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Ritual Maxakalí Language
Ritual Maxakalí (also referred to as "Old Maxakalí"Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277. ) is a ritual language belonging to the Maxakalían language family of eastern Brazil. It is used in ritual songs sung by the Maxakali The Maxakali are an ethnic group of indigenous people in Brazil. Geography and ethnology The Maxakali live in the districts of Santa Helena de Minas, Bertópolis, Ladainha, Minas Gerais, Ladainha and Teófilo Otoni in the federal state Minas ..., and is held to be the language of their ancestors. Spoken Maxakalí is different from the variety used in the Maxakalí ritual songs, though both are classified as Maxakalían languages. It is more closely related to other extinct Maxakalían languages such as Makoní than to modern spoken Maxakalí.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo'. Doc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population, seventh-largest by population, with over 212 million people. The country is a federation composed of 26 Federative units of Brazil, states and a Federal District (Brazil), Federal District, which hosts the capital, Brasília. List of cities in Brazil by population, Its most populous city is São Paulo, followed by Rio de Janeiro. Brazil has the most Portuguese-speaking countries, Portuguese speakers in the world and is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese language, Portuguese is an Portuguese-speaking world, official language. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a Coastline of Brazil, coastline of . Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it Borders of Brazil, borders all other countries and ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxakali
The Maxakali are an ethnic group of indigenous people in Brazil. Geography and ethnology The Maxakali live in the districts of Santa Helena de Minas, Bertópolis, Ladainha, Minas Gerais, Ladainha and Teófilo Otoni in the federal state Minas Gerais. The 400 members of the group live in isolation and poverty. They speak the Maxakalí language, which is one of the Maxakalían languages. This language is notable for having neither nasal nor fricative consonants contrastively. There are mixed marriages these days. Mythology In the Maxakali creation story the creator Topa gave them a tame otter for otter fishing. This would help them to get always something to eat, as long as they do not forget, to give him the three largest fishes that he caught. When the husband of the grand daughter of the otter keeper neglected this rule, the community was punished by a heavy flooding.Jonathan W. Warren''Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil'' Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 2001 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxakalían Languages
The Maxakalían languages (also Mashakalían) are a group of related indigenous languages of Brazil, named after Maxakalí, the one surviving language in the group. Many of the other, extinct, languages are poorly attested and linguists differ in the languages they identify as part of the group. The Maxakalían group is today usually considered part of the Macro-Jê language family. Maxakalían languages were first classified into the Jê languages. It was only in 1931 that Čestmír Loukotka separated them from the Jê family. Alfred Métraux and Curt Nimuendajú considered the Maxakalían family isolated from others. John Alden Mason suggests a connection with the Macro-Jê stock, confirmed by Aryon Rodrigues. Languages Apart from extinct varieties generally seen as dialects of Maxakalí, Mason noted resemblances with a few other extinct languages of the area: Pataxó, Malalí and Coropó. However, Coropó is sometimes thought to be a Purian language. Campbell (1997) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ritual Language
A sacred language, liturgical language or holy language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like church service) by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives. Some religions, or parts of them, regard the language of their sacred texts as in itself sacred. These include Ecclesiastical Latin in Roman Catholicism, Hebrew in Judaism, Arabic in Islam, Avestan in Zoroastrianism, Sanskrit in Hinduism, and Punjabi in Sikhism. By contrast Buddhism and Christian denominations outside of Catholicism do not generally regard their sacred languages as sacred in themselves. Concept A sacred language is often the language which was spoken and written in the society in which a religion's sacred texts were first set down; these texts thereafter become fixed and holy, remaining frozen and immune to later linguistic developments. (An exception to this is Lucumí, a ritual lexicon of the Cuban strain of the Santería religion, with no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxakalí Language
Maxakalí (', ) is a Maxakalían, Maxakalían language spoken in four villages in Minas Gerais, Brazil, by more than 2,000 people.It is the primary language of the Maxakalí people. There is no known dialectal variation within Maxakalí. The language is characterized by a unique phonology, including vowel lowering and backing, and the absence of fricatives and nasals. Maxakalí typically follows a Subject–object–verb word order, Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order, and verbs are inflected for mood. The Maxakalí lexicon includes verbal number, noun compounding, and lexical borrowings from General Language, Língua Geral varieties and Brazilian Portuguese. Dialects No dialectal differences are known. Extinct varieties such as Kapoxó language, Kapoxó, Cumanacho language, Kumanaxó, Makuní language, Makuní, Panhame language, Panháme, and the 19th century "Maxakalí", which were sometimes taken to be dialects of Maxakalí, are now generally considered to represent a distinct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Makoní Language
Makoní (Maconi, Macuní) is an extinct Maxakalian language of Brazil.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo'. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília. It is documented in word lists collected in 1816-1818.Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277. Distribution Makoní was historically spoken in the Caravelas River area of Bahia Bahia () is one of the 26 Federative units of Brazil, states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Mina ..., Brazil. References Further reading *Métraux, Alfred and Curt Nimuendajú. 1946. The Mashacalí, Patashó, and Malalí Linguistic Families. In Julian H. Steward (ed.), ''The Marginal Tribes'', 541-545. Smithsonian Institution, Washingt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kapoxó Language
Kapoxó (Capoxo, Kaposho) is an extinct Maxakalian language of Brazil.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo'. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília. It was close to Cumanacho and Panhame, and shared many words with them. Documentation Kapoxó is documented in a word list collected in 1818,Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277. which was published in Martius, 1863: 170-172.Martius, Karl Friedrich Philip von. 1863. ''Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium: glossarios de diversas lingoas e dialectos, que fallao os Indios no imperio do Brazil''. Erlangen: Druck von Jange. Geographical distribution Kapoxó was historically spoken on the Araçuaí River in Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ritual Languages
A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally associated with gestures, words, or revered objects, rituals also occur in non-human species, such as elephant mourning or corvid object-leaving. They may be prescribed by tradition, including religious practices, and are often characterized by formalism, traditionalism, rule-governance, and performance. Rituals are a feature of all known human societies. They include not only the worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also rites of passage, atonement and purification rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coronations and presidential inaugurations, marriages, funerals and more. Even common actions like hand-shaking and saying " hello" may be termed as ''rituals''. The field of ritual studies has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
