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Rohini Sounding Rocket
Rohini is a series of sounding rockets developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for meteorological and atmospheric study. These sounding rockets are capable of carrying payloads of between altitudes of . The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Thumba and the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Various programs such as Equatorial ElectroJet (EEJ), Leonid Meteor Shower (LMS), Indian Middle Atmosphere Programme (IMAP), Monsoon Experiment (MONEX), Middle Atmosphere Dynamics (MIDAS), and Sooryagrahan-2010 have been conducted using the Rohini sounding rocket series. It has been the forerunners for ISRO's heavier and more complex launch vehicles, with continued usage even today for atmospheric and meteorological experiment and research. Currently, three versions are offered as operational sounding rockets , which cover a payload range of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sounding Rockets
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital spaceflight, sub-orbital flight. The rockets are often used to launch instruments from above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about and the minimum for satellites is approximately . Due to their suborbital flight profile, sounding rockets are often much simpler than their counterparts built for orbital flight. Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between , such as the Black Brant (rocket), Black Brant X and XII, which is the maximum apogee of their class. For certain purposes, sounding rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M-100 (rocket)
The M-100 was a two-stage Soviet sounding rocket. As some 6640 of these rockets were built between 1957 and 1990, it was the most used sounding rocket model ever. Payloads typically radioed science data to ground while descending by parachute. Cross-calibrations with Western counterparts has allowed data's inclusion in global databases. Production ceased following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. M-100 rockets were launched from sites in the former Soviet Union. Launches also took place from Kerguelen island, TERLS in India, Koroni in Greece, Akita in Japan and Ahtopol in Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t .... Notably, tests with sounding rockets such as the M-100 under the Indian Space Research Organization allowed for the development of the Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vellore
Vellore ( ), also spelled Velur, is a sprawling city and the administrative headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Palar River and surrounded by the Javadi Hills in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu and is separated into four zones that are further subdivided into 60 wards, covering an area of 153.14 km2 and housing a population of 315,128 as reported by the 2011 census. The Vellore city along with its sub urban areas is spread across approximately 200 km² with a population of 484,690 as of 2011. It is located about west of Chennai, and about east of Bangalore. Vellore is located on the Mumbai–Chennai arm of the Golden Quadrilateral. Vellore is governed under a mayor and the Vellore Municipal Corporation. It is a part of both the Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency), Lok Sabha and Vellore (State Assembly Constituency), state assembly constituencies of Vellore. Vellore is the home to the Christian Medic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vellore Institute Of Technology
Vellore Institute of Technology or VIT is a private deemed university in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The institution offers undergraduate and postgraduate, programmes. It has campuses in Vellore and Chennai and three sister universities as distinct state private universities in Amaravati, Bhopal, Bengaluru in India and an international campus in Mauritius. History VIT was founded in 1984 as Vellore Engineering College, as a self-financing engineering college under Anna University by G. Viswanathan. In 2001, It became a deemed university. The campus has over 372 acres. Academics and research VIT's academic disciplines is divided into 20 Schools of Study in its Vellore and Chennai campus. Rankings Internationally, VIT was ranked 1001–1200 in the ''QS World University Rankings'' of 2023 and 173 in Asia. It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' of 2023, 251–300 in Asia in 2022 and 301–350 among emerging eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trimethylaluminium
Trimethylaluminium or TMA is one of the simplest examples of an organoaluminium compound. Despite its name it has the formula (abbreviated as , where Me stands for methyl), as it exists as a dimer. This colorless liquid is pyrophoric. It is an industrially important compound, closely related to triethylaluminium. Structure and bonding The structure and bonding in and diborane are analogous (R = alkyl). In , the Al-C(terminal) and Al-C(bridging) distances are 1.97 and 2.14 Å, respectively. The Al center is tetrahedral. The carbon atoms of the bridging methyl groups are each surrounded by five neighbors: three hydrogen atoms and two aluminium atoms. The methyl groups interchange readily intramolecularly. At higher temperatures, the dimer cracks into monomeric . Synthesis TMA is prepared via a two-step process that can be summarized as follows: : Applications Catalysis Starting with the invention of Ziegler-Natta catalysis, organoaluminium compounds have a prominent role ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langmuir Probe
