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Laurite
Laurite is an opaque black, metallic ruthenium sulfide mineral with formula: RuS2. It crystallizes in the isometric system. It is in the pyrite structural group. Though it's been found in many localities worldwide, it is extremely rare. Laurite has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 and a specific gravity of 6.43. It can contain osmium, rhodium, iridium, and iron substituting for the ruthenium. The sulfur is present as the disulfide ion, , so the ruthenium is in the Ru(II) oxidation state. Discovery and occurrence It was discovered in 1866 in Borneo, Malaysia and named for Laurie, the wife of Charles A. Joy, an American chemist. It occurs in ultramafic magmatic cumulate deposits and sedimentary placer deposits derived from them. It occurs associated with cooperite, braggite, sperrylite, other minerals of the platinum group elements and chromite. Synthetic RuS2 is a highly active catalyst for hydrodesulfurization Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), also called hydrotreatment or hydrotre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrite Group
The pyrite group of minerals is a set of cubic crystal system minerals with diploidal structure. Each metallic element is bonded to six "dumbbell" pairs of non-metallic elements and each "dumbbell" pair is bonded to six metal atoms. The group is named for its most common member, pyrite (fool's gold), which is sometimes explicitly distinguished from the group's other members as ''iron pyrite''. Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrite) is magnetic, and is composed of iron and sulfur, but it has a different structure and is not in the pyrite group. Pyrite group minerals Pyrite-group minerals include: * Aurostibite * Cattierite * Dzharkenite * Erlichmanite * Fukuchilite * Gaotaiite * Geversite * Hauerite * Insizwaite * Kruťaite * Krutovite * Laurite * Penroseite * Pyrite The mineral pyrite ( ), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula Fe S2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral. Py ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfide Mineral
The sulfide minerals are a class of minerals containing sulfide (S2−) or disulfide () as the major anion. Some sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. The sulfide class also includes the selenide mineral, selenides, the telluride mineral, tellurides, the arsenide mineral, arsenides, the antimonide mineral, antimonides, the bismuthinides, the sulfarsenides and the sulfosalts.http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sort-met.hod/group/sulfgrp.htm Minerals.net Dana Classification, SulfidesKlein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr., 1986, ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, 20th ed., pp 269-293 Sulfide minerals are inorganic compounds. Minerals Common or important examples include: * Acanthite *Chalcocite *Bornite *Galena *Sphalerite *Chalcopyrite *Pyrrhotite *Millerite *Pentlandite *Covellite *Cinnabar *Realgar *Orpiment *Stibnite *Pyrite *Marcasite *Molybdenite Sulfarsenides: *Cobaltite *Arsenopyrite *Gersdorffite Sulfosalts: *Pyrargyrite *Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromite
Chromite is a crystalline mineral composed primarily of iron(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide compounds. It can be represented by the chemical formula of Iron, FeChromium, Cr2Oxygen, O4. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. The element magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (Magnesium, MgChromium, Cr2Oxygen, O4). Substitution of the element aluminium can also occur, leading to hercynite (Iron, FeAluminum, Al2Oxygen, O4). Chromite today is mined particularly to make stainless steel through the production of ferrochrome (Iron, FeChromium, Cr), which is an iron-chromium alloy. Chromite grains are commonly found in large mafic igneous intrusions such as the Bushveld in South Africa and India. Chromite is iron-black in color with a metallic Lustre (mineralogy), luster, a dark brown Streak (mineralogy), streak and a hardness on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Mohs scale of 5.5. Properties Chromite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placer Deposit
In geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific source rock during sedimentary processes. The name is from the Spanish language, Spanish word ''placer'', meaning "alluvium, alluvial sand". Placer mining is an important source of gold, and was the main technique used in the early years of many gold rushes, including the California Gold Rush. Types of placer deposits include alluvium, eluvium, beach placers, aeolian placers and paleo-placers. Placer materials must be both dense and resistant to weathering processes. To accumulate in placers, mineral particles must have a specific gravity above 2.58. Placer environments typically contain black sand, a conspicuous shiny black mixture of iron oxides, mostly magnetite with variable amounts of ilmenite and hematite. Valuable mineral components often occurring with black sands are monazite, rutile, zircon, chromite, wolframite, and cassiterite. Early mining opera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cooperite (mineral)
Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of platinum sulfide (), generally in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as palladium and nickel (PdS and NiS). Its general formula is . It is a dimorph of braggite. It is mined as an ore of platinum and platinum group metals such as palladium. It occurs in South Africa in minable quantities and in an old mine near Mount Washington on Vancouver Island. It was first described in 1928 for occurrences in the Bushveld Igneous Complex The Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) is the largest Layered intrusion, layered igneous intrusion within the Earth's Crust (geology), crust. It has been tilted and Erosion, eroded forming the outcrops around what appears to be the edge of a great Ba ... and named after South African metallurgist Richