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MODS Disc
Optical storage refers to a class of data storage systems that use light to read or write data to an underlying optical media. Although a number of optical formats have been used over time, the most common examples are optical disks like the compact disc (CD) and digital versatile disc (DVD). Reading and writing methods have also varied over time, but most modern systems use lasers as the light source and use it both for reading and writing to the discs. '' Britannica'' notes that it "uses low-power laser beams to record and retrieve digital (binary) data." Overview Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blank Recordable DVD-R Discs Underside Shallow Focus
Blank or Blanks may refer to: *Blank (archaeology), a thick, shaped stone biface for refining into a stone tool *Blank (cartridge), a type of gun cartridge *Blank (Scrabble), a playing piece in the board game Scrabble *Blank (solution), a solution containing no analyte *A planchet or blank, a round metal disk to be struck as a coin *Application blank, a space provided for data on a form *Glass blank, an unfinished piece of glass *Intake blank, used to cover aircraft components *Key blank, an uncut key *About:blank, a Web browser function *Blank (playing card), playing card in card-point games Created works *Blank (Eyehategod song), "Blank" (Eyehategod song), a track on the album ''Take as Needed for Pain'' *Blank (2009 film), ''Blank'' (2009 film), a French drama film *Blank (2019 film), ''Blank'' (2019 film), an Indian action thriller film *The Blanks, an American a cappella group *"Blank!", a 1957 short story by Isaac Asimov *''(BLANK), [BLANK]'', a 2019 play by Alice Birch * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flash Memory
Flash memory is an Integrated circuit, electronic Non-volatile memory, non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR gate, NOR and NAND gate, NAND logic gates. Both use the same cell design, consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs. They differ at the circuit level, depending on whether the state of the bit line or word lines is pulled high or low; in NAND flash, the relationship between the bit line and the word lines resembles a NAND gate; in NOR flash, it resembles a NOR gate. Flash memory, a type of floating-gate memory, was invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in 1980 and is based on EEPROM technology. Toshiba began marketing flash memory in 1987. EPROMs had to be erased completely before they could be rewritten. NAND flash memory, however, may be erased, written, and read in blocks (or pages), which generally are much smaller than the entire devi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foto-Mem FM 390
Foto-Mem Inc. was a US company that attempted to introduce very large computer memory systems based on optical storage on microfiche cards. An alternate product line based on the same mechanical systems allowed a single microfiche card to be displayed on multiple workstations, intended for large libraries where a single card might be used by several people at once. Only one such system was ever delivered, a microfiche reader for ''The New York Times''; this system was never successful and the company failed as a result. FM 390 The company was formed on May 5, 1967 by James Laura, who considered himself primarily a financial consultant, but had some experience in computers. His idea was to use existing microfiche systems to develop a computer memory system with a "multi-billion bit capacity", a concept IBM had recently introduced in a more complex and less-standard fashion as the IBM 1360 ''Photostore''. The 1360 used custom film "chips" packed into custom boxes used with custom h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electron Gun
file:Egun.jpg, Electron gun from a cathode-ray tube file:Vidicon Electron Gun.jpg, The electron gun from an RCA Vidicon video camera tube An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimation, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy. The largest use is in cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), used in older television sets, computer displays and oscilloscopes, before the advent of flat-panel displays. Electron guns are also used in field-emission display, field-emission displays (FEDs), which are essentially flat-panel displays made out of rows of extremely small cathode-ray tubes. They are also used in microwave linear beam vacuum tubes such as klystrons, inductive output tubes, travelling-wave tubes, and gyrotrons, as well as in scientific instruments such as electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Electron guns may be classified by the type of electric field generation (DC or RF), by e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photocell
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are devices that detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in a wide range of applications, from digital imaging and optical communication to scientific research and industrial automation. Photodetectors can be classified by their mechanism of detection, such as the photoelectric effect, photochemical reactions, or thermal effects, or by performance metrics like spectral response. Common types include photodiode, photodiodes, phototransistor, phototransistors, and photomultiplier tube, photomultiplier tubes, each suited to specific uses. Solar cell, Solar cells, which convert light into electricity, are also a type of photodetector. This article explores the principles behind photodetectors, their various types, applications, and recent advancements in the field. History The development of photodetectors began with the discovery of the photoelectric effect by H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incandescent Lamp
An incandescent light bulb, also known as an incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe, is an electric light that produces illumination by Joule heating a filament until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb that is either evacuated or filled with inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Electric current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 1360
