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Single Pilot Operations
Single pilot operations (SPO) is a proposal for commercial flights operated with one pilot, where previously two would be required. Single pilot operations will require improvements in technology including aircraft and cockpit design, and changes to pilot training. Safety must be proved to win acceptance by regulators and the public. History Historically, large aircraft required several personnel on the flight deck, such as a navigator, a flight engineer, and a dedicated radio operator. Improvements in automation, reliability and technology such as autopilot and satellite navigation have enabled modern large aircraft to operate safely with only two pilots on duty. With further technological improvements, it may be possible safely to reduce crew requirements to one, providing cost savings. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has been investigating Extended Minimum Crew Operations (eMCO), where an aircraft could be operated by one pilot in the cruise. This would be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cockpit
A cockpit or flight deck is the area, on the front part of an aircraft, spacecraft, or submersible, from which a pilot controls the vehicle. The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most airliners, a door separates the cockpit from the aircraft cabin. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, all major airlines fortified their cockpits against access by hijackers. Etymology The word cockpit seems to have been used as a nautical term in the 17th century, without reference to cock fighting. It referred to an area in the rear of a ship where the cockswain's station was located, the cockswain being the pilot of a smaller "boat" that could be dispatched from the ship to board another ship or to bring people ashore. The word "cockswain" in turn derives from the old English terms for "boat-servant" (''coque'' is the French word for "shell"; and ''swain'' was old English for boy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Federation Of Air Line Pilots' Associations
The International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations (IFALPA) is an international not-for-profit organization of national aircraft pilot trade unions, known as pilot associations. IFALPA was founded in April 1948 and is based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. History After the end of the Second World War as international civil aviation began to re-establish itself, pilots around the world realized that their associations could not protect them across national boundaries. Furthermore, they did not have a voice at the newly formed International Civil Aviation Organization. At a meeting in London in April 1948 a conference of pilot associations was held that formed the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations. IFALPA was located in the UK from 1948 to 2012. In 2012 the Federation established its headquarters in Montreal, Canada, the World Capital of Civil Aviation, and is located near ICAO. Membership IFALPA claims to represent "more than 100,000 pilots in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single-pilot Resource Management
Single-pilot resource management (SRM) is defined as the art and science of managing all the resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single-pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt. SRM includes the concepts of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM), Risk Management (RM), Task Management (TM), Automation Management (AM), Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Awareness, and Situational Awareness (SA). SRM training helps the pilot maintain situational awareness by managing the automation and associated aircraft control and navigation tasks. This enables the pilot to accurately assess and manage risk and make accurate and timely decisions. SRM is an adaptation of crew resource management (CRM) training to single-pilot operations. The purpose of SRM is to reduce the number of aviation accidents caused by human error by teaching pilots about their own human limitations and how to maximize the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanwings Flight 9525
Germanwings Flight 9525 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Spain to Düsseldorf Airport in Germany. The flight was operated by Germanwings, a low-cost carrier owned by the German airline Lufthansa. On 2015, the aircraft, an Airbus A320-211, crashed north-west of Nice in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board. The crash was deliberately caused by the co-pilot, Andreas Lubitz, who had previously been treated for suicidal tendencies and declared unfit to work by his doctor. Lubitz kept this information from his employer and instead reported for duty. Shortly after reaching cruise altitude and while the captain was out of the cockpit, Lubitz locked the cockpit door and set the plane to fly downward in a controlled descent into a mountain. Aviation authorities swiftly implemented new recommendations from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency that required at least two authorised persons to be in the cockpit at all t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomous Aircraft
An autonomous aircraft is an aircraft which flies under the control of on-board autonomous robotic systems and needs no intervention from a human pilot or remote control. Most contemporary autonomous aircraft are unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) with pre-programmed algorithms to perform designated tasks, but advancements in artificial intelligence technologies (e.g. machine learning) mean that autonomous control systems are reaching a point where several air taxis and associated regulatory regimes are being developed. History Unmanned aerial vehicles The earliest recorded use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for warfighting occurred in July 1849, serving as a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier) Significant development of radio-controlled drones started in the early 1900s, and originally focused on providing practice targets for training military personnel. The earliest attempt at a powered UAV was Archibald Low, A. M. Low's "Aerial Target" in 1916.Taylor, John ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automated Flight Attending
Automated flight attending involves the use of automation to replace some of the tasks, that are currently done by flight attendants. Examples Food delivery In 1965, Martin Limanoff created one of the earliest automated food delivery systems, consisting of a square box that was designed to travel up and down the aisle along a monorail track on the cabin floor. However, it is not known if this was ever used on commercial flights. In 2015, Sell GMBH, a German division of aeroplane equipment company Zodiac Aerospace, filed a patent for a food delivery mechanism that would distribute food using automated conveyor belts, allowing passengers to access their food on demand by pressing buttons on the in-flight entertainment system, causing the food distributor to rise out of the floor. Food order Many In-flight entertainment systems, such as Virgin America's 'Red' playbook and Panasonic Avionics' eX2, allow passengers to order food or drink using the IFE touchscreens. A passenger selects ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilot Decision Making
Pilot decision making, also known as aeronautical decision making (ADM), is a process that aviators perform to effectively handle troublesome situations that are encountered. Pilot decision-making is applied in almost every stage of the flight as it considers weather, air spaces, airport conditions, estimated time of arrival and so forth. During the flight, employers pressure pilots regarding time and fuel restrictions since a pilots’ performance directly affects the company’s revenue and brand image. This pressure often hinders a pilot's decision-making process leading to dangerous situations as 50% to 90% of aviation accidents are the result of pilot error. Decision-making process Since the 1980s, the airline industry has identified the aeronautical decision-making (ADM) process as a critical factor in safe aeronautical operations. Airline industries are motivated to create decision-making procedures supplemented by crew resource management (CRM) to advance air safety. A ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Paper
A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. Since the 1990s, this type of document has proliferated in business. Today, a business-to-business (B2B) white paper falls under grey literature, more akin to a marketing presentation meant to persuade customers and partners, and promote a certain product or viewpoint. The term originated in the 1920s to mean a type of position paper or industry report published by a department of the UK government. Corporate and academic The most prolific publishers of white papers are corporate and academic organizations. In larger organizations, internal technical writers produce these documents based on the outlines and data an internal industry or academic expert develops and provides. White papers often follow strict industry styles and formats with a centr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Air Line Pilots Association
The British Airline Pilots’ Association (BALPA) is the professional association and registered trade union for UK pilots. BALPA represents the views and interests of pilots, campaigning on contractual, legal and health issues affecting its members and the flying public. Membership and governance BALPA represents 85% of all commercial pilots in the UK and represents over 10,000 members. These include helicopter winchmen and ground instructors. The association holds the largest collective resource of pilot qualification and experience in the UK. BALPA is one of the founder members of the International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations ( IFALPA), which co-ordinates the views and opinions of well over 100,000 flight crew around the globe. In Europe, BALPA is a founding member of ECA, the European Cockpit Association. BALPA also works with the Civil Aviation Authority, the Department for Transport, the Department of Trade and Industry and many other bodies where pilots ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Cockpit Association
The European Cockpit Association (ECA) is a trade union that represents European Pilot (aircraft), pilots. It has pursued the improvement of aviation policies to the benefit of its members, and has frequently spoken out in length on topics such as the impact of flight-time limitations on its members, the erosion of aviation safety culture, and the necessity of regulating the emerging subsector of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). History The European Cockpit Association (ECA) was established during 1991 with its headquarters being located in the City of Brussels, Belgium. The association's express purpose is to advocate for the improvement of European policies in all areas of aviation that affect pilots, such as safety, pilot licensing, air operations, fair competition, international air traffic agreements, air traffic management and employment conditions. By June 2019, the ECA represented in excess of 40,000 European pilots from the National Pilot Associations across 36 European st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Line Pilots Association
The Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA) is the largest pilot union in the world, representing more than 79,000 pilots from 42 US and Canadian airlines. ALPA was founded on 27 July 1931 and is a member of the AFL-CIO and the Canadian Labour Congress. Known internationally as US-ALPA, ALPA is also a member of the IFALPA. The association has been a staunch proponent of the "1,500-hour rule", which requires pilots for commercial airlines to log 1,500 hours of flying before they can obtain their license, which is vastly higher than the rules in other countries and has substantially increased the costs and time for prospective pilots to obtain certification. History ALPA was founded by David L. Behncke and 23 other key figures in Chicago, Illinois, on July 27, 1931. In the 1930s, flying was a perilous occupation; thus, from the time of its formation, one of ALPA's main goals was to improve air safety. In 1933, the decision by the National Labor Board to limit the flight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Union
A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and Employee benefits, benefits, improving Work (human activity), working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers. Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called ''union dues''. The union representatives in the workforce are usually made up of workplace volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
