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Operaismo
Workerism is a political theory that emphasizes the importance of or glorifies the working class. Workerism, or , was of particular significance in Italian left-wing politics. As revolutionary praxis Workerism (or ) is a political analysis, whose main elements were to merge into autonomism, that starts out from the power of the working class. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, known as operaist and autonomist writers, offer a definition of , quoting from Marx as they do so: : builds on Marx's claim that capital reacts to the struggles of the working class; the working class is active and capital reactive. :Technological development: Where there are strikes, machines will follow. "It would be possible to write a whole history of the inventions made since 1830 for the sole purpose of providing capital with weapons against working-class revolt." (''Capital'', Vol. 1, Chapter 15, Section 5) :Political development: The factory legislation in England was a response to the worki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomist
Autonomism, also known as autonomist Marxism is an anti-capitalist left-wing political and social movement and theory. As a theoretical system, it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (). Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno and Franco "Bifo" Berardi. George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements saying that "In contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives, seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside". This has involved a call for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mario Tronti
Mario Tronti (born 24 July 1931 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher and politician, considered one of the founders of the theory of operaismo in the 1960s. An active member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) during the 1950s, he was, with Raniero Panzieri, amongst the founders of the '' Quaderni Rossi'' (Red Notebooks) review from which he split in 1963 to found the '' Classe Operaia'' (Working Class) review. This evolving journey progressively distanced him from the PCI, without ever formally leaving, and engaged him in the radical experiences of operaismo. Such experience, considered by many to be the matrix of Italian Autonomist Marxism in the 1960s, was characterised by challenging the roles of the traditional organisations of the workers' movement (the unions and the parties) and the direct engagement, without intermediaries, with the working class itself and to the struggles in the factories. Influenced philosophically by the work of Galvano Della Volpe, which led him ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classe Operaia
''Classe Operaia'' (Italian: ''Working Class'') was a Marxist monthly magazine which was published in Italy for three years between 1964 and 1967. Its subtitle was "political monthly of the workers in struggle." History and profile ''Classe Operaia'' was founded by a group of Marxist intellectuals who left another Marxist magazine entitled ''Quaderni Rossi''. The first issue of ''Classe Operaia'' came out in January 1964. Asor Rosa and Mario Tronti co-edited the magazine from its start in 1964 to 1966. One of the contributors was philosopher Antonio Negri Antonio "Toni" Negri (born 1 August 1933) is an Italian Spinozistic-Marxist sociologist and political philosopher, best known for his co-authorship of '' Empire'' and secondarily for his work on Spinoza. Born in Padua, he became a politica .... Target audience of ''Classe Operaia'' was the workers. The magazine's debut editorial, "Lenin in Inghilterra" (Italian: "Lenin in England"), by Mario Tronti emphasized the nee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raniero Panzieri
Raniero Panzieri (14 February 1921 – Turin, 9 October 1964) was an Italian politician, writer and Marxist theoretician, considered as the founder of operaismo. Biography Raniero Panzieri was born in Rome. He lived in Sicily and was active in the ranks of the Italian Socialist Party. Whilst taking an active part in struggles for land reform, he began to write. In 1953 he became a member of the central committee of the PSI and then in 1957 the co-director of the theoretical review '' Mondo operaio'' (Workers World), which he turned into a discussion forum for the left of the party. During this period he translated Karl Marx's ''Capital'' into Italian. At the 1959 congress of the Italian Socialist Party, he opposed the creation of a governmental accord with the Italian Christian Democratic Party. This led to his expulsion from the party. He then moved to Turin, where he worked for the Einaudi publishing house. He forged links with several groups of militant trade unionists, soci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Negri
Antonio "Toni" Negri (born 1 August 1933) is an Italian Spinozistic-Marxist sociologist and political philosopher, best known for his co-authorship of '' Empire'' and secondarily for his work on Spinoza. Born in Padua, he became a political philosophy professor in his hometown university. Negri founded the '' Potere Operaio'' (Worker Power) group in 1969 and was a leading member of '' Autonomia Operaia''. As one of the most popular theorists of Autonomism, he has published hugely influential books urging "revolutionary consciousness." He was accused in the late 1970s of various charges including being the mastermind of the left-wing terrorist organization Red Brigades (''Brigate Rosse'' or BR), involved in the May 1978 kidnapping of Aldo Moro, two-time prime minister of Italy, and leader of the Christian-Democrat Party, among others. He was wrongly suspected to have made a threatening phone call on behalf of the BR, but the court was unable to conclusively prove his t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaderni Rossi
''Quaderni Rossi'' ( Italian:Red Notebooks) was an Italian political journal founded in 1961 which became one of the primary sources of autonomist Marxism. The first issue appeared on 30 September 1961. Raniero Panzieri played a central role in founding the journal alongside Mario Tronti, Romano Alquati, Antonio (Toni) Negri, Alberto Asor Rosa, and Danilo Montaldi. In August 1963, '' Classe Operaia'', led by Tronti, broke away, leaving a group around Panzieri and Vittorio Rieser Vittorio is an Italian male given name which has roots from the Byzantine-Bulgarian name Victor. People with the given name Vittorio include: * Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, pretender to the former Kingdom of Italy * Vittorio Adorni, prof ... running ''Quaderni Rossi''. Following the death of Panzieri in 1964, the journal continued until 1966 but without the same impact as it had previously enjoyed. References External links Quaderni RossiExcerpt from ''Storming Heaven'' (2002). 1961 es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region. Italy is also considered part of Western Europe, and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. It has a territorial exclave in Switzerland, Campione. Italy covers an area of , with a population of over 60 million. It is the third-most populous member state of the European Union, the sixth-most populous country in Europe, and the tenth-largest country in the continent by land area. Italy's capital and largest city is Rome. Italy was the native place of many civilizations such as the Italic peoples and the Etruscans, while due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, the country has also historically b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hot Autumn
The Hot Autumn ( it, Autunno caldo) of 1969–70 is a term used for a series of large strikes in the factories and industrial centers of Northern Italy, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions. During 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour migration from Southern Italy had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the northern part of the country, meaning that the workforce there now had the leverage to start flexing its muscles. Overview Due to increased literacy levels in general and especially among workers, following a wave of student protests influenced by similar events in May 1968 in France, leftist students started agitating for social reforms and increased class consciousness. Workers joined in on these protests and began to demand increased wages. Many of them were being laid off because of increased efficiencies in factories. Not all of the workers' demands for collective control came a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Factory
The Social factory is a concept developed in the 1960s to help analyse how capitalist social relations had expanded outside the sphere of production to that of society as a whole. Mario Tronti was one of the first theorists to develop the term in his text ''Factory and Society'' (1962). Here Tronti uses the Marxist distinction between absolute and relative surplus value to explain how technical and social processes of late capitalist society become entwined, so that "the whole of society lives as a function of the factory and the factory extends its exclusive domination to the whole of society". Origins in ''Quaderni Rossi'' ''Quaderni Rossi ''Quaderni Rossi'' ( Italian:Red Notebooks) was an Italian political journal founded in 1961 which became one of the primary sources of autonomist Marxism. The first issue appeared on 30 September 1961. Raniero Panzieri played a central role in ...'' References {{Reflist Autonomism Marxist theory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
