|
Yopo
''Anadenanthera peregrina'', also known as yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica or calcium tree, is a perennial tree of the genus ''Anadenanthera'' native to the Caribbean and South America. It grows up to tall, and has a horny bark. Its flowers grow in small, pale yellow to white spherical clusters resembling Acacia (e.g. wattle) inflorescences. It is an entheogen which has been used in healing ceremonies and rituals for thousands of years in northern South America and the Caribbean. Although the seeds of the yopo tree were originally gathered from the wild, increased competition between tribes over access to the seeds led to it being intentionally cultivated and transported elsewhere, expanding the plant's distribution through introduction to areas beyond its original native range. Related species This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree, ''Anadenanthera colubrina'', commonly known as cebíl or vilca. The beans of ''A. colubrina'' have a similar chemical makeup as ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yopo Seeds
''Anadenanthera peregrina'', also known as yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica or calcium tree, is a perennial tree of the genus ''Anadenanthera'' native to the Caribbean and South America. It grows up to tall, and has a horny bark. Its flowers grow in small, pale yellow to white spherical clusters resembling Acacia (e.g. wattle) inflorescences. It is an entheogen which has been used in healing ceremonies and rituals for thousands of years in northern South America and the Caribbean. Although the seeds of the yopo tree were originally gathered from the wild, increased competition between tribes over access to the seeds led to it being intentionally cultivated and transported elsewhere, expanding the plant's distribution through introduction to areas beyond its original native range. Related species This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree, ''Anadenanthera colubrina'', commonly known as cebíl or vilca. The beans of ''A. colubrina'' have a similar chemical makeup as ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entheogen
Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood (psychology), mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications'' pub. Park Street Press 2005 in sacred contexts. Anthropological study has established that entheogens are used for religion, religious, Magic (supernatural), magical, shamanism, shamanic, or spirituality, spiritual purposes in many parts of the world. Entheogens have traditionally been used to supplement many diverse practices geared towards achieving Transcendence (religion), transcendence, including divination, meditation, yoga, sensory deprivation, healings, asceticism, prayer, trance, rituals, chanting, Imitation of sounds in shamanism, imitation of sounds, hymns like peyote songs, Drum circle, drumming, and ecstatic dance. The Psychedelic drug, psychedelic experience ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera Peregrina Var
''Anadenanthera'' is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Fabaceae. The genus contains two to four species, including '' A. colubrina'' and '' A. peregrina''. These trees respectively are known to the western world primarily as sources of the hallucinogenic snuffs vilca/cebil and yopo/cohoba. The main active constituent of ''Anadenanthera'' is bufotenin. Species *''Anadenanthera colubrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''colubrina'' *'' Anadenanthera peregrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'' Chemical compounds Chemical compounds contained in ''Anadenanthera'' include: * 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bark * Serotonin * N-Methyl-serotonin *5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, bark *Bufotenin, seeds, bark *Bufotenine N-oxide, seeds *N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, seeds, pods, bark *N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide, Seeds *N- Methyltry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera Colubrina
''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (also known as vilca, huilco, huilca, wilco, willka, curupay, curupau, cebil, or angico) is a South American tree closely related to yopo, or ''Anadenanthera peregrina''. It grows to tall and the trunk is very thorny. The leaves are mimosa-like, up to in length and they fold up at night. In Argentina, ''A. colubrina'' produces flowers from September to December and bean pods from September to July. In Brazil ''A. colubrina'' has been given "high priority" conservation status. Nomenclature ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' is known by many names throughout South America. In Peru it is known as ''willka'' (also spelled ''wilca,'' ''vilca'' and ''huilca'') which in the Quechua languages means "sacred". Geography ''A. colubrina'' is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Cuba, and Mauritius. Natural growing conditions ''A. colubrina'' grows at altitudes of about with roughly per year of precipitation and a mean temperature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadenanthera
''Anadenanthera'' is a genus of South American trees in the Legume family, Fabaceae. The genus contains two to four species, including '' A. colubrina'' and '' A. peregrina''. These trees respectively are known to the western world primarily as sources of the hallucinogenic snuffs vilca/cebil and yopo/cohoba. The main active constituent of ''Anadenanthera'' is bufotenin. Species *''Anadenanthera colubrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' ** ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''colubrina'' *'' Anadenanthera peregrina'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'' ** ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'' Chemical compounds Chemical compounds contained in ''Anadenanthera'' include: * 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bark * Serotonin * N-Methyl-serotonin *5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, bark *Bufotenin, seeds, bark *Bufotenine N-oxide, seeds *N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, seeds, pods, bark *N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide, Seeds *N- Methyltr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N-Methyltryptamine
''N''-Methyltryptamine (NMT) is a member of the substituted tryptamine chemical class and a natural product which is biosynthesized in the human body from tryptamine by certain N-methyltransferase enzymes, such as indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase. It is a common component in human urine. NMT is an alkaloid derived from L-tryptophan that has been found in the bark, shoots and leaves of several plant genera, including ''Virola'', ''Acacia'', ''Mimosa'', and ''Desmanthus''—often together with the related compounds ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Orally administered NMT appears to produce no psychoactive effects, likely as a result of extensive first-pass metabolism.Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry By William O. Foye, Thomas L. Lemke, David A. Williams However, it may become active upon combination with a MAOA inhibitor (MAOI). By vaporization NMT shows activity at 50–100 mg, with a duration o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethyltryptamine
''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen. DMT has a rapid onset, intense effects, and a relatively short duration of action. For those reasons, DMT was known as the "business trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a psychedelic experience in considerably less time than with other substances such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms. DMT can be inhaled, ingested, or injected and its effects depend on the dose, as well as the mode of administration. When inhaled or injected, the effects last a short period of time: about five to 15 minutes. Effects can last three hours or more when orally ingested along with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucoanthocyanin
Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' and in several species of ''Nepenthes'' including '' N. burbidgeae'', '' N. muluensis'', '' N. rajah'', '' N. tentaculata'', and '' N. × alisaputrana''. Such compounds include: * Leucocyanidin * Leucodelphinidin * Leucofisetinidin * Leucomalvidin * Leucopelargonidin * Leucopeonidin * Leucorobinetinidin * Melacacidin * Teracacidin from ''Acacia obtusifolia'' and ''Acacia maidenii'' heartwoods Leucoanthocyanidins have been demonstrated to be intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of '' Matthiola incana''. Bate-smith recommended in 1954 the use of the Forestal solvent for the isolation of leuco-anthocyanins. Metabolism Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase uses flavan-3,4-diols to produce 3-hydroxyanthocyanidins. The gene encoding the enzyme (PpLDOX) has been identif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, using the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechol
Catechol ( or ), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is a toxic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is the ''ortho'' isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. It was first discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract catechin. About 20,000 tonnes of catechol are now synthetically produced annually as a commodity organic chemical, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Catechol occurs as feathery white crystals that are very rapidly soluble in water. Isolation and synthesis Catechol was first isolated in 1839 by Edgar Hugo Emil Reinsch (1809–1884) by distilling it from the solid tannic preparation catechin, which is the residuum of catechu, the boiled or concentrated juice of ''Mimosa catechu'' (''Acacia catechu''). Upon heating catechin above its decomposition point, a substance that Reinsch first named ''Brenz-Katechusäure'' (burned catechu acid) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amine Oxide
In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-group side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as →O or, incorrectly, as . In the strict sense, the term ''amine oxide'' applies only to oxides of tertiary amines. Sometimes it is also used for the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. Examples of amine oxides include pyridine-''N''-oxide, a water-soluble crystalline solid with melting point 62–67 °C, and ''N''-methylmorpholine ''N''-oxide, which is an oxidant. Applications Amine oxides are surfactants commonly used in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, detergents, and hard surface cleaners. Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. They are considered a high production volume class of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orientin
Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the 8-C glucoside of luteolin. Natural occurrences Orientin is found in ''Adonis vernalis'', in ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' and ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', and in the ''Phyllostachys nigra'' bamboo leaves ; In food Orientin is also reported in the passion flower, the Açaí palm, buckwheat sprouts, and in millets. Identification in Natural Plants The identification of orientin has been reported widely. Its identification using mass spectrometry is established Welch, C., Zhen, J., Bassène, E., Raskin, I., Simon, J.E. and Wu, Q., 2017. Bioactive polyphenols in kinkéliba tea (Combretum micranthum) and their glucose-lowering activities. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. See also Isoorientin Isoorientin (or homoorientin) is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the luteolin-6-C-glucoside. Bioassay-directed fractionation techniques led to isolation of isoorientin as the main hypoglycaemic comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