A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel. The measured currents and potentials in this system allow the determination of the physical properties of the plasma. ''I-V'' characteristic of the Debye sheath The beginning of Langmuir probe theory is the ''I–V'' characteristic of the Debye sheath, that is, the current density flowing to a surface in a plasma as a function of the voltage drop across the sheath. The analysis presented here indicates how the electron temperature, electron density, and plasma potential can be derived from the ''I–V'' characteristic. In some situations a more detailed analysis can yield information on the ion density (n_i), the ion temperature T_i, or the electron energy distribution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bélier (rocket)
Bélier is the designation of a France, French sounding rocket family. Three versions of the Bélier were launched between 1961 and 1970 at the CIEES launch facility at Hammaguir, the Salto di Quirra and CERES Ile du Levant, Ile du Levant missile ranges, and Kourou Space Center. After its retirement, the Bélier was used as a stage for a family of solid-propellant rockets, including the Centaure (rocket), Centaure, the Dragon (rocket), Dragon, the Dauphin (rocket), Dauphin and the Éridan (rocket), Éridan. Versions Belier I The first Belier single stage rocket, powered by a Jericho (missile), Jericho motor. * payload: 30 kg * apogee: 80 km * takeoff thrust: 20.00 kN * takeoff weight: 313 kg * diameter: 0.31 m * length: 4.01 m * fin span: 0.78 m Belier II Upgraded Belier single stage rocket, using 'Plastolite' propellant. * payload: 30 kg * apogee: 130 km * takeoff thrust: 21.50 kN * takeoff weight: 352 kg * diameter: 0.31 m * length: 5.90 m * fin span: 0.78 m Be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HTPB
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is an oligomer of butadiene terminated at each end with a hydroxyl functional group. It reacts with isocyanates to form polyurethane polymers. HTPB is a translucent liquid with a color similar to wax paper and a viscosity similar to corn syrup. The properties vary because HTPB is a mixture rather than a pure compound, and it is manufactured to meet customers' specific requirements. A typical HTPB is R-45HTLO. This product consists of oligomeric units typically containing 40–50 butadiene molecules bonded together, with each end of the chain terminated with a hydroxyl Hgroup: R-45HTLO has a functionality of 2.4-2.6, which means that there is (approximately) one additional hydroxyl group located along the chain for every two oligomeric units. This provides side-to-side linkage for a stronger cured product. HTPB is usually cured by an addition reaction with di- or poly-isocyanate compounds. Uses Materials production Polyurethanes prep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyvinyl Chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (alternatively: poly(vinyl chloride), colloquial: vinyl or polyvinyl; abbreviated: PVC) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic polymer of plastic (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year. PVC comes in rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used in construction for pipes, doors and windows. It is also used in making plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or membership cards. Adding plasticizers makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, flooring, signage, phonograph records, inflatable products, and in rubber substitutes. With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of canvas. Polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is soluble in ketones, chlorinated solvents, dimethylformamide, THF and DMAc. Discovery PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimenta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propellant
A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or another motive force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a reaction engine. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the fuel that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centaure (rocket)
Centaure was a two-stage French sounding rocket consisting of a Venus first stage and a Belier second stage. It belongs to a family of solid-propellant rockets consisting of the Belier, Centaure, Dragon, Dauphin, and Eridan. It was operated by Sud-Aviation between 1961 and 1986. Centaure rockets were launched from the CIEES/ Hammaguir missile range, Reggane, CELPA, Salto di Quirra, Esrange, Thumba, Sonmiani, and Andøya. It had a maximum payload of 60 kg, an apogee of 130-146 km, a launch thrust of 44 kN, a launch weight of 500-600 kg, a diameter of 0.28 m and a length of 5.9-6.3 m. Versions There were various versions of Centaure rockets: Launches A large number of Centaure rockets was launched between 1961 and 1986: See also * Belier * Dauphin * Dragon A dragon is a Magic (supernatural), magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but European dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISRO
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO ) is India's national space agency, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the Department of Space (DoS), overseen by the Prime Minister of India, with the Chairman of ISRO also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, space exploration, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies. The agency maintains a constellation of imaging, communications and remote sensing satellites. It operates the GAGAN and IRNSS satellite navigation systems. It has sent three missions to the Moon and one mission to Mars. Formerly known as the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), ISRO was set up in 1962 by the Government of India on the recommendation of scientist Vikram Sarabhai. It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The establi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
