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Second Serbian–Ottoman War
The Second Serbian-Ottoman War was a conflict fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. It lasted from 13 December 1877 to 5 February 1878, and followed the First Serbian–Ottoman War. Serbia waged a successful campaign during which the Serbian army reached Kosovo, Čukarica and Kyustendil within a few weeks. Thanks to these military successes, Serbia gained their long-awaited independence, as well as the districts of Vranje, Toplica, Niš, and Pirot. Prelude After the failure in the First Serbian–Ottoman War, there was great dissatisfaction in Serbia due to the impoverishment of the population, which was worsened by a bad harvest, taxes to cover state expenses, and the suppression of political freedoms. Still, there was sympathy for the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war in spring 1877 and cautious alignment with Russia, which advised restraint. When the Russians were stopped by the Turks near Pleven in Bulgaria, Russia requested Serbia to enter the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
The Serbian–Ottoman Wars (), also known as the Serbian–Turkish Wars or Serbian Wars for Independence (), were two consequent wars (1876–1877 and 1877–1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. In conjunction with the Principality of Montenegro, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. By the intervention of major European powers, ceasefire was concluded in autumn, and the Constantinople Conference was organized. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of ''status quo ante bellum''. After a brief period of formal peace, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 14 December 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. At the beginning of the conflict, the Serbian army was poorly trained and ill-equipped, unlike the troops of the Ottoman Empire. The offensive objectives the Serbian army sought to accomplish were overly ambitious for such a force, and they suffered a number of defeats that resulted from p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziya Pasha
Ziya Pasha, the pseudonym of Abdul Hamid Ziyaeddin (1829, Constantinople – 17 May 1880, Adana), was an Ottoman writer, translator and administrator. He was one of the most important authors during the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire, along with İbrahim Şinasi and Namık Kemal. He held several offices in the state. From 1865, he was a leading member of the reformist secret society known as the Young Ottomans. In 1867, he went with Namık Kemal to Paris and London, where he published a newspaper called ''Hürriyet'' (''Freedom''). His return to the Ottoman Empire was followed by tenures as governor of Cyprus, Amasya, Konya, Aleppo, and Adana Adana is a large city in southern Turkey. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, inland from the northeastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the administrative seat of the Adana Province, Adana province, and has a population of 1 81 ..., where he died in 1880. Works * ''Terkîb-i Bend'' * ''Zafername'' * ''Şi'ir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders of Russia, land borders with fourteen countries. Russia is the List of European countries by population, most populous country in Europe and the List of countries and dependencies by population, ninth-most populous country in the world. It is a Urbanization by sovereign state, highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the List of metropolitan areas in Europe, most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and Society and culture in Saint Petersburg, cultural centre. Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1877
Events January * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Battle of Wolf Mountain – Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana. * January 20 – The Conference of Constantinople ends, with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions. * January 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees. February * February 17 – Major General Charles George Gordon of the British Army is appointed Governor-General of the Sudan. March * March 2 – Compromise of 1877: The 1876 United States presidential election is resolved with the selection of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niš
Niš (; sr-Cyrl, Ниш, ; names of European cities in different languages (M–P)#N, names in other languages), less often spelled in English as Nish, is the list of cities in Serbia, third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District. It is located in the Southern Serbia (Geographical Region), southern part of Serbia. , the city proper has a population of 178,976, while its administrative area (City of Niš) has a population of 249,501 inhabitants. Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence: Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople, Constantius III, Constans, Vetranio, Julian (emperor), Julian, Valentinian I, Valens; and Justin I. Emperor Claudius Gothicus decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus (present-day Niš). Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire, the city's past would earn it the nickname ''Imperial City.'' After about 400 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toplica District
The Toplica District ( sr-Cyrl-Latn, Топлички округ, Toplički okrug, ) is an administrative district in southern Serbia, named after the river Toplica. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 77,341 inhabitants, making it the smallest district by population in Serbia. Its administrative center is the city of Prokuplje. Municipalities It encompasses the city of Prokuplje and three municipalities: * Blace * Kuršumlija * Žitorađa Demographics As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 77,900 inhabitants. Ethnic groups Ethnic composition of the municipality: See also * Administrative divisions of Serbia * Districts of Serbia The administrative districts () of Serbia are the country's first-level administrative divisions of Serbia, administrative division. The term ''okrug'' (pl. ''okruzi'') means "circuit" and corresponds (in literal meaning) to in the German lang ... References Note: ''All official material made by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vranje
