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Wawina, Minnesota
Wawina is an unincorporated community in Wawina Township, Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The community is located between Grand Rapids and Floodwood at the junction of U.S. Highway 2 and Itasca County Road 25. Nearby places include Floodwood, Swan River, Warba, Jacobson, and Goodland. Wawina is located 13 miles northwest of Floodwood. Wawina is also located 23 miles southeast of Grand Rapids; and 53 miles northwest of Duluth. The boundary line between Itasca, Saint Louis, and Aitkin counties is nearby. The community of Wawina is located within Wawina Township (population 77). ZIP Codes 55736 (Floodwood) and 55784 (Swan River) meet at Wawina. History A post office called Wawina was established in 1912, and remained in operation until 1993. Wawina is a name derived from the Ojibwe language ''waawiinaa'' meaning "I mention him often" from ''wiinzh'' meaning "mention him/her". Culture Wawina has the distinction of having America's smallest telephone compan ...
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Unincorporated Area
An unincorporated area is a parcel of land that is not governed by a local general-purpose municipal corporation. (At p. 178.) They may be governed or serviced by an encompassing unit (such as a county) or another branch of the state (such as the military). There are many unincorporated communities and areas in the United States and Canada, but many countries do not use the concept of an unincorporated area. By country Argentina In Argentina, the provinces of Chubut Province, Chubut, Córdoba Province (Argentina), Córdoba, Entre Ríos Province, Entre Ríos, Formosa Province, Formosa, Neuquén Province, Neuquén, Río Negro Province, Río Negro, San Luis Province, San Luis, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Santa Cruz, Santiago del Estero Province, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego, and Tucumán Province, Tucumán have areas that are outside any municipality or commune. Australia Unlike many other countries, Australia has only local go ...
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Warba, Minnesota
Warba is a city in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 168 at the 2020 census. U.S. Highway 2 serves as a main route in the community. History A post office called Warba has been in operation since 1910. Warba is a name derived from the Ojibwe language meaning "soon". Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Warba is along the Swan River. It is 14 miles east-southeast of Grand Rapids. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 181 people, 77 households, and 47 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 90 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White and 2.8% Native American. There were 77 households, of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male h ...
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John Draper
John Thomas Draper (born March 11, 1943), also known as Captain Crunch, Crunch, or Crunchman after a toy boatswain's call whistle once given away in boxes of Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal that for some years could be used to make free long distance phone calls, is an American computer programmer and former phone phreak. He is a widely known figure within the hacker and computer security community. He is primarily known as a colorful and unconventional figure in Silicon Valley history and lore. He befriended and influenced Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in the years before they founded Apple Computer. His determined probing and exploration of the telephone network earned him a reputation for his technical acumen. However, his activities sometimes crossed ethical lines, leading to criminal charges for toll fraud and prison time. In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked intermittently as a software engineer for Apple and Autodesk and briefly ran his own software company, producing the ...
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Phreak
Phreaking is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with, or explore telecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to public telephone networks. The term ''phreak'' is a sensational spelling of the word ''freak'' with the ''ph-'' from '' phone'', and may also refer to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. ''Phreak'', ''phreaker'', or ''phone phreak'' are names used for and by individuals who participate in phreaking. The term first referred to groups who had reverse engineered the system of tones used to route long-distance calls. By re-creating the signaling tones, phreaks could switch calls from the phone handset while avoiding long-distance calling charges which were common then. These fees could be significant, depending on the time, duration and destination of the call. To ease the creation of the routing tones, electronic tone generators known as blue boxes became a staple ...
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2600 Hz
2600 hertz (2600 Hz) is a frequency in hertz (cycles per second) that was used in telecommunication signaling in mid-20th century long-distance telephone networks using carrier systems. Tone signaling carrier systems operated in the standard telephony voice frequency range ( to ). They replaced direct current (D.C.) signaling on toll trunk lines because they could be used with any type of toll facility over any length of transmission line that was suitable for voice transmissions. This included transmission through line repeaters and other facilities that would distort, block, or otherwise prohibit D.C. loop-disconnect signaling, such as rotary dial pulses, and on-hook/off-hook signaling. Common frequencies for this purpose were , , , , and , the latter being just outside the voice range. These signaling systems were continuous tone methods, so that the idle condition of a trunk line could easily be detected by the presence of the appropriate signaling frequency, in cont ...
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Ojibwe Language
Ojibwe ( ), also known as Ojibwa ( ), Ojibway, Otchipwe,R. R. Bishop Baraga, 1878''A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language''/ref> Ojibwemowin, or Anishinaabemowin, is an Indigenous languages of the Americas, indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian languages, Algonquian language family.Goddard, Ives, 1979.Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958. The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems. There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system that covers all dialects. Dialects of Ojibwemowin are spoken in Canada, from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta;Nichols, John, 1980, pp. 1–2. and in the United States, from Michigan to Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana, as well as groups that were removed to Kansas ...
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Aitkin County, Minnesota
Aitkin County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,697. Its county seat is Aitkin. Part of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation is in the county. The county was created in 1857 and organized in 1871. History Aitkin County was established in 1857 as ''Aiken County''. The current spelling was adopted in 1872. It was named for William Alexander Aitken, a fur trader for the American Fur Company, under John Jacob Astor. Formed from Ramsey and Pine counties, Aiken County originally consisted of the 17 townships closest to Mille Lacs Lake. It acquired outlands of Ramsey, Itasca and Pine Counties to its north and east. It was organized in 1871, taking up lands from Cass and Itasca Counties and losing a point in the southwestern corner to Crow Wing County to form its current boundaries. Geography The Mississippi River flows southward through the west central part of the county. The county terrain consists of wooded rolling h ...
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Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth ( ) is a Port, port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota, St. Louis County. Located on Lake Superior in Minnesota's Arrowhead Region, the city is a hub for cargo shipping. The population was 86,697 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it Minnesota's List of cities in Minnesota, fifth-largest city. Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior, Wisconsin, called the Twin Ports. Duluth is south of the Iron Range and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. It is named after Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, the area's first known European explorer. Duluth is on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes. It is the largest metropolitan area, the second-largest city, and the largest U.S. city on the lake. Duluth is accessible to the Atlantic Ocean, away, via the Great Lakes Waterway and St. Lawrence Seaway. The Port of Duluth is the world's farthest inland port ...
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Grand Rapids, Minnesota
Grand Rapids is a city in, and the county seat of, Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 11,126 at the 2020 census. The city is named for the long rapids in the Mississippi River which was the uppermost limit of practical steamboat travel during the late 19th century. Today the rapids are hidden below the dam of UPM Paper Company. History Grand Rapids became a logging town, as the Mississippi River provided an optimal method of log shipment to population centers. Blandin Paper Mill opened in 1902. The Forest History Center, located in Grand Rapids, MN, is a State Historic Site and a living history museum that recreates life as it was in a turn of the 20th century logging camp. Costumed interpreters guide visitors through a recreated circa 1890s logging camp to educate the public on the history of white pine logging and its relevance to today's economy. Miles of nature trails, educational naturalist programming, and an interpretive museum are also loc ...
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Goodland, Minnesota
Goodland is an unincorporated community in Goodland Township, Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The community is located east-southeast of Grand Rapids at the junction of Itasca County Roads 16 and 20; and State Highway 65 ( MN 65). The boundary line between Itasca and Saint Louis counties is nearby. Nearby places include Pengilly, Swan River, Warba, Wawina, and Silica. Goodland is located six miles north of Swan River and 12 miles south of Pengilly. Goodland is 19 miles east-southeast of Grand Rapids; and 22 miles southwest of Hibbing Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16,214 at the 2020 census. The city was built on mining the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range and still relies on that industry today. At the edge of .... The community of Goodland is located within Goodland Township (population 466). Floodwood Lake is nearby. Goodland is 24 miles northwest of Floodwood and 25 miles west-northwest of ...
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Jacobson, Minnesota
Jacobson is an unincorporated community in Ball Bluff Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota Minnesota ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the so ..., United States. Formerly a logging town known as "Mississippi Landing", it is named after Paul Jacobson, who served as the first postmaster. Minnesota State Highways 65 and 200 are two of the main routes in the community. Community Jacobson consists of a gas station, Mississippi Landing; a campground right off the banks of the river; three churches of different denominations; and a bar, The Forestry Station. There is also a park with a baseball diamond and a playground. References Unincorporated communities in Minnesota Unincorporated communities in Aitkin County, Minnesota Minnesota populated places on the Mississippi River
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