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Muwatalli II
Muwatalli II (also Muwatallis, or Muwatallish; meaning "mighty") was a king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite empire c. 1295–1282 ( middle chronology) and 1295–1272 BC in the short chronology. Biography He was the eldest son of Mursili II and Queen Gassulawiya, and he had several siblings. He is best known for relocating the Hittite capital to Tarhuntassa, appointing his brother Hattusili as governor in Hattusa, and fighting Ramesses II in the Battle of Kadesh. A copy of a treaty has been recovered between him and Alaksandu, ruler of Wilusa (Troy), one of the Arzawa lands. Egyptologists suspect that some time prior to Ramesses II's accession to the Egyptian throne, Muwattalli had reached an informal peace treaty or understanding with Seti I over Kadesh to avoid a clash between the two powers over control of Syria. In it, Seti effectively ceded Kadesh to the Hittite king in order to focus on domestic issues in Egypt. Muwatalli had a wife named Tanu-Ḫepa and at leas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittites
The Hittites () were an Anatolian peoples, Anatolian Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of the Bronze Age in West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in modern-day Turkey in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hittites formed a series of Polity, polities in north-central Anatolia, including the kingdom of Kussara (before 1750 BC), the Kültepe, Kanesh or Nesha Kingdom (–1650 BC), and an empire centered on their capital, Hattusa (around 1650 BC). Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians. Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were one of the dominant powers of the Near East, coming into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troy
Troy (/; ; ) or Ilion (; ) was an ancient city located in present-day Hisarlik, Turkey. It is best known as the setting for the Greek mythology, Greek myth of the Trojan War. The archaeological site is open to the public as a tourist destination, and was added to the List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey, UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998. Troy was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt during its 4000 years of occupation. As a result, the site is divided into nine Stratigraphy (archaeology), archaeological layers, each corresponding to a city built on the ruins of the previous. Archaeologists refer to these layers using Roman numerals, Troy I being the earliest and Troy IX being the latest. Troy was first settled around 3600 BC and grew into a small fortified city around 3000 BC (Troy I). Among the early layers, Troy II is notable for its wealth and imposing architecture. During the Late Bronze Age, Troy was called Wilusa and was a vassal of the Hittite Empire. The final layer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danuhepa
Tanuhepa (''Danuhepa''; fl. 1300 BCE) was queen of the Hittite Empire, as the second wife of Muršili II. During the reign of the next Hittite king, her stepson Muwatalli II, she was put on trial and probably banished. However she was reinstated during the reign of the following king, Mursili III. She came from a Hurrian The Hurrians (; ; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age. They spoke the Hurro-Urartian language, Hurrian language, and lived throughout northern Syria (region) ... background. References Hittite queens Hurrians 14th-century BC women {{AncientNearEast-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Akhenaton or Echnaton ( ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning 'Effective for the Aten'), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Eighteenth Dynasty. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV (, meaning "Amun is satisfied", Hellenized as ''Amenophis IV''). As a pharaoh, Akhenaten is noted for abandoning traditional ancient Egyptian religion of polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten. The views of Egyptologists differ as to whether the religious policy was absolutely monotheism, monotheistic, or whether it was monolatristic, religious syncretism, syncretistic, or henotheistic. This culture shift away from traditional religion was reversed after his death. Akhenaten's monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were destroyed, and his name Damnatio memoriae, excluded from regnal list, lists of rulers compiled by lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Itamar Singer
Itamar Singer (; November 26, 1946 – September 19, 2012) was an Israeli author and historian of Jewish-Romanian origin. He is known for his research of the Ancient Near East and as a leading Hittitologist, pioneering the study of this ancient Anatolians culture in Israel and elucidating the tensions which brought about its demise. Personal background Itamar Singer was born on November 26, 1946, in Dej, in the multiethnic Transylvanian region of Romania. He was the son of Zoltán and Gertrude Singer. The Hungarian-speaking family moved to Cluj (''Kolozsvár'') when Singer was five years old. They relocated to Israel in 1958, where they settled in the new town of Holon. Singer married Argentinean-born Egyptologist, Dr. Graciela Noemi Gestoso. Career He studied for his bachelor's degree in archaeology and geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem graduating in 1968 and then went on to pursue his masters at Tel Aviv while fulfilling his national service obligat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piyama-Radu
Piyamaradu (also spelled ''Piyama-Radu'', ''Piyama Radu'', ''Piyamaradus'', ''Piyamaraduš'') was a warlord mentioned in Hittite documents from the middle and late 13th century BC. As an ally of the Ahhiyawa, he led or supported insurrections against the Hittite empire in Western Anatolia. His history is of particular interest since his area of activity may have included Wilusa, thus suggesting a potential connection to the myth of the Trojan War. Meaning of the name The name appears to be a compound with Luwian ''piyama'' "gift" as its first part. Other Luwian names containing the same word are attested, such as Piyama-Kurunta. The second part of the word was earlier believed to be an unknown theonym *''Radu'', but since Luwian words do not start with an ''r'', it must be ''aradu'', which may be a noun meaning "devotee", derived "from *''arada-'' 'religious community (vel sim.)', itself a derivative of *''ara-'' 'associate' (cf. Hittite ''ara-'' 'id.'). The identity and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaskians
The Kaska (also Kaška, later Tabal (state), Tabalian Kasku and Gasga) were a loosely affiliated Bronze Age non-Indo-European tribal people, who spoke the unclassified Kaskian language and lived in mountainous East Pontus (region), Pontic Anatolia, known from Hittites, Hittite sources. They lived in the mountainous region between the core Hittite region in eastern Anatolia and the Black Sea, and are cited as the reason that the later Hittites#History, Hittite Empire never extended northward to that area. They are sometimes identified with the Caucones known from Greek records. History The Kaska, probably originating from the eastern shore of the Propontis,Cyril Toumanoff, Toumanoff, Cyril (1967). ''Studies in Christian Caucasian History'', pp. 55–56. Georgetown University Press. may have displaced the speakers of the Palaic language from their homes in Pala (Anatolia), Pala. The Kaska first appear in the Hittite prayer inscriptions that date from the reign of Hantili II, c. 14 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫattušili III
Hattusili III (Hittite language, Hittite: "from Hattusa") was king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) –1245 BC (middle chronology) or 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline)., pp.xiii-xiv Early life and family Much of what is known about the childhood of Hattusili III is gathered from a biographical account, written on a stone tablet during his reign, referred to as the ''Apology''. Hattusili III was born the youngest of four children to the Hittite king Mursili II and queen Gassulawiya. According to Hattusili III himself, he was an ill and sickly child who was initially expected not to survive to adulthood. Hattusili III credited the goddess Inanna, Ishtar with saving his life during this period, and would remain an ardent patron of Ishtar indefinitely. Due to his place as the youngest son, Hattusili III did not become king after the death of his father. Instead his older brother Muwatalli II, Muwattalli II ascended the throne. Before becoming king, Hattusili III mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tudhaliya I
Tudḫaliya is the name of several Hittite kings or royals. It is not clear how many kings bore that name, and numbering schemes vary from source to source. *Tudḫaliya (sometimes called Tudḫaliya I) is deduced from his early placement in a later offering list as a hypothetical pre-Empire king who might have reigned in the early 17th century BC. * Tudḫaliya I (sometimes considered identical with the following, as Tudḫaliya I/II ), ruled in the mid-15th century BC, son of Kantuzzili. * Tudḫaliya II (sometimes considered identical with the preceding, as Tudḫaliya I/II or renumbered as Tudḫaliya I ), ruled at the start of the 14th century BC, father-in-law of Arnuwanda I. * Tudḫaliya III (sometimes renumbered as Tudḫaliya II ), in the early 14th century BC, the son of Arnuwanda I and predecessor of Šuppiluliuma I. * Tudḫaliya the Younger (sometimes numbered as Tudḫaliya III ), in the mid-14th century BC, the son of Tudḫaliya III, he probably never reigned. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muwatalli I
:''See also Muwatalli II'' Muwatalli I (meaning "mighty") was a king of the Hittites. Biography Muwatalli killed his predecessor Huzziya II. He was the Chief of the Royal Bodyguard (a position known as the Gal mesedi) of Huzziya, but later he killed him. He may have been Huzziya's younger brother. Muwatalli's Chief of the Royal Bodyguard was called Muwa. Muwattalli himself was killed in a palace by Himuili, the Chief of the Palace Servants, and Kantuzili, the Overseer of the Gold Chariot A chariot is a type of vehicle similar to a cart, driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid Propulsion, motive power. The oldest known chariots have been found in burials of the Sintashta culture in modern-day Chelyabinsk O ... Fighters. His wife was called Walanni.''The Tawananna in the Hittite kingdom'' by Shoshana R. Bin-Nun External linksReign of Muwatalli I at Hittites.info Sources Hittite kings 15th-century BC monarchs {{MEast-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maathorneferure
Maathorneferure (Hieroglyphic: ''Mȝʿt-Ḥr-nfrw-Rʿ'', Maʿat-ḥōr-nefrurēʿ) was an ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II (1279–1213 BC, according to the standard "Low Chronology" for Egypt). Family Maathorneferure was a daughter of the Hittites, Hittite king Hattusili III and his wife, Queen Puduhepa. She was the sister of the crown prince Nerikkaili of Hatti and the sister of the later Hittite king Tudhaliya IV. The Egyptian sources claim that Maathornefrure was the eldest daughter of her parents, specifically identified as the king and queen of the Hittites. Maathorneferure was married to the Ancient Egypt, Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in his Year 34, becoming a senior queen, the King's Great Wife. Ramesses II's mother and first two chief queens had died before Year 34, which carried the potential that Maathornefrure would become the chief queen; nevertheless, she shared the title with several of Ramesses II's daughters. The status ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurunta
Kurunta () or Kurunti(ya) is the Hittite mythology, Hittite stag god and a tutelary god of the countryside. Name The name of Kurunta is spelled as (DEUS)CERVUS in Hieroglyphic Luwian, or as dKAL in Hittite cuneiform. As dKAL has to be read as dLAMMA following Assyriological tradition, many times it is directly transliterated as dLAMMA instead. Kurunta was attested as Runti(ya) in the first millennium BC, although there is a possibility that the loss of the initial syllable may have occurred during the time of the Hittites, Hittite New Kingdom/Empire period. Character and iconography Kurunta is a tutelary deity, as seen from the usage of the sign dKAL which corresponds to dLAMMA. However, there are still differences between the Hittite dKAL deities and the Mesopotamian dLAMMA deities, such as that KAL and LAMMA have different meanings, and Archi adds that unlike the Mesopotamian dLAMMA the Hittite dKAL deities were always considered male. His sacred animal is the stag. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
