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Reggane Series, French Nuclear Tests
The Reggane series was a group of 4 Nuclear weapons testing#Types, atmospheric A-bomb nuclear test, nuclear tests conducted by France between February 1960 and April 1961, close to the end of the Algerian War. The bombs were detonated at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. The series saw the explosion of the first Nuclear weapons and France, French nuclear weapon and was followed by the In Ekker series, French nuclear tests, In Ekker series. The French authorities claimed that the tests took place in an uninhabited area, but at least 27,000 people living in the vicinity were negatively impacted. The radioactive fallout caused elevated levels of skin cancer, birth defects, organ cancers and blindness among the local population. Codenames All four operations were named after the jerboa (''Gerboise''), a dese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elevation
The elevation of a geographic location (geography), ''location'' is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational equipotential surface, surface (see Geodetic datum#Vertical datum, Geodetic datum § Vertical datum). The term ''elevation'' is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while ''altitude'' or ''geopotential height'' is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit, and ''three-dimensional space, depth'' is used for points below the surface. Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth. Due to the equatorial bulge, the summits of Mount Everest and Chimborazo (volcano), Chimborazo have, respectively, the largest elevation and the largest ECEF, geocentric distance. Aviation In aviation, the term ''elevation'' or ''aerodrome elevation'' is defined by the IC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Nuclear Weapons Tests Of France
France executed nuclear weapons tests in the areas of Reggane and In Ekker in Algeria and the Mururoa and Fangataufa Atolls in French Polynesia, from 13 February 1960 through 27 January 1996. These totaled 210 tests with 210 device explosions, 50 in the atmosphere. Discrepancies between those totals and the table below consist in two undocumented tests mentioned in other sources and five safety tests in an area near In Ekker named Adar Tickertane. List See also * List of nuclear weapons tests * Force de dissuasion The ''Force de dissuasion'' (), known as the ''Force de frappe'' ('Strike Force') prior to 1961,Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons; 1973. p104 is the French nuclear deterrence force. The ''Force de dissua ... References Sources * * * {{Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents * Nuclear weapons test Nuclear technology-related lists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algiers Putsch
The Algiers putsch (; or ), also known as the putsch of the generals (), was a failed coup d'état intended to force French President Charles de Gaulle not to abandon French Algeria, the resident European community and pro-French Algerians. Organised in French Algeria by retired French Army generals Maurice Challe (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), Edmond Jouhaud (former Inspector General of the French Air Force), André Zeller (former Chief of Staff of the French Army) and Raoul Salan (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the Algerian War (1954–1962) and brought the nation to the brink of a civil war. The organisers of the putsch were opposed to the secret negotiations that French Prime Minister Michel Debré's government had started with the anti-colonialist National Liberation Front (FLN). General Salan stated that he joined the coup without concerning himself with its technic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerboise Verte (nuclear Test)
''Gerboise Verte'' (; ) is the codename for a French nuclear test conducted on 25 April 1961. The test took place at the ''Centre Saharien d'Expérimentations Militaires'' (CSEM), 50 km south of Reggane, Algeria, then a French department and was designed as an atmospheric test. This was the fourth French nuclear atmospheric test, after '' Gerboise Bleue'', '' Gerboise Blanche'', and ''Gerboise Rouge''. History In 1957, the French government decided to create experimental nuclear testing facilities in the Sahara. To this end, 108,000 square kilometers of land were allocated to the French Ministry of Defense for the first French nuclear experiments. The (CSEM) for atmospheric testing was set up in Hamoudia some 50 km south of Reggane, an oasis in the south of the Grand Erg Occidental, 700 km from Colomb Béchar. The (CEMO) was later built in the Hoggar Mountains, near In Ekker, 150 km north of Tamanrasset, to carry out underground nuclear tests. Between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerboise Rouge (nuclear Test)
''Gerboise Rouge'' (; ) is the codename for a French nuclear test conducted on in Reggane Reggane (from Berber "Argan"; ) is a town and commune, and the capital of Reggane District, in Adrar Province, central Algeria. Reggane lies in the Sahara Desert near an oasis. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 20,402, up from 14 ..., Algeria. This was the 3rd French nuclear test, after '' Gerboise Bleue'' and '' Gerboise Blanche'', completing the colors of the French flag. During this test, the army carried out experiments on animals, such as goats or mice, which were in Reggane. Location ''Gerboise Rouge'' was conducted at . References {{Nuclear weapons tests of France 1960 in France 1960 in Algeria French nuclear testing in Algeria 1960 in the Algerian War Algeria–France military relations 1960 in science 1960 in military history 1960 in politics December 1960 in Africa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerboise Blanche (nuclear Test)
