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ﾅ「ck Ghetto
The Lutsk Ghetto (, ) was a Nazi ghetto established in 1941 by the SS in Lutsk, Western Ukraine, during World War II. In the interwar period, the city was known as ﾅ「ck and was part of the WoﾅＺﾅ Voivodeship (1921窶1939) in the Second Polish Republic.Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015), The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939窶1945.' Cambridge University Press via Google Books, p.193. "The Home Army nevertheless noted armed resistance in the ﾅ「ck ghetto. Consequently, some managed to flee and join partisan groups in the forests." Background ﾅ「ck was in the eastern part of Poland throughout the interwar period. According to the Polish census of 1931, Jews constituted 48.5% of the ﾅ「ck's diverse multicultural population of 35,550 people.Central Statistical Office (Poland), Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludnoﾅ嫩i. Woj.woﾅＺﾅгkie, 1931. PDF file, 21.21 MB. The complete text of the Polish census of 1931 for the WoﾅＺﾅ Voivodeship (1921窶39), page 59 (select, drop-down menu). Wikimedia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Synagogue, Lutsk
The Great Synagogue is a former Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Judaism, Jewish synagogue, located at 33 Karaimska Street, in the Jewish quarter of Lutsk (), in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. The congregation worshipped in the Nusach Ashkenaz, Ashkenazi Nusach (Jewish custom), rite. The Renaissance architecture, Renaissance fortress synagogue building was built in 1626 in the Polish窶鏑ithuanian Commonwealth, and it was the religious, educational and community centre of Lutsk Jews until the invasion of Poland in World War II. Partially destroyed in 1942, the synagogue was restored in the 1970s and was subsequently used as a sports club. History The first records of the Jews in Lutsk date from 1388. Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted privileges for Lutsk Jews. Towards the end of the 15th century, the Jewish community of Lutsk had acquired considerable wealth and influence, and some of its members figured prominently as tax collectors. The Jews were generally engaged in tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molotov窶迭ibbentrop Pact
The Molotov窶迭ibbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and also known as the Hitler窶鉄talin Pact and the Nazi窶鉄oviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe. The pact was signed in Moscow on 24 August 1939 (backdated 23 August 1939) by Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations around Nazi窶鉄oviet economic relations (1934窶1941)#1938窶1939 deal discussions, the 1938窶1939 deal discussions, after tripartite discussions between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France had broken down. The Soviet-German pact committed both sides to neither aid nor ally itself with an enemy of the other for the following 10 years. Under the Secret Protocol, Second Polish Republic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shmuel Shilo
Shmuel Shilo (; 1 December 1929 – 4 October 2011) was an Israeli actor, director and producer, best remembered for his role on the Israeli production of Rechov Sumsum, a popular TV show based on Sesame Street. In 1983 he founded the Negev Theatre and served as its creative director for fifteen years.Adva Cohen (10 June 2011)Actor Shmuel Shiloh dies.Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Biography Shmuel Shilo was born in ﾅ「ck, Kresy, eastern Poland (now Lutsk, Ukraine). Following the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland and the creation of the ﾅ「ck Ghetto by the German occupation authorities in December 1941,Dr Pawel Goldstein Lutsk (Luck) Ghetto.Geni.com. Retrieved July 24, 2015. Shmuel (Shmulik, age twelve) was interned in the ghetto along with his family and 20,000 other Polish Jews.Yad Vashem, Note: village PoﾅＰnka ( or it PoﾅＰnka Little Hill subdivision) is misspelled in the documentary, with testimony of eyewitness Shmuel Shilo. Retrieved July 24, 2015. He survived the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Jews
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jews, Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, because of the long period of statutory toleration, religious tolerance and Qahal, social autonomy which ended after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocide, genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators of various nationalities, during the German occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945, called the Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, and the opening of Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews. From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland (1025窶1385), Kingdom of Poland in 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lubart's Castle
Lutsk Castle (;, ), also locally known as Liubart's Castle (, ''ﾐ厘ｰﾐｼﾐｾﾐｺ ﾐ嶝社ｱﾐｰﾑﾑひｰ'', ''Zamok Liubarta'') or Upper Castle (, ''ﾐ漬ｵﾑﾑﾐｽﾑ孟ｹ ﾐｷﾐｰﾐｼﾐｾﾐｺ'', ''Verkhnii zamok''), began its life in the mid-14th century as the fortified seat of Gediminas' son Liubartas (Lubart), the last ruler of united Galicia-Volhynia. It is the most prominent landmark of Lutsk, Ukraine and as such appears on the 200 hryvnia bill. (Another city castle, called ''Lower Castle'', built by the Czartoryski family since the 14th century, is now a ruin). History The Kievan Rus' town of Luchesk had a wooden wall as early as 1075, when Boleslaus the Bold laid siege to it for six months. Yury Dolgoruky failed to take Lutsk after a six-weeks siege in 1149. In 1255, the walls of Lutsk were stormed by Khan Jochi's grandson Kuremsa. The current castle, towering over the Styr River, was built mostly in the 1340s, although some parts of the earlier walls were used. It repelled sieges by numerous poten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Einsatzkommando
During World War II, the Nazi German ' were a sub-group of the ' (mobile killing squads) 窶 up to 3,000 men total 窶 usually composed of 500窶1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front.Thomas Urban, reporter of the Sﾃｼddeutsche Zeitung; Polish text in Rzeczpospolita, Sept 1窶2, 2001 ''Einsatzkommandos'', along with '' Sonderkommandos'', were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed. Organization of the ''Einsatzgruppen'' ''Einsatzgruppen'' () were paramilitary groups originally formed in 1938 under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich 窶 Chief of the SD, and ''Sicherheitspolizei'' (Security Police; SiPo). They were operated by the ''Schut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian People's Militia
Ukrainian People's Militia () or the Ukrainian National Militia, was a paramilitary formation created by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in the General Government territory of occupied Poland and later in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine during World War II. It was set up in the course of Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Formation Ukrainian People's Militsiya, created in June 1941, preceded the official founding of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in mid-August 1941 by Heinrich Himmler. There is conclusive historical evidence indicating that members of the Ukrainian Militsiya took a leading role in the 1941 Lviv pogroms, after the German army reached Lwﾃｳw (Lemberg) at the end of June in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). Initially the Ukrainian Militsiya acted independently, with the blessings of the SS, but later were limited to joint operations (''Aktionen'') with German units or otherwise functioned directly under the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judeo-Bolshevism
Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo窶釘olshevism, is an antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theory that claims that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was a Jewish plot and that Jews controlled the Soviet Union and international communist movements, often in furtherance of a plan to destroy Western civilization. It was one of the main Nazi beliefs that served as an ideological justification for the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Holocaust. After the Russian Revolution, the antisemitic canard was the title of the pamphlet ''The Jewish Bolshevism'', which featured in the racist propaganda of the anti-communist White movement forces during the Russian Civil War (1918窶1922). During the 1930s, the Nazi Party in Germany and the German American Bund in the United States propagated the antisemitic theory to their followers, sympathisers, and fellow travellers. Nazi Germany used the trope to implement anti-Slavic policies and initiate racial war against Soviet Union, po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institute Of National Remembrance
The Institute of National Remembrance 窶 Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (, abbreviated IPN) is a Polish state research institute in charge of education and archives which also includes two public prosecution service components exercising investigative, prosecution and Lustration in Poland, lustration powers. The IPN was established by the Polish parliament by the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance of 18 December 1998 through reforming and expanding the earlier Main Commission for the ''Investigation'' of Crimes against the Polish Nation of 1991, which itself had replaced the General Commission for Research on Fascist Crimes, a body established in 1945 focused on investigating the crimes of the Nazi administration in Poland during World War II. In 2018, IPN's mission statement was amended by the controversial Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance to include "protecting the reputation of the Republic of Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along a front, with the main goal of capturing territory up to a line between Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan, known as the A-A line. The attack became the largest and costliest military offensive in history, with around 10 million combatants taking part in the opening phase and over 8 million casualties by the end of the operation on 5 December 1941. It marked a major escalation of World War II, opened the Eastern Front窶杯he largest and deadliest land war in history窶蚤nd brought the Soviet Union into the Allied powers. The operation, code-named after the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa ("red beard"), put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goals of eradicating communism and conquering the western Soviet Union to repopulate it w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) secret police organization, and thus had a monopoly on intelligence and state security functions. The NKVD is known for carrying out political repression and the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin, as well as counterintelligence and other operations on the Eastern Front of World War II. The head of the NKVD was Genrikh Yagoda from 1934 to 1936, Nikolai Yezhov from 1936 to 1938, Lavrentiy Beria from 1938 to 1946, and Sergei Kruglov in 1946. First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the Russian SFSR, the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a commissariat of the Soviet Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernd Wegner
Bernd Wegner (born 1949) is a German historian who specialises in military history and the history of Nazism. Since 1997 he has been professor of modern history at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg, Germany. Wegner is a contributor to the seminal work '' Germany and the Second World War'' from the Military History Research Office (MGFA). His book on the Waffen-SS, published in English as ''The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function'' by Blackwell Publishing, has been issued in Germany in nine editions (the latest being 2010) and is considered to be the standard work on the history of the Waffen-SS; concentrating on the pre-war years. Education and career After military service in the Bundeswehr, Wegner studied history, philosophy and political science at the Universities of Tﾃｼbingen, Vienna and Hamburg. He earned his PhD in 1980 at the University of Hamburg, completing his dissertation under at the History Department. Wegner worked for over 15 years at the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
