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Symmetric-key Cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same Key (cryptography), cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. The requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric-key encryption, in comparison to Public key encryption, public-key encryption (also known as asymmetric-key encryption). However, symmetric-key encryption algorithms are usually better for bulk encryption. With exception of the one-time pad they have a smaller key size, which means less storage space and faster transmission. Due to this, asymmetric-key encryption is often used to exchange the secret key for symmetric-key encryption. Types Symmetric-key encryption can us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simple Symmetric Encryption-en
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Frequency Table
In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event i is the number n_i of times the observation has occurred/been recorded in an experiment or study. These frequencies are often depicted graphically or tabular form. Types The cumulative frequency is the total of the absolute frequencies of all events at or below a certain point in an ordered list of events. The relative frequency (or ''empirical probability'') of an event is the absolute frequency normalized by the total number of events: : f_i = \frac = \frac. The values of f_i for all events i can be plotted to produce a frequency distribution. In the case when n_i = 0 for certain i, pseudocounts can be added. Depicting frequency distributions A frequency distribution shows a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data notably to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secure And Fast Encryption Routine
In cryptography, SAFER (Secure and Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of block ciphers designed primarily by James Massey (one of the designers of IDEA) on behalf of Cylink Corporation. Its first variant was published in 1993, and other variants were published until about 2000. The early SAFER K and SAFER SK designs share the same encryption function, but differ in the number of rounds and the key schedule. More recent versions – SAFER+ and SAFER++ – were submitted as candidates to the AES process in 1998 and the NESSIE project in 2000, respectively. All of the algorithms in the SAFER family are unpatented and available for unrestricted use. SAFER K and SAFER SK The first SAFER cipher was SAFER K-64, published by Massey in 1993, with a 64-bit block size. The "K-64" denotes a key size of 64 bits. There was some demand for a version with a larger 128-bit key, and the following year Massey published such a variant incorporating new key schedule designe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skipjack (cipher)
In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher—an algorithm for encryption—developed by the United States, U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). Initially Classified information, classified, it was originally intended for use in the controversial Clipper chip. Subsequently, the algorithm was declassified. History of Skipjack Skipjack was proposed as the encryption algorithm in a US government-sponsored scheme of key escrow, and the cipher was provided for use in the Clipper chip, implemented in tamper resistance, tamperproof hardware. Skipjack is used only for encryption; the key escrow is achieved through the use of a separate mechanism known as the Clipper chip, Law Enforcement Access Field (LEAF). The algorithm was initially secret, and was regarded with considerable suspicion by many for that reason. It was classified information, declassified on 24 June 1998, shortly after its basic design principle had been discovered independently by the public cryptography community. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple DES
In cryptography, Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) is no longer considered adequate in the face of modern cryptanalytic techniques and supercomputing power; Triple DES increases the effective security to 112 bits. A CVE released in 2016, CVE-2016-2183', disclosed a major security vulnerability in the DES and 3DES encryption algorithms. This CVE, combined with the inadequate key size of 3DES, led to NIST deprecating 3DES in 2019 and disallowing all uses (except processing already encrypted data) by the end of 2023. It has been replaced with the more secure, more robust AES. While US government and industry standards abbreviate the algorithm's name as TDES (Triple DES) and TDEA (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm), RFC 1851 referred to it as 3DES from the tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Encryption Standard
The Data Encryption Standard (DES ) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data. In 1976, after consultation with the National Security Agency (NSA), the NBS selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against differential cryptanalysis, but weakened against brute-force attacks), which was published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1977. The publication of an NSA-approved encryption standard led to its quick international adoption and widespread academic scrutiny. C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuznyechik
Kuznyechik (, literally "grasshopper") is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined in the National Standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 34.12-2015 and also in RFC 7801. The name of the cipher can be translated from Russian as grasshopper, however, the standard explicitly says that the English name for the cipher is ''Kuznyechik'' (). The designers claim that by naming the cipher Kuznyechik they follow the trend of difficult to pronounce algorithm names set up by Rijndael and Keccak. There is also a rumor that the cipher was named after its creators: A. S. Kuzmin, A. A. Nechaev and Company (Russian: Кузьмин, Нечаев и Компания). The standard GOST R 34.12-2015 defines the new cipher in addition to the old GOST block cipher (now called Magma) as one and does not declare the old cipher obsolete. Kuznyechik is based on a substitution–permutation network, though the key schedule employs a Feistel n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blowfish (cipher)
Blowfish is a Symmetric-key algorithm, symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides a good encryption rate in software, and no effective cryptanalysis of it has been found to date for smaller files. It is recommended Blowfish should not be used to encrypt files larger than 4GB in size, Twofish should be used instead. Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and therefore it could be vulnerable to Sweet32 birthday attacks. Schneier designed Blowfish as a general-purpose algorithm, intended as an alternative to the aging Data Encryption Standard, DES and free of the problems and constraints associated with other algorithms. At the time Blowfish was released, many other designs were proprietary, encumbered by patents, or were commercial or government secrets. Schneier has stated that "Blowfish is unpatented, and will remain so in all countries. The algorithm is hereby placed in the public domai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salsa20
Salsa20 and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein. Salsa20, the original cipher, was designed in 2005, then later submitted to the eSTREAM European Union cryptographic validation process by Bernstein. ChaCha is a modification of Salsa20 published in 2008. It uses a new round function that increases diffusion and increases performance on some architectures. Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit block of the key stream (a Salsa version with a 128-bit key also exists). This gives Salsa20 and ChaCha the unusual advantage that the user can efficiently seek to any position in the key stream in constant time. Salsa20 offers speeds of around 4–14 cycles per byte in software on modern x86 processors, and reasonable hardware perfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camellia (cipher)
In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. It was jointly developed by Mitsubishi Electric and NTT of Japan. The cipher has been approved for use by the ISO/IEC, the European Union's NESSIE project and the Japanese CRYPTREC project. The cipher has security levels and processing abilities comparable to the Advanced Encryption Standard. The cipher was designed to be suitable for both software and hardware implementations, from low-cost smart cards to high-speed network systems. It is part of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network such as the Internet. The cipher was named for the flower '' Camellia japonica'', which is known for being long-lived as well as because the cipher was developed in Japan. Design Camellia is a Feistel cipher with either 18 rounds (when using 128-bit keys) or 24 rounds (when usin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serpent (cipher)
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard process, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross J. Anderson, Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen. Like other Advanced Encryption Standard, AES submissions, Serpent has a block size (cryptography), block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution–permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit Word (computer architecture), words. Each round applies one of eight 4-bit to 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel computing, parallel, using 32 bit slices. This maximizes parallelism but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on Data Encryption Standard, DES. Serpent took a conservative approach to security, opting for a large security margin: the design ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
