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Philosophy Of Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy has been a major influence in the development of 20th century philosophy, especially Existentialism and Postmodernism. Kierkegaard was a 19th century Danish philosopher who has been called the "Father of Existentialism". His philosophy also influenced the development of existential psychology.Matustik, M. J. and M. Westphal (eds). ''Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity'', Indiana University Press, 1995, ISBN 0253209676 Kierkegaard criticized aspects of the philosophical systems that were brought on by philosophers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel before him and the Danish Hegelians. He was also indirectly influenced by the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.Green, Ronald M. ''Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt''. SUNY Press, 1992, ISBN 0791411079 He measured himself against the model of philosophy which he found in Socrates, which aims to draw one's attention not to explanatory systems, but rather to the issue of how one exists. One of Kierkegaard's recur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Psychology
Existential therapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of human nature and experience developed by the existential tradition of European philosophy. It focuses on the psychological experience revolving around universal human truths of existence such as death, freedom, isolation and the search for the meaning of life. Existential therapists largely reject the medical model of mental illness that views mental health symptoms as the result of biological causes. Rather, symptoms such as anxiety, alienation and depression arise because of attempts to deny or avoid the givens of existence, often resulting in an existential crisis. For example, existential therapists highlight the fact that since we have the freedom to choose, there will always be uncertainty - and therefore, there will always be a level of existential anxiety present in our lives. Existential therapists also draw heavily from the methods of phenomenology, a philosophical approach developed by Edmund Huss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ersatz
An ersatz good () is a substitute good, especially one that is considered inferior to the good it replaces. It has particular connotations of wartime usage. Etymology ''Ersatz'' is a German word meaning ''substitute'' or ''replacement''. Although it is used as an adjective in English, it is a noun in German. In German orthography noun phrases formed are usually represented as a single word, forming compound nouns such as ''Ersatzteile'' ("spare parts") or ''Ersatzspieler'' ("substitute player"). While ''ersatz'' in English generally means that the substitution is of unsatisfactory or inferior quality compared with the "real thing", in German, there is no such implication: e.g., ''Ersatzteile'' 'spare parts' is a technical expression without any implication about quality, ''Kaffeeersatz'' ' coffee substitute' is a drink from something other than coffee beans, and ''Ersatzzug'' 'replacement train' performs a comparable service. The term for inferior substitute in German would be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epistolary Novel
An epistolary novel () is a novel written as a series of letters between the fictional characters of a narrative. The term is often extended to cover novels that intersperse other kinds of fictional document with the letters, most commonly diary entries and newspaper clippings, and sometimes considered to include novels composed of documents even if they do not include letters at all. More recently, epistolaries may include electronic documents such as recordings and radio, blog posts, and e-mails. The word '' epistolary'' is derived from Latin from the Greek word (), meaning a letter . This type of fiction is also sometimes known by the German term ''Briefroman'' or more generally as epistolary fiction. The epistolary form can be seen as adding greater realism to a story, due to the text existing diegetically within the lives of the characters. It is in particular able to demonstrate differing points of view without recourse to the device of an omniscient narrator. An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Either/Or
Either/or and related terms may refer to: * ''Either/Or'' (Kierkegaard book), an 1843 book by Søren Kierkegaard * ''Either/Or'' (Batuman novel), a 2022 novel by Elif Batuman * ''Either/Or'' (album), a 1997 album by Elliott Smith * ''Either/Or'', a 1999 British comedy game show written and presented by Simon Munnery * ''either...or'' and ''neither...nor'', examples of correlative conjunctions in English * Exclusive or, the logical meaning of "either ... or ... but not both" * Logical disjunction, the logical meaning of "either ... or ... or both" * Either-or fallacy, another name for false dilemma * Either–or topology, a structure in mathematics See also *For some other uses of the English words ''either'' and ''neither'': **Correlative conjunction **English determiners **Indefinite pronoun **Wiktionary entries for ''either'' and ''neither'' *Or (other) * Nor (other) * * *Ether Or ''Ether Or'' is a live performance album by SubArachnoid Space, released in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Despair
Existentialism is a family of philosophical views and inquiry that explore the human individual's struggle to lead an authentic life despite the apparent absurdity or incomprehensibility of existence. In examining meaning, purpose, and value, existentialist thought often includes concepts such as existential crises, angst, courage, and freedom. Existentialism is associated with several 19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite often profound differences in thought. Among the 19th-century figures now associated with existentialism are philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky, all of whom critiqued rationalism and concerned themselves with the problem of meaning. The word ''existentialism'', however, was not coined until the mid 20th century, during which it became most associated with contemporaneous philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, Simone de Beau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the culture, cultural and society, social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Original Sin
Original sin () in Christian theology refers to the condition of sinfulness that all humans share, which is inherited from Adam and Eve due to the Fall of man, Fall, involving the loss of original righteousness and the distortion of the Image of God. The biblical basis for the belief is generally found in Fall of man#Genesis 3, Genesis 3 (the story of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden), and in texts such as ("I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me") and ("Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned"). The specific doctrine of original sin was developed in the 2nd century struggle against Gnosticism by Irenaeus of Lyons, and was shaped significantly by Augustine of Hippo (354–430 AD), who was the first author to use the phrase "original sin". Influenced by Augustine, the Councils of Carthage (411–418 AD) and Council of Orange ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam And Eve
Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, were the first man and woman. They are central to the belief that humanity is in essence a single family, with everyone descended from a single pair of original ancestors. They also provide the basis for the doctrines of the fall of man and original sin, which are important beliefs in Christianity, although not held in Judaism or Islam. In the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, chapters one through five, there are two Genesis creation narrative, creation narratives with two distinct perspectives. In the first, Adam and Eve are not named. Instead, God in Christianity, God created humankind in image of God, God's image and instructed them to multiply and to be Stewardship (theology), stewards over everything else that God had made. In the second narrative, God fashions Adam from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden. Adam is told that he can eat freely of all the trees in the garden, Taboo#In religion a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Concept Of Anxiety
''The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin'' () is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. It explores the concept of anxiety as it relates to human freedom, original sin, and existential choice. The first English translation of the work, published in 1944 by Walter Lowrie, was titled ''The Concept of Dread''. ''The Concept of Anxiety'' was dedicated "to the late professor Poul Martin Møller" and written under the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis, which means "Watchman of Copenhagen" in Latin. Kierkegaard presents anxiety as "freedom’s actuality as the possibility of possibility", using the example of a man standing at the edge of a cliff, simultaneously fearing and feeling drawn to the possibility of jumping. This concept, which he calls the "dizziness of freedom", illustrates the existential tension between choice and responsibility. Themes and analysis ''The Conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angst
Angst is a feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or insecurity. ''Anguish'' is its Romance languages, Latinate cognate, equivalent, and the words ''anxious'' and ''anxiety'' are of similar origin. Etymology The word ''angst'' was introduced into English from the Danish language, Danish, Norwegian language, Norwegian, and Dutch language, Dutch word and the German language, German word . It is attested since the 19th century in English translations of the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Sigmund Freud. It is used in English to describe an intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil. In other languages (with words from the Latin for "fear" or "panic"), the derived words differ in meaning; for example, as in the French and . The word ''angst'' has existed in German since the 8th century, from the Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European root , "restraint" from which Old High German developed. It is pre-cognate with the Latin , "tensity, tightness" and , " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