''Gerboise Blanche'' (or ''Opération Gerboise Blanche'') was the codename of the second French nuclear test. It was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 1 April 1960, at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft, during the Algerian War. Name ''Gerboise'' is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara. The color white (''Blanche'') adjuncted is said to come from the second colour of the French Flag. Test Explosion ''Gerboise Blanche'' operation was carried out 3 months after the success of the first test, '' Gerboise Bleue''. Unlike the first attempt and the two others that were to come, this bomb was placed a few kilometres from ground zero, and detonated on a concrete pad. This was a voluntary act of the authorities as they feared the usual test site would have been too contaminated for the next tests. On 1 A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerboise Bleue (nuclear Test)
''Gerboise Bleue'' (; ) was the codename of the first French nuclear test. It was conducted by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command on 13 February 1960, at the Saharan Military Experiments Centre near Reggane, French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of the Tanezrouft, during the Algerian War. General Pierre Marie Gallois was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of ''père de la bombe A'' ("father of the A-bomb"). Name ''Gerboise'' is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara. The color blue (''Bleue'') adjuncted is said to come from the first colour of the French Flag. Test Explosion On April 11, 1958, French Prime Minister Félix Gaillard ordered a nuclear test in the first quarter of 1960. President Charles de Gaulle reaffirmed the decision after the French Fourth Republic collapsed in the May 1958 crisis. Initial plans were proposed to detonate a nuclear bomb on French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SI Derived Unit
SI derived units are units of measurement derived from the seven SI base units specified by the International System of Units (SI). They can be expressed as a product (or ratio) of one or more of the base units, possibly scaled by an appropriate power of exponentiation (see: Buckingham π theorem). Some are dimensionless, as when the units cancel out in ratios of like quantities. SI coherent derived units involve only a trivial proportionality factor, not requiring conversion factors. The SI has special names for 22 of these coherent derived units (for example, hertz, the SI unit of measurement of frequency), but the rest merely reflect their derivation: for example, the square metre (m2), the SI derived unit of area; and the kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3 or kg⋅m−3), the SI derived unit of density. The names of SI coherent derived units, when written in full, are always in lowercase. However, the symbols for units named after persons are written with an uppercase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gray (unit)
The gray (symbol: Gy) is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. It is used as a unit of the radiation quantity absorbed dose that measures the energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass of absorbing material, and is used for measuring the delivered dose in radiotherapy, food irradiation and radiation sterilization. It is important in predicting likely acute health effects, such as acute radiation syndrome and is used to calculate equivalent dose using the sievert, which is a measure of the stochastic health effect on the human body. The gray is also used in radiation metrology as a unit of the radiation quantity kerma (physics), kerma; defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energy , kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation in a sample of matter per unit mass. The unit was named after British phys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rad (unit)
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in CGS units in 1953 as the dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of matter. The material absorbing the radiation can be human tissue, air, water, or any other substance. It has been replaced by the gray (symbol Gy) in SI derived units. The rad is still used in the United States, although this is "strongly discouraged" in Chapter 5.2 of the ''Guide to the SI'', which was written and published by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. However, the numerically equivalent SI unit submultiple, the centigray (symbol cGy), is widely used to report absorbed doses within radiotherapy. The roentgen, used to quantify the radiation exposure, may be related to the corresponding absorbed dose by use of the F-factor. Health effects A dose of under 100 rad will typically produce no immediate symptoms other than blood changes. A dose o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Fallout
Nuclear fallout is residual radioactive material that is created by the reactions producing a nuclear explosion. It is initially present in the mushroom cloud, radioactive cloud created by the explosion, and "falls out" of the cloud as it is moved by the atmosphere in the minutes, hours, and days after the explosion. The bulk of the radioactivity from nuclear fallout comes from fission products, which are created by the nuclear fission reactions of the nuclear device. Un-fissioned bomb fuel (such as plutonium and uranium), and radioactive isotopes created by neutron activation, make up a smaller amount of the radioactive content of fallout. The amount of fallout and its distribution is dependent on several factors, including the overall yield of the weapon, the fission yield of the weapon, the height of burst of the weapon, and meteorological conditions. Fallout can have serious human health consequences on both short- and long-term time scales, and can cause radioactive conta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