The IBM 1360 Photo-Digital Storage System, or PDSS, was an online archival storage system for large data centers. It was the first storage device designed from the start to hold a terabit of data (128 gigabytes, GB). The 1360 stored data on index card sized pieces of stiff photographic film that were individually retrieved and read, and could be updated by copying data, with changes, to a new card. Only six PDSSs were constructed, including the prototype, and IBM abandoned the film-card system and moved on to other storage systems soon after. Only one similar commercial system seems to have been developed, the Foto-Mem FM 390, from the late 1960s. History Walnut In the mid-1950s IBM's IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose lab was contracted by the CIA to provide a system to retrieve vast numbers of printed documents. The lab was interested in using a new type of photographic film known as Kalvar. Kalvar was developed to make copies of existing microfilm stock, simply by placi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automatic Language Translator
IBM's Automatic Language Translator was a machine translation system that converted Russian documents into English. It used an optical disc that stored 170,000 word-for-word and statement-for-statement translations and a custom computer to look them up at high speed. Built for the US Air Force's Foreign Technology Division, the AN/GSQ-16 (or XW-2) as it was known to the Air Force, was primarily used to convert Soviet technical documents for distribution to western scientists. The translator was installed in 1959, dramatically upgraded in 1964, and was eventually replaced by a mainframe running SYSTRAN in 1970. In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "''AN/GSQ-16''" designation represents the 16th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for ground special combination equipment. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems. History Photoscopic store The translator began in a June 1953 contract from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Format War
A format war is a competition between similar but mutually incompatible technical standards that compete for the same market, such as for data storage devices and recording formats for electronic media. It is often characterized by political and financial influence on content publishers by the developers of the technologies. Developing companies may be characterized as engaging in a format war if they actively oppose or avoid interoperable open-industry technical standards in favor of their own. A format war emergence can be explained because each vendor is trying to exploit cross-side network effects in a two-sided market. There is also a social force to stop a format war: when one of them wins as ''de facto'' standard, it solves a coordination problemEdna Ullmann-Margalit: ''The Emergence of Norms'', Oxford Un. Press, 1977. (or Clarendon Press 1978) for the format users. 19th century *Rail gauge. The Gauge War in Britain pitted the Great Western Railway, which used broad g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megabyte
The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB. The unit prefix ''mega'' is a multiplier of (106) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. In the computer and information technology fields, other definitions have been used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one megabyte as (220 B), a quantity that conveniently expresses the binary architecture of digital computer memory. Standards bodies have deprecated this binary usage of the mega- prefix in favor of a new set of binary prefixes, by means of which the quantity 220 B is named mebibyte (symbol MiB). Definitions The unit megabyte is commonly used for 10002 (one million) bytes or 10242 bytes. The interpretation of using base 1024 originated as technical jargon for the byte m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compact Discs
The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. It employs the Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) standard and was capable of holding of uncompressed stereo audio. First released in Japan in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc format to reach the market, following the larger LaserDisc (LD). In later years, the technology was adapted for computer data storage as CD-ROM and subsequently expanded into various writable and multimedia formats. , over 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs, and CD-Rs) had been sold worldwide. Standard CDs have a diameter of and typically hold up to 74 minutes of audio or approximately of data. This was later regularly extended to 80 minutes or by reducing the spacing between data tracks, with some discs unofficially reaching up to 99 minutes or which falls outside established specifications. Smaller variants, such as the Mini CD, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Jukebox
An optical jukebox is a robotic data storage device that can automatically load and unload optical discs from drives, such as CD, DVD, Blu-ray, or UDO to provide terabytes (TB) or petabytes (PB) of tertiary storage. Such systems are also called optical disk libraries, optical storage archives, robotic drives, disc changers, or autochangers. Jukeboxes can fit hundreds of discs in a desktop or 5 U carousel box or thousands in a full- rack cabinet, and usually have a picking device that traverses the slots and drives. Arrangement of the slots and picking devices affects performance and maintenance costs, depending on the robotics design, the space between a disk and the picking device, and number of drives. Seek times and transfer rates vary depending upon the drive used. Similar systems exist using other media, such as the magnetic cassette-based tape library. History and function One of the first examples of an optical jukebox was the unit designed and built at the Royal Aer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
