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Prajñā (Hinduism)
Prajña () is the highest and purest form of wisdom, encompassing transcendental intelligence, consciousness, and deep understanding. Prajñā is the state of insight that surpasses knowledge acquired through reasoning or inference. Meaning The Sanskrit word प्रज्ञा (''Prajña'') is the compound of "प्र (''pra-'')" which prefix means – before, forward, fulfiller, and used as the intensifier but rarely as a separate word and "ज्ञ (''jna'')" which means - knowing or familiar with. प्रज्ञ (''Prajña''), meaning - wise, prudent, knowing, conversant with, is the root of प्राज्ञ (''Prājña'') meaning – wise, learned man, intellectual, clever, intelligence dependent on individuality; प्रज्ञा (''Prajñā'') meaning – intelligence, judgement, mental attitude, particular ''shakti'' or energy, insight, mental disposition, true or transcendental wisdom, awareness, mentality, understanding, Viveka (Discrimination), di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viveka (Discrimination)
''Viveka'' () is a Sanskrit and Pali term translated into English as discernment or discrimination. In the Vedanta, ''viveka'' is considered to be the first requirement of the spiritual journey, the next being ''vairagya'' (detachment), as a natural extension of ''viveka''. Advaita Hindu_philosophy, Vedanta Darshana interprets ''viveka'' as discrimination between the real (''Satya'') and the unreal (''asatya''). Visistadvaita Hindu_philosophy, Vedanta Darshana interprets viveka as discrimination of food. Advaita Interpretation According to Koneru Ramakrishna Rao, Rao and Paranjpe, ''viveka'' can be understood as the sense of discrimination or wisdom: discrimination between the real and the unreal, between the self and the non-self, between the permanent and the impermanent; discriminative inquiry; right intuitive discrimination. Viveka also means the power of distinguishing the invisible Brahman from the visible world, a faculty that enables the classification of things according ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the Vedic Upanishads, ''Brahman'' constitutes the fundamental reality that transcends the duality of existence and non-existence. It serves as the absolute ground from which time, space, and natural law emerge. It represents an unchanging, eternal principle that exists beyond all boundaries and constraints. Because it transcends all limitation, ''Brahman'' ultimately defies complete description or categorization through language. In major schools of Hindu philosophy, it is the non-physical, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), ''Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions'', Oxford University Press, , pages 51–58, 11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turiya
In Hindu philosophy, ''turiya'' (Sanskrit: तुरीय, meaning "the fourth"), also referred to as chaturiya or chaturtha, is the true self (''atman'') beyond the three common states of consciousness (waking, dreaming, and dreamless deep sleep). It is postulated in several Upanishads and explicated in Gaudapada's '' Mandukya Karika''. Upanishads ''Turiya'' as 'the fourth' is referred to in a number of principal Upanishads. One of the earliest mentions of the phrase ''turiya'', "fourth", is in verse 5.14.3 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (7th-6th century BCE), referring to a 'fourth foot' of the '' Gayatri Mantra'', the first, second and third foot being the 24 syllables of this mantra: According to Raju, chapter 8.7 through 8.12 of the Chandogya Upanishad (7th-6th century BCE) , though not mentioning ''turiya'', 'anticipate' the Mandukya Upanishad and it's treatment of ''turiya''. These verses of the Chandogya Upanishad set out a dialogue between Indra and Virocana, in se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akasha
Akasha (Sanskrit ' ) means Aether (classical element), aether in traditional Hindu cosmology. The term has also been adopted in Western occultism and spiritualism in the late 19th century CE. In many modern Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages the corresponding word retains a generic meaning of "aether". The Hinduism, Hindu Deva (Hinduism), god of Akasha is Dyaus. Etymology and meaning The word in Sanskrit is derived from a root meaning "to be". It appears as a masculine noun in Vedic Sanskrit with a generic meaning of "aether". In Classical Sanskrit, the noun acquires the neuter gender and may express the concept of "aether" (Manusmriti, Shatapatha Brahmana). In Vedanta, Vedantic philosophy, the word acquires its technical meaning of "an ethereal fluid imagined as pervading the cosmos". Indian philosophy classify Akasha into three categories. The first category, represented by the ''Nyaya,'' ''Vaisheshika'', Mīmāṃsā, Purva Mimamsa, and Jain philosophy, Jain tradi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taijasa
Taijasa (Sanskrit: तैजस), which means endowed with light, is one of the many different levels of existence which the Jiva experiences due to the activity of Maya; it is the second of the three stages of consciousness that are part of the individual order of the Jiva. The three stages of consciousness are – 1) Vishva or Vaisvanara or the waking stage characterized by the individual gross body or sthula-sarira, 2) Taijasa or the dream consciousness which has the subtle body or suksma-sarira as its object, and 3) Pragyana or the deep sleep consciousness which is the unified undifferentiated consciousness or pragyanaaghana and the characteristic of the blissful causal body, the ultimate experience of Brahman. Yajnavalkya tells Janaka that Indha, the kindler, cryptically called Indra, resides in the right eye; the person in the left eye is Indha's wife, Viraj, their meeting place is the space within the heart. Therefore, the soul is composed of Indha, who in the context of Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaisvanara
In Hinduism, Vaishvanara (, pronounced ), meaning "of or related to Visvanara" is an abstract concept. It is related to the soul atman, the (universal) Self or self-existent essence of human beings. Etymologically, Vaishvanara is a derivative of the conjoined word Vishvanara ''i.e.'' Vishva (Universe) + Narah (Man) ''i.e.'' the 'Universal or Cosmic Man'. In the Rig Veda, Vaishvanara is an epithet of the fire god deity Agni. Forms of Vaishvanara As per the Mandukya Upanishad, the Self has four aspects or states of consciousness.Easwaran, Eknath (2009-06-01). The Upanishads (Classic of Indian Spirituality) (p. 203). Nilgiri Press. Kindle Edition. The first is the Vaishvanara manifestation, under the ''jagrat'' or the waking state which is outwardly cognitive. The Self in Vaishvanara form has seven limbs, nineteen mouths and has the capability to experience material objects. The seven limbs of Vaishvanara pertain to the 'cosmic body' of 'Vaishvanara'. These are enumerated in verse 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaudapada
Gauḍapāda (Sanskrit: गौडपाद; ), also referred as Gauḍapādācārya (Sanskrit: गौडपादाचार्य; "Gauḍapāda the Teacher"), was an early medieval era Hindu philosopher and scholar of the ''Advaita'' Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. While details of his biography are uncertain, his ideas inspired others such as Adi Shankara who called him a ''Paramaguru'' (highest teacher). Gaudapada was the author or compiler of the ', also known as ''Gaudapada Karika''. The text consists of four chapters (also called four books), of which Chapter Four uses Buddhist terminology thereby showing it was influenced by Buddhism. However, doctrinally Gaudapada's work is Vedantic, and not Buddhist. The first three chapters of Gaudapada's text have been influential in the Advaita Vedanta tradition. Parts of the first chapter that include the ''Mandukya Upanishad'' have been considered a valid scriptural source by the Dvaita and Vishistadvaita schools of Ved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chandogya Upanishad
The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Chāndogyopaniṣad'') is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 166-169 It is one of the oldest Upanishads. In the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads, it is listed as the ninth. The Upanishad belongs to the ''Tandya'' school of the Samaveda. Like ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', the Chandogya is an anthology of texts that must have pre-existed as separate texts, and were edited into a larger text by one or more ancient Indian scholars. The precise chronology of ''Chandogya Upanishad'' is uncertain, and it is variously dated to have been composed by the 8th to 6th century BCE in India. As one of the most extensive Upanishadic compilations, it comprises eight ''Prapathakas'' (literally 'lectures' or 'chapters'), each divided into multiple sections containing numerous verses. The volumes include a diverse array of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jiva
''Jiva'' (, IAST: ), also referred as ''Jivātman,'' is a living being or any entity imbued with a life force in Hinduism and Jīva (Jainism), Jainism. The word itself originates from the Sanskrit verb-root ''jīv'', which translates as 'to breathe' or 'to live'. The ''jiva'', as a metaphysical entity, has been described in various scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads. Each subschool of Vedanta describes the role of the ''jiva'' with the other metaphysical entities in varying capacities. The closest translation into English and Abrahamic philosophies would be the ''soul.'' Described in the scriptures A common metaphysical entity discussed in the scriptures (such as the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishad and Vachanamrut) in the seven schools of Vedanta is the ''jiva'' or Ātman (Hinduism), ''atman'': the soul or self. Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2 of the Bhagavad Gita contains verses describing the ''jiva''. For example, the ''jiva'' is described as eternal and indestruc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad (, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda. It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads. It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars. It discusses the syllable Aum; adds turiya to the three states of consciousness; and asserts that ''Aum'' is ''Brahman'' – which is the Whole – and that ''Brahman'' is this self ('' ātman'').Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 605-637 The Mandukya Upanishad is recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, in a dialogue between two of the most important characters of the Ramayana, Rama and Hanuman, as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain moksha, and as sixth in its list of ten principal Upanishads.Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 556-557 The text is also notable for inspiring Gaudapada's M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishvara
''Ishvara'' () is a concept in Hinduism, with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism. Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionarySearch for Izvara, University of Cologne, Germany In ancient texts of Hindu philosophy, depending on the context, ''Ishvara'' can mean lord, ruler, king, husband, queen, soul or the supreme Self ( Atman). In medieval era Hindu texts, depending on the school of Hinduism, ''Ishvara'' means God, Supreme Being, personal God, or special Self. In Shaivism, ''Ishvara'' is an epithet of Shiva.James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. , page 306 In Vaishnavism it is synonymous with Vishnu, like in his epithet of Venkateswara. In traditional Bhakti movements, ''Ishvara'' is one or more deities of an individual's preference ( Iṣṭa-devatā) from Hinduism's polytheistic canon of deities. In modern-day sectarian movements such as Arya Samaj and Brahmoism, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
