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Prakāśa
Prakāśa is a concept in Indian philosophy translated by various authors as "light", "luminosity", "shining forth", "manifestation", "splendour", "light of consciousness" and so forth. In Buddhist philosophy, the term was used to refer to the self-reflexive nature of awareness. In late Yogacara Buddhist philosophy, prakāśa was used to refer to the true nature of mind, the luminous mind, which is the ultimate truth, the ultimate reality. In Kashmir Shaivism prakāśa is identified with God, ''Śiva''. Paul E. Murphy describes it as, "luminous and undifferentiated consciousness," and Paul Muller-Ortega glosses it as "primordial light beyond all manifestations".The Triadic Heart of Shiva, Paul Muller-Ortega, page 95 For the Shaivas, ''prakāśa'' is considered supreme, ultimate, unsurpassable, but as such it cannot be described as pure transcendence, because even though it is above all, it is still present in the manifestation, in every aspect of it. Thus ''prakāśa'' is said t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prajñakaragupta
Prajñākaragupta (also: Prajñakara, Sanskrit, Tibetan: ''shes rab 'byung gnas sbas pa,'' ca. 8th–9th century) was a Buddhist philosopher of the Epistemological school. He is known for his extensive magnum opus, the ''Pramāṇavārttikālaṃkāra'' (''The Ornament of the Commentary on Epistemology''), a commentary on Dharmakīrti's '' Pramāṇavārttika'' which runs to over 16,200 Sanskrit ślokas.Franco, Eli, “Prajñākaragupta”, in: Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online, Editor-in-Chief: Jonathan A. Silk, Volume Editors: Richard Bowring, Vincent Eltschinger, Oskar von Hinüber. Consulted online on 14 March 2024 Shinya Moriyama, "Prajñākaragupta: Buddhist Epistemology as the Path to the Wisdom of Non-Duality", in Edelglass (ed) et al. ''The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy'' (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy), pp. 528-539. Routledge (2022).Franco, Eli. "Towards a Critical Edition and Translation of the Pramāṇavārttikālaṃkārabhāṣya: A Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vimarśa
Vimarśa is a philosophical concept in Shaivism that comes from the "Recognition" (Pratyabhijna, Pratyabhijñā) philosophy, introduced by Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta, two eminent masters in Kashmir Śaivism from around the 9th and 10th centuries. As per the Pratyabhijñā philosophy, Vimarśa and Prakāśa are seen as two aspects of consciousness. Dr. Sthaneshwar Timalsina, founder of the Vimarsha Foundatio in his paper describes Prakāśa as a light that helps us see things within and around us, while Vimarśa makes us aware of our seeing. These elements are closely linked and depend on each other. In contrast to the passive nature of consciousness in Advaita Vedanta, Abhinavagupta characterizes consciousness in Pratyabhijna, Pratyabhijñā as active and free (svātantrya), able to take many forms. Indeed, In Kashmir Śaivism, the Sanskrit term "Caitanyam" refers to more than just consciousness. It signifies an awareness of a conscious reality, known as "cetana," characterized ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ratnākaraśānti
Ratnākaraśānti (also known as Ratnākara, Śāntipa, and Śānti) (late 10th-century CE to mid 11th-century CE) was an influential Buddhist philosopher and vajrayana tantric adept and scholar. He was the "gate scholar" of Vikramaśilā university's eastern gate (modern-day Bihar in India), a key post in the university's leadership. Ratnākara was known by the title ''kalikālasarvajña'' ("the Omniscient One of the Degenerate Age") and is depicted as one of the eighty-four mahāsiddhas (great yogic masters). Ratnākara wrote over forty works which include several influential commentaries to Mahayana sutras and tantras (especially the '' Hevajra tantra''), treatises on Yogācāra, Madhyamaka, and Pramāṇa. Because his unique philosophy attempts to merge the insights of both Yogācāra and Madhyamaka, Ratnākara referred to it as Trisvabhāva-mādhyamaka ("the middle way of the three natures"). He also known as a major defender of the "nirākāravāda" (without images") in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jñanasrimitra
Jñānaśrīmitra (fl. 975-1025 C.E.) was an Indian Buddhist philosopher of the epistemological (''pramana'') tradition of Buddhist philosophy, which goes back to Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. Jñānaśrīmitra was also known as a Yogācāra Buddhist who defended a form of Buddhist idealism termed ''Sākāravada'' which holds that cognitive content or aspects of consciousness ("ākāras") are real and not illusory.Tomlinson, D.KThe Marvel of Consciousness: Existence and Manifestation in Jñānaśrīmitra’s ''Sākārasiddhiśāstra''.''J Indian Philos'' 50, 163–199 (2022). In addition to his philosophical works, Jñānaśrīmitra was also a skilled poet and a ''dvāra-paṇḍita'' (gate-scholar) of Vikramaśīla university. Among his many students who declared themselves to be his students or were declared by others include Ratnakīrti, Atiśa and Advayavajra among others. Jñānaśrīmitra was also well-known by Hindu and Jain thinkers and his name has been referenced in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Svasaṃvedana
In Buddhist philosophy, svasaṃvedana (also ''svasaṃvitti'') is a term which refers to the self-reflexive nature of consciousness, that is, the awareness of being aware. It was initially a theory of cognition held by the Mahasamghika and Sautrantika schools while the Sarvastivada- Vaibhasika school argued against it. The idea was famously defended by the Indian philosopher Dignaga, and is an important doctrinal term in Indian Mahayana thought and Tibetan Buddhism. It is also often translated as self cognition or self apperception, and by Smith as "one's own vidyā". Sources in the Buddhist schools Mahasamghika school According to Zhihua Yao, the theory was first presented by the Mahasamghika school. Their view was preserved in the Sarvastivada compendium of Abhidharma called Maha-Vibhasa and states:It is the nature (''svabhava'') of awareness ('' jñana'') and so forth to apprehend, thus awareness can apprehend itself as well as others. This is like a lamp that can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashmir Shaivism