Vranje ( sr-Cyrl, Врање, ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 55,214 while the city administrative area has 74,381 inhabitants. Vranje is the economical, political and cultural centre of the Pčinja District in Southern Serbia. It was the first city from the Balkans to be declared UNESCO city of Music in 2019. It is located on the Pan-European Corridor X, close to the borders with North Macedonia, Kosovo and Bulgaria. The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Vranje is seated in the city, as is the 4th Land Force Brigade of the Serbian Army. Etymology The toponym Vranje is first attested in an 11th-century Byzantine text. The town's name is believed to be derived from ''vran'', a word of Slavic origin meaning swarthy or dark, or the archaic Slavic given name Vran, which itself is derived from the same word. History The Romans conquered the region in the 2nd or 1s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyustendil
Kyustendil ( ) is a town in the far west of Bulgaria, the capital of the Kyustendil Province, a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see. The town is situated in the southern part of the Kyustendil Valley, near the borders of Serbia and North Macedonia; 90 km southwest of Sofia, 130 km northeast of Skopje and 243 km north of Thessaloniki. The population is 37 799, with a Bulgarian majority and a Roma minority. During the Iron Age, a Thracian settlement was located within the town, later known as Roman in the 1st century AD. In the Middle Ages, the town switched hands between the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia, prior to Ottoman annexation in 1395. After centuries of Ottoman rule, the town became part of an independent Bulgarian state in 1878. Names The modern name is derived from ''Kösten'', the Turkified name of the 14th-century Serbian magnate Constantine Dragaš, from Latin ''constans'', "steadfast" + the Turkish ''il'' "shire, co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Čukarica
Čukarica ( sr-cyr, Чукарица, ) is a Subdivisions of Belgrade, municipality of the city of Belgrade, Serbia. Name Like several other neighborhoods of Belgrade, Čukarica was named after a kafana. At the present location of the Sugar Refinery in Čukarica, Sugar Refinery, there was a kafana in the second half of the 19th century. It was very popular as it was located at the point where two roads, one from Obrenovac and other from Šumadija, meet at the entrance to Belgrade. It was owned by Stojko Čukar and the kafana was named “Čukareva kafana” after him, which later gave name to the settlement. History The village of Čukarica asked to be transferred to the Belgrade municipality in 1906, but the plea was rejected. It was transferred from the Vračar ''srez'' under the administration of the Belgrade municipality on 8 July 1907. Municipality of Čukarica was established for the first time on 30 December 1911. After a popular referendum, inhabitants of Čukarica voted t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kosovo
Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with International recognition of Kosovo, partial diplomatic recognition. It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, and North Macedonia to the southeast. It covers an area of and has a population of approximately 1.6 million. Kosovo has a varied terrain, with high plains along with rolling hills and List of mountains in Kosovo, mountains, some of which have an altitude over . Its climate is mainly Continental climate, continental with some Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean and Alpine climate, alpine influences. Kosovo's capital and List of cities and towns in Kosovo#List, most populous city is Pristina; other major cities and urban areas include Prizren, Ferizaj, Gjilan and Peja. Kosovo formed the core territory of the Dardani, an ancient Paleo-Balkanic languages, Paleo-Balkanic people attested in classical sources from the 4th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Serbian–Ottoman War
The First Serbian–Ottoman War (), was a military conflict fought by the Principality of Serbia and the Principality of Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire. Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. A Serbian offensive to the South and the West was repulsed by Ottoman troops after just three weeks of fighting, upon which Turkey then invaded Serbia proper. Eastern Serbia was quickly occupied, but on the southern front the Serbian army successfully stopped the Ottoman advance, defending the fortified positions around Aleksinac for more than two months. The Russian Empire brokered a ceasefire in autumn of 1876 by threatening military intervention, and the European Great Powers then organized the Constantinople Conference to settle the war and wider issues in the Balkans. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of ''status quo ante bellum''. Military operations Serbian offensive On July 2, 1876, all four major Serbian armies crossed the border ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized. Definition ''De jure'' is a Latin expression composed of the words ''de'',("from, of") and ''jure'',("law", adjectival form of '' jus''). Thus, it is descriptive of a structural argument or position derived "from law". Usage Jurisprudence and ''de jure'' law In U.S. law, particularly after '' Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), the difference between ''de facto'' segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and ''de jure'' segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes. Government and culture Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
