chapter (''sūrah'') of the Qur'an with 135 verses ('' āyāt''). It is named "Ṭā Hā" because the chapter starts with the Arabic ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt'' (disjoined letters): (Ṭāhā) which is widely ...

Moses Golden calf