Łuck

Lutsk (, ; see below for other names) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has a population of

A city with almost a thousand years of history, recorded in 1085, Lutsk historically served as an administrative, cultural and religious center in Volhynia. The city contains several landmarks in various styles, including Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical, the most known being the medieval Lubart's Castle.

Names and etymology

Lutsk is an ancient Slavic town, mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle as Luchesk in the records of 1085. The etymology of the name is unclear. There are three hypotheses: the name may have been derived from the Old Slavic word ''luka'' (an arc or bend in a river), or the name may have originated from ''Luka'' (the chieftain of the '' Dulebs''), an ancient Slavic tribe living in this area. The name may also have been created after ''Luchanii'' (Luchans), an ancient branch of the tribe mentioned above.

The city of Lutsk is also historically known by different names in other languages – , ; ; as well as a number of other names.

History

According to the legend, Luchesk dates from the 7th century. The first known documentary reference dates were from the year 1085. In the 11th century, along with the region of Volhynia, the town was contested by the Kyivan Rus' and Poland. The town served as the capital of the Principality of Halych-Volynia (founded in 1199) until the rise of Volodymyr. The town grew around a wooden stronghold built by a local branch of the Rurik Dynasty. At certain times the location functioned as the capital of the principality, but the town did not become an important centre of commerce or culture.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

In 1240, Mongols seized and looted the nearby town but left the castle unharmed. In 1321, George, son of Lev, the last prospective heir of Halych-Volynia, died in a battle with the forces of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Lithuanian forces seized the castle. In 1349, the forces of King Casimir III of Poland captured the town, then Lithuania soon retook it, but it remained contested by Lithuania and Poland until 1382.

The town began to prosper during the period of Lithuanian rule. Prince Lubart (died 1384), son of Gediminas, erected Lubart's Castle as part of his fortification programme. From 1385, it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian union, yet it remained an object of Lithuanian-Polish rivalry. Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło appointed Polish starosts, brought in Dominican monks and staffed the Catholic bishopric, intending to connect it to the Polish Archdiocese of Lwów, while Lithuanian Duke Vytautas sought to diminish Polish influence and develop the city to become Lithuania's second capital after Vilnius. Vytautas invited colonists (mostly Jews, Tatars, and Crimean Karaites). In 1427 he transferred the Catholic bishopric from Volodymyr to Luchesk. Vytautas was the last monarch to use the title of "Duke of Volhynia" and to reside in Lubart's Castle.

The town grew rapidly, and by the end of the 15th century, there were 19 Orthodox and two Catholic churches. It was the seat of two Christian bishops, one Catholic and one Orthodox. Because of that, the town was sometimes nicknamed "the ''Volhynian Rome''." The cross symbol of Lutsk features the highest Lithuanian Presidential award, the Order of Vytautas the Great.

In 1429 Lutsk was the meeting place selected for a conference of monarchs hosted by Władysław II Jagiełło and Sophia of Halshany to deal with the Tatar threat. Those invited to attend included Sigismund, King of Hungary and Bohemia; Grand Duke Vasili II of Russia; Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden; the Grand Master of the Livonian Order Zisse von Rutenberg; the Duke of Szczecin Casimir V; Dan II, the ''Hospodar'' of Wallachia; and Prince-electors of most of the countries of the Holy Roman Empire.

Kingdom of Poland

In 1432, Volhynia became a fief of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lutsk became the seat of the governors, and later the Marshalls of the Land of Volhynia. That same year, the city was granted Magdeburg rights by King Władysław II Jagiełło. It was one of the minor centers of Armenians in Poland, with an Armenian church. In 1497, Alexander Jagiellon confirmed the city's old privileges. In 1569, Volhynia was fully incorporated into the Polish kingdom and the town became the capital of both the Łuck powiat and Volhynian Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. After the Union of Lublin, the local Orthodox bishop converted to Eastern Catholicism.

The city continued to prosper as an important economic centre of the region. By the mid-17th century, Łuck had approximately 50,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest towns in the area. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the town was seized by the forces of Colonel Kolodko. Up to 4,000 people were slaughtered, approximately 35,000 fled, and the city was looted and partially burnt. It never fully recovered. In 1781, the city was struck by a fire which destroyed 440 houses, both cathedrals, and several other churches. In 1788, Łuck was the 25th largest city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city embraced the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

Russian Empire

In 1795, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland, the Russian Empire annexed Lutsk. The Voivodeship was liquidated and the town lost its significance as the capital of the province (which was moved to Zhytomyr). After the November Uprising (1830–1831), efforts increased to remove Polish influence. Polish schools were closed in 1831 and Catholic monasteries were seized in 1840–1853. Russian became the dominant language in official circles. Though, the Ukrainian population continued to speak Ukrainian; the Polish population spoke Polish; and the Jewish population spoke Yiddish (only in private circles). The Greek Catholic churches was turned into Orthodox Christian ones, which led to the self-liquidation of the Uniates here. In 1845, another great fire struck the city, resulting in further depopulation.

In 1850, three major forts were built around Lutsk, and the town became a small fortress called ''Mikhailogorod''. Neglected under Russian rule, by the late 19th century, the city lost its leading economic position in Volhynia to Rivne, Kovel and Zdolbuniv.

During the First World War, the town was seized by Austria-Hungary on 29 August 1915. The town sustained a small amount of damage. During more than a year of Austro-Hungarian occupation, Lutsk became an important military centre with the headquarters of the IV Army under Archduke Josef Ferdinand stationed there. A plague of epidemic typhus decimated the city's inhabitants.

On 4 June 1916, four Russian armies under general Aleksei Brusilov started what later became known as the Brusilov Offensive. After up to three days of heavy artillery barrage, the Battle of Lutsk began. On 7 June 1916 the Russian forces reconquered the city. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1917, the city was seized by Germany on 7 February 1918. On 22 February 1918 the town was transferred by the withdrawing German army to the forces loyal to Symon Petlura.

Second Polish Republic

During the Polish-Bolshevik War, on 16 May 1919, Lutsk was taken over by the forces of Poland's Blue Army after a heavy battle with the Red Army. The city was devastated and largely depopulated. It witnessed the Soviet counter-offensive of 1920 and was taken on 12 July 1920. It was recaptured by Poland's 45th Rifles regiment and field artillery on 15 September 1920. According to American sociologist Alexander Gella "the Polish victory ver the Red Armyhad gained twenty years of independence not only for Poland but at least for an entire central part of Europe.Aleksander Gella (1988), ''Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors'', SUNY Press,
Google Print, p. 23.
/ref> Łuck was designated by the newly-reborn nation of Poland as the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship.

The city was connected by railroad to Lviv (then Lwów) and Przemyśl. Several brand new factories were built both in Łuck and on its outskirts producing farming equipment, wood, and leather products among other consumer goods. New mills and breweries opened. An orphanage was built, and a big new bursary. The first high school was soon inaugurated. In 1937, an airport was established in Łuck with an area of .

The 13th ''Kresowy'' Light Artillery Regiment was stationed in the city, together with a ''Łuck'' National Defense (Poland) Battalion. In 1938, construction of a large modern radio transmitter began in the city (see Polish Radio Łuck). As of 1 January 1939 Łuck had 39,000 inhabitants (approximately 17,500 Jews and 13,500 Poles). The powiat formed around the town had 316,970 inhabitants, including 59% Ukrainians, 19.5% Poles, 14% Jews and approximately 23,000 Czechs and Germans.

World War II

On Thursday 7 September 1939, at about 5 p.m., the Polish government, which had left Warsaw the day before, arrived at Łuck. German intelligence quickly found out about it, and the city was twice bombed by the Luftwaffe, on 11 and 14 September. After panzer units of the Wehrmacht had crossed the Bug river, on 14 September the government of Poland left Łuck and headed southwards, to Kosów Huculski, which at that time was located near the Polish–Romanian border.

As a result of the invasion of Poland from both sides and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Łuck, along with the rest of western Volyn, was annexed by the Soviet Union. Most of the factories (including the almost-finished radio station) were dismantled and sent east to Russia. Approximately 10,000 of the city's Polish inhabitants (chiefly ethnic Poles, but also Polish Jews) were deported in cattle trucks to Kazakhstan and 1,550 were arrested by the NKVD.Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998),
Poland's Holocaust
' (Google Books). Jefferson: McFarland, pp. 17-18, 420. .

After the start of Operation Barbarossa the city was captured by the Wehrmacht on 25 June 1941. Thousands of Polish and Ukrainian prisoners were shot by the retreating NKVD responsible for political prisons. The inmates were offered amnesty and in the morning of ordered to exit the building en masse. They were gunned down by Soviet tanks. Some 4,000 captives including Poles, Jews and Ukrainians were massacred.Piotrowski 1998, p. 17
The Murder of the Jews of Lutsk
at Yad Vashem website

Upon Nazi occupation, most of the Jewish inhabitants of the city were forced into a new Łuck Ghetto and then murdered at the execution site on Górka Połonka hill not far from the city.Andrzej Mielcarek
Wieś i kolonia Hnidawa, inaczej Gnidawa, powiat Łuck
Interactive 1936 map included. ''Strony o Wołyniu'' Wolyn.ovh.org in Polish. Retrieved 24 July 2015. In total, more than 25,000 Jews were executed there at point-blank range,Yad Vashem, Note: village Połonka ( or it

subdivision) is misspelt in the documentary, with the testimony of eyewitness Shmuel Shilo. Retrieved 24 July 2015. men, women and children.YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Lutsk.
Ghetto history. Retrieved 22 July 2015. The Łuck Ghetto was liquidated entirely through ''the Holocaust by bullets''. Retrieved 20 July 2015. In 1941–1942, the German occupiers also operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the city. During the massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the area. It was captured by the Red Army on 2 February 1944.