Kashmir Shaivism tradition is a 20th century umbrella-term for a body of Sanskrit learning, Sanskrit exegetical literature from several Nondualism, non-dualist Shaivism, Shaiva-Shaktism, Shakta Tantra, tantric and Monism, monistic religious traditions, often used synonymously for the Trika-school or the "Philosophy of Recognition" (''Pratyabhijna, Pratyabhijnad''). These traditions originated in Kashmir after 850 CE, as an Sanskritization, adaptation to upper-class Hindu norms of 'wild' tantric Kaula (Hinduism), Kaula traditions. Trika Shaivism later spread beyond Kashmir, particularly flourishing in the states of Odisha and Maharashtra. Defining features of the Trika tradition are its Idealism, idealistic and Monism, monistic ''pratyabhijna'' ("direct knowledge of one's self," "recognition") philosophical system, propounded by Utpaladeva (c. 925–975 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE), and the use of several triades in its philosophy, including the three goddesses Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa
Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa Mṛgarājalakṣmana, also known as Nishānārāyana, was a Sanskrit scholar and writer who belonged to the ''Pancharatra'' Rarhi branch of '' Sandilya'' family of Kanyakubja Brahmins. He is believed to have been summoned from Kanyakubja (Kannauj) to Bengal by King Ādisūra, who ruled after the Pala dynasty came to power in the middle of the eleventh century. Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa, was a disciple of Dharmakirti with whom he co-authored ''Rupavatara''. Dandin in his ''Avantisundarikatha'' refers to Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa as author of three books but who is more widely known as the author of ''Venisamhara'' that dramatizes in six Acts some incidents from the Mahabharata. The construction of this drama may be bad but characterization is vigorous; many violent situations are described in long narrative digressions in poetic but undramatic style, yet there are graces of poetry, power of crude and furious descriptions, of impressive sonorous diction, of viv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abhinavagupta
Abhinavagupta (Devanāgarī अभिनवगुप्तः; c. 950 – 1016 CE) was a philosopher, mystic and aesthetician from Kashmir. He was also considered an influential musician, poet, dramatist, exegete, theologian, and logicianRe-accessing Abhinavagupta, Navjivan Rastogi, page 4 – a polymathic personality who exercised strong influences on Indian culture. Abhinavagupta was born in a Kānyakubja Brāhmin family of scholars and mystics whose ancestors immigrated from Kannauj on invitation by the great king of Kashmir, Lalitaditya Muktapida. He studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus. In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is '' Tantrāloka'', an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Kaula and Trika (known today as Kashmir Shaivism). Another one of his very important contributions was in the field ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kshemaraja
Rajanaka Kṣemarāja (क्षेमराज) (late 10th to early 11th century) was a philosopher disciple of Abhinavagupta, who was considered a master of tantra, yoga, poetics, and dramaturgy. Not much is known of Kṣemarāja's life or parentage. His chief disciple was a sage known as Yogāraja. Kṣemarāja's magnum opus was the ''Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam'' ('The Heart of Self-Recognition'). In this text, Kṣemarāja explains the main tenets of the '' Pratyabhijñā'' philosophy in a succinct set of sutras for students. The work occupies the same place in Kashmir Shaivite or Trika literature as Sadananda's ''Vedantasara'' does in Advaita Vedanta. Prominent works * Pratyabhijnahridayam * Spandasandoha * Spandanirnaya * Svacchandodyota * Netrodyota * Vijnanabhairavodyota * Shivasutravimarsini * Stavacintamanitika * Parapraveshika * Tattvasandoha. Quotes ''"Man bound in all the phases of waking, dream and dreamless sleep by the body,'' ''prana, pleasure, etc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pratyabhijnahridayam
Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam ('The Heart of Self-Recognition') is an eleventh-century treatise written by Kashmiri philosopher Rajanaka Kṣemarāja. Overview The text elucidates the main tenets of the ''pratyabhijñā'' system in a succinct set of sutras, expounding the core of the philosophy and explaining how self-recognition arises within, culminating in the consciousness of Shivoham''' (I am Shiva). ''Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam'' consists of 20 aphorisms plus a commentary by Kṣemarāja himself. It is considered to be an important text in Kashmir Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism tradition is a 20th century umbrella-term for a body of Sanskrit learning, Sanskrit exegetical literature from several Nondualism, non-dualist Shaivism, Shaiva-Shaktism, Shakta Tantra, tantric and Monism, monistic religious t .... External links Interpretive translation of and commentary on the Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam References {{Hindudharma Hindu texts Hindu literature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiva
Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, [mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh]) and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hinduism. Shiva is known as ''The Destroyer'' within the Trimurti, the Hinduism, Hindu trinity which also includes Brahma and Vishnu. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe. In the goddess-oriented Shaktism, Shakta tradition, the Supreme Goddess (Devi) is regarded as the energy and creative power (Shakti) and the equal complementary partner of Shiva. Shiva is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta Tradition, Smarta tradition of Hinduism. Shiva has many aspects, benevolent as well as fearsome. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an Omniscience, omniscient yogi who lives an Asceticism#Hinduism, ascetic life on Kailasa as well as a house ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
