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Shanrong
Shanrong (), or Rong () were an Old Chinese nomadic people of ancient China. Origin Shanrong translates to the "mountain Rong". The Rong were a collection of nomadic tribes that lived in Northern China during the Spring and Autumn period, and are believed to have been of the same ethnic group as the Northern Rong. Although they were a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty, the Shanrong would not pay tribute to the King of Zhou and eventually became a threat to the Central Plain. The Duke Huan of Qi (679BC) summoned their vassal states to the summit in Juancheng, becoming the first hegemon of the Spring and Autumn period. Duke Huan intended to solve their conflicts with the Shanrong nomads and southern state Chu to gain other states' respect. Shanrong army attacked the State of Yan (664BC), which led to Yan asking Qi for help, Duke Huan of Qi led the coalition army northern bound which led to the Shanrong to retreat in the following year. Coalition forces continued north, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guzhu
Guzhu () was a vassal state of the Shang and Zhou dynasties located in the vicinity of modern Tangshan, Hebei province. It was a Dongyi state and had close relations with King Tang of Shang. During the Western Zhou dynasty, the Lichi and Shanrong tribes rose up in the north-west and north-east respectively, causing concerns to Guzhu's southern neighbors, the states of Qi and Yan. In 664 BC, the monarch of an already-weakened Guzhu was killed by a Qi-Yan coalition during an expedition against the Shanrong. Finally, in 660 BC, Qi and Yan annexed Guzhu. Guzhu rulers See also * Boyi and Shuqi *Zhongshan (state) Zhongshan ( zh, c=, p=Zhōngshān) was a small state that existed during the Warring States period, which managed to survive for almost 120 years despite its small size. The origins of its founder are a matter of contention between scholars ... * Shanrong References {{Zhou Dynasty topics Shang dynasty Ancient Chinese states States of the Sprin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou dynasty ( ) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period (771 BC), the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military control over territories centered on the Wei River valley and North China Plain. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC), the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier, but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC. The latter Eastern Zhou period is itself roughly subdivided into two parts. During the Spring and Autumn period (), power became increasingly decentralized as the authority of the royal house diminished. The Warring States ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of Nomad, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. After overthrowing their previous overlords, the Yuezhi, the Xiongnu became the dominant power on the steppes of East Asia, centred on the Mongolian Plateau. The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of Siberia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Their relations with the Chinese dynasties to the south-east were complex—alternating between various periods of peace, war, and subjugation. Ultimately, the Xiongnu were defeated by the Han dynasty in a Han–Xiongnu Wars, centuries-long conflict, which led to the confederation splitting in two, and forcible resettlement of large numbers of Xiongnu within Han borders. During the Sixteen Kingdoms era, listed as one of the "Fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xianbei
The Xianbei (; ) were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeastern China. The Xianbei were likely not of a single ethnicity, but rather a multilingual, multi-ethnic confederation consisting of mainly Proto-Mongols (who spoke either pre-Proto-Mongolic,, quote: "The Xianbei confederation appears to have contained speakers of Pre-Proto-Mongolic, perhaps the largest constituent linguistic group, as well as former Xiongnu subjects, who spoke other languages, Turkic almost certainly being one of them."Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in The Origins of Chinese Civilization, University of California Pressp. 452of pp. 411–466. or Para-Mongolic languages), and, to a minor degree, Tungusic and Turkic peoples. They originated from the Donghu people who splintered into the Wuhuan and Xianbei when they were defeated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chunwei
Chunwei (; Old Chinese: Reconstructions of Old Chinese#Zhengzhang (1981–1995), ZS: *''djun-ɢʷi''; Reconstructions of Old Chinese#Baxter–Sagart (2014), B-S: *''[d]u[r]-ɢʷij'') is a name associated with the Xiongnu, a tribal confederation of nomads, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Overview In Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the ''Xiongnu'' 匈奴 were mentioned as ''Shanrong'' 山戎, ''Xianyun'' 獫狁, and ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 "since before the time of Tang [i.e. Emperor Yao (堯)] and Yu [i.e. Emperor Shun (舜)]" (唐虞以上).Sima Qian et al., ''"Records of the Grand Historian"''"Ch. 110: Accounts of the Xiongnu"/ref> 3rd century scholar Wei Zhao (Three Kingdoms), Wei Zhao also identified the name Chunwei with the name of the Xiongnu: “During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) they were called Xiongnu 匈奴, and the ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quanrong
The Quanrong () or Dog Rong were an ethnic group, classified by the ancient Chinese as " Qiang", active in the northwestern part of China during and after the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE). Their language or languages are considered to have been members of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages. Etymology Scholars believe Quanrong was a later name for the Xianyun 猃狁 (written with ''xian'', defined as a kind of dog with a long snout 'Erya''or a black dog with a yellow face [''Shuowen Jiezi">Erya">'Erya<_a>''.html" ;"title="Erya.html" ;"title="'Erya">'Erya''">Erya.html" ;"title="'Erya">'Erya''or a black dog with a yellow face [''Shuowen Jiezi'']). According to sinologist Li Feng (sinologist), Li Feng, "It is very probable that when the term Xianyun came to be written with the two characters 獫狁, the notion of 'dog' associated with the character ''xian'' thus gave rise to the term Quanrong 犬戎, or the 'Dog Barbarians'." Claiming ancestry fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurchen People
Jurchen (, ; , ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian people, East Asian Tungusic languages, Tungusic-speaking people. They lived in northeastern China, also known as Manchuria, before the 18th century. The Jurchens were renamed Manchu people, Manchus in 1635 by Hong Taiji. Different Jurchen groups lived as hunter-gatherers, pastoralist semi-nomads, or sedentary agriculturists. Generally lacking a central authority, and having little communication with each other, many Jurchen groups fell under the influence of neighbouring dynasties, their chiefs paying tribute and holding nominal posts as effectively hereditary commanders of border guards. Han Chinese, Han officials of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) classified them into three groups, reflecting relative proximity to the Ming: #Jianzhou Jurchens, Jianzhou (Chinese: 建州) Jurchens, some of whom were mixed with Chinese populations, lived in the proximity of the Mudan River, Mudan river, the Changbai Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khitan People
The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; ) were a historical Eurasian nomads, nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. As a people descended from the proto-Mongols through the Xianbei, Khitans spoke the now-extinct Khitan language, a Para-Mongolic languages, Para-Mongolic language related to the Mongolic languages. The Khitan people founded and led the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which dominated a vast area of Siberia, Mongolia and Northern China. The Khitans of the Liao dynasty used two independent writing systems for their language: Khitan small script and Khitan large script. After the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125 following the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)#Rise of the Jin and fall of the Liao, Jurchen invasion, many Khitans followed Yelü Dashi's group westward to establish the Qara Khitai or Western Liao dynasty, in Central Asia, which lasted nearly a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xueyantuo
The Xueyantuo or Sir Tardush were an ancient Tiele people, Tiele tribe and khaganate in Northeast Asia who were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Göktürks. Names Xue ''Xue'' 薛 appeared earlier as ''Xinli'' 薪犁 in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, vol. 110 but were not referred to again until the 7th century. Peter B. Golden, Golden (2011) proposed that 薛 Xue's Old Turkic form ''Sir'' derived from Sanskrit ''Shri, Śrī'' "fortunate, auspicious" Yantuo The etymology of ''Yantuo'' 延陀 is much debated. It was first identified with ''Tarduš'', one of two divisions, besides ''Töliš'', of the short-lived Xueyantuo Qaghanate, by Western Orientalists (like Vilhelm Thomsen) who considered ''Töliš'' and ''Tarduš'' to be tribal names. The ethnonym is thus reconstructable as Syr-Tardush. However, Chinese scholars viewed ''Töliš'' and ''Tarduš'' as names of political o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuoba
The Tuoba (Chinese language, Chinese) or Tabgatch (, ''Tabγač''), also known by #Names, other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled the Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms), Dai state in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and was restored in 386. The same year, the dynasty was renamed Wei, later distinguished in Chinese historiography as the Northern Wei. This powerful state gained control of most of northern China, supporting Buddhism in China, Buddhism while increasingly sinicization, sinicizing. As part of this process, in 496, the Xiaowen Emperor of Northern Wei, Emperor Xiaowen changed the imperial clan's surname from Tuoba to Yuan (surname 元), Yuan (). The empire split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei in 535, with the Western Wei's rulers briefly resuming use of the Tuoba name in 554. A branch of the Tangut people, Tanguts also bore a su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murong
Murong (; Eastern Han Chinese, LHC: *''mɑC-joŋ''; Middle Chinese, EMC: *''mɔh-juawŋ'') or Muren refers to an ethnic Xianbei tribe who are attested from the time of Tanshihuai (reigned 156–181). Different strands of evidence exist linking the Murong to the MongolsТаскин В. С. (1984)Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы дунху.Москва: Наука. p. 5. In Russian: ''"Мы в настоящей работе не имеем возможности из-за огромного по объему материала остановиться на монголоязычных племенах мужун и тоба."''Таскин В. С. (1992) ' Москва: Наука. p. 4. In Russian: ''"Мужуны по традиции относятся к этнической группе дунху, включавшей различные монголоязычные племена. Выбранные из дос ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xirong (people)
Xirong () or Rong were various people who lived primarily in and around the western extremities of ancient China (in modern Gansu and Qinghai). They were known as early as the Shang dynasty (1765–1122 BCE), as one of the Four Barbarians that frequently (and often violently) interacted with the sinitic Huaxia civilization. They typically resided to the west of Guanzhong Plains from the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE) onwards. They were mentioned in some ancient Chinese texts as perhaps genetically and linguistically related to the people of the Chinese civilization. Etymology The historian Li Feng says that during the Western Zhou period, since the term ''Rong'' "warlike foreigners" was "often used in bronze inscriptions to mean 'warfare', it is likely that when a people was called 'Rong', the Zhou considered them as political and military adversaries rather than as cultural and ethnic 'others'." Paul R. Goldin also proposes that ''Rong'' was a "pseudo-ethnonym" meaning "belli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