Postwar

After the end of the war, the remaining Polish inhabitants of the city were expelled, mostly to the areas that are sometimes referred to as the Polish Regained Territories. The city became an industrial centre in the Ukrainian SSR. The major changes in the city's demographics had the final result that by the end of the war, the city was almost entirely Ukrainian. During the Cold War, the city hosted the Lutsk air base.

As one of the largest cities in western Ukraine, Lutsk became the seat of the General Consulate of Poland in 2003.

On 21 July 2020, a hostage crisis took place, involving a man armed with a firearm and explosives who stormed a bus and took 16 people hostage at about 9:25 a.m. Police said that they had identified the hostage-taker and that he had expressed dissatisfaction with "Ukraine's system" on social media. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that shots gas had been heard and that the bus had been damaged. The incident led to police blocking off the city centre. The standoff was eventually resolved after several hours, with all of the hostages being freed and the hostage taker being arrested.

On 11 March 2022, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian army fired four missiles at Lutsk military airfield killing two Ukrainian servicemen and wounding six. On 28 March, Lutsk was struck by another Russian missile.

Population

As of 1 January 2022, the population of the Lutsk city territorial community was 244,678 people, and 215,986 people in the city of Lutsk.

Ethnic groups

Distribution of the population by ethnicity according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 98% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1% spoke Russian.

Geography

Climate

Lutsk has a humid continental climate (''Dfb'' in the Köppen climate classification).

Industry and commerce

Lutsk is an important centre of industry. Factories producing cars, shoes, bearings, furniture, machines and electronics, as well as weaveries, steel mills and a chemical plant are located in the area.
* VGP JSC – manufacture of sanitary and hygienic products
* LuAZ – automobile-manufacturing plant, part of Bogdan group
* SKF – manufacture of bearings, seals, lubrication and lubrication systems, maintenance products, mechatronics products, power transmission products and related services globally
* Modern-Expo Group – one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers of equipment (metal shelving, high racks systems, checkouts, catering equipment, refrigeration equipment, POS-equipment and guidance systems) for retail and warehouse use in Central and Eastern Europe.
* Lutsk is the capital of the Drupal web development

Places of interest

* Lubart's Castle. The Upper Castle from the 13th century and the Lower Castle from the 14th century
* Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral. A Catholic cathedral built 1610 as a Jesuit church, reconstructed in 1781
* Great Synagogue built in 1626–1629
* Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral built 1755 as a church and monastery of Bernardines
* Lutheran Church
* Complex of Lutsk Orthodox Fellowship
*Market square
* Lesya Ukrainka street
*Monasteries, both Catholic and Orthodox: Basilians (17th century), Dominicans (17th century), Trinitarians (18th century) and Charites (18th century)
*Two 16th century Greek-Catholic churches
*Lutsk compact overhead powerline, a powerline of an unusual type.
* One of the longest buildings in the world: Apartment house on Sobornosti av. and Molodi st. (50.761219°N, 25.368719°E) Length: 1750 m.

File:Луцк. Собор Петра и Павла..jpg, St. Peter and Paul Cathedral
Собор святих Петра і Павла (Луцьк) - Підземелля - Крипта Магдалини.jpg, Cells of the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral
File:07-101-0021 Синагога.jpg, Great Synagogue
File:СоборЛуцькГол-2.jpg, Holy Trinity Cathedral
File:Luts'k Karayims'ka 16 Kirkha 04 (YDS 8005).jpg, Lutheran church

Theatres and museums

*Drama Theatre, built in 1939 (uk)
*Children's Puppet Theater
*Museum of Regional Studies. Address: Shopena St. 20
*Museum of Ukrainian army and ammunition opened in 1999. Address: Lutsk, vul. Taborishi 4
*Museum of Volyn Icon was opened in August 1993. A relatively small museum in the centre of the town. Has some interesting and very old icons. Address: vul. Yaroshchuka 5. (behind the Lesia Ukrainka Volyn State University)
THE KORSAKS’ MUSEUM OF THE CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN ART
. Address: vul. Karbysheva 1

Religion

The city was the episcopal seat of the Eparchy of Lutsk–Ostroh in the Ruthenian Uniate Church. The city was also the centre of the short-lived Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia. Currently, it is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk and of the Exarchate of Lutsk in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the former Catholic cathedral of the Holy Trinity is the seat of the Eparchy of Volhynia.

Notable people

* Shlomo Ben-Yosef (1913–1938) a member of Revisionist Zionist underground group Irgun.
* Volodymyr Bondar (born 1968), politician, Governor of Volyn Oblast 2005-2007
* Benedykt Chmielowski (1700–1763), a Polish priest, author of the encyclopedia, Nowe Ateny
* Count Włodzimierz Czacki (1834–1888) a Polish Cardinal (Catholic Church) from 1882
* Alojzy Feliński (1771–1820), Polish scientist and writer
* Abraham Firkovich (1786–1874) a Karaite writer and Hakham and collector of ancient manuscripts
* Shlomo Flam (died 1813), Hasidic rabbi and maggid in Lutsk
* Kateryna Gornostai (born 1989) is a Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and film editor.
* Bolesław Kontrym (1898–1953), a Polish Army officer, a participant in the Warsaw Uprising
* Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887), a Polish linguist, co-inventor of the concept of phonemes
* Dinora Pines (1918–2002), British physician and psychoanalyst, especially feminine psychology
* Krystyna Piotrowska (1938–2022), Polish geologist, cartographer, professor
* Oleksandr Polozhynskyi (born 1972), a Ukrainian singer and presenter
* Volodymyr Runchak (born 1960) a Ukrainian accordionist, conductor and composer
* Shmuel Shilo (1929–2011), an Israeli actor, director and producer
* Florian Siwicki (1925–2013), a Polish military officer, diplomat and communist politician.
* Zalman Sorotzkin (1881–1966), an Orthodox rabbi who served as the rabbi of Lutsk and author
* Mordecai Sultansky (ca. 1772–1862), Karaite Jewish hakham and scholar
* Tartak (founded 1994), music band; all members were born in Lutsk
* Shimshon Unichman (1907–1961), Israeli politician and member of the Knesset
* Svitlana Winnikow (1919–1981), engineer, first woman professor of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics at Michigan Technological University
* Oksana Zabuzhko (born 1960), contemporary Ukrainian poet, writer and essayist
* Svetlana Zakharova (born 1979), a Ukrainian prima ballerina with the Bolshoi Ballet
* Joseph Zinker (born 1934), Gestalt psychology therapist, painter and sculptor.

Sport

* Peter Bondra (born 1968), Ukrainian-born Slovak ice hockey player
* Oleksandr Chyzhevskyi (born 1971) football coach and former player with 513 club caps.
* Iurii Kostiuk (born 1977) a Ukrainian biathlete and gold medallist at the Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
* Volodymyr Mozolyuk (born 1964) is a Ukrainian retired footballer with over 540 club caps.
* Anzhelika Savrayuk (born 1989), Italian rhythmic gymnast, team bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
* Vyacheslav Shevchuk (born 1979) is a retired footballer with 34 club caps and 56 with Ukraine
* Anatoliy Tymoshchuk (born 1979), a footballer with 533 club caps and 144 for Ukraine

In popular culture

The NKVD and Nazi massacres are mentioned in the Prix Goncourt awarded novel '' The Kindly Ones'' by Jonathan Littell.

Lutsk is a location taken over by post-apocalyptic slavers in the sci-fi/adventure novel ''The Crisis Pendant'' by Charlie Patterson.

Twin towns – sister cities

Lutsk is twinned with:

* Bandırma, Turkey
* Białystok, Poland
* Brest, Belarus
* Chełm, Poland
* Kaunas, Lithuania
* Kyjov, Czech Republic
* Lippe (district), Germany
* Lublin, Poland
* Olsztyn, Poland
* Rzeszów, Poland
* Toruń, Poland
* Trakai, Lithuania
* Xiangtan, China
* Zamość, Poland
* Kent, USA

Gallery

File:Lutskadministr.jpg, Volyn's regional administration in Lutsk
File:ЛуцькКафГол.jpg, Kafedralna street
File:ЛуцькВоліГВ.jpg, Modern architecture
File:Монастир Домініканів.jpg, Dominican monastery
File:ЛуцькБрВиг.jpg, Orthodox Fellowship building
File:ЛуцькГалВ.jpg, Daniel of Galicia street
File:ЛуцькЛесіКрилова.jpg, Lesya Ukrainka street

References

External links

*
*
Official tourist websiteLutsk - historical description
(in Ukrainian)
Orthodox Lutsk
(in Ukrainian)

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Bibliography

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{{Authority control

Magdeburg rights
Cities in Volyn Oblast
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Sites of World War II massacres of Poles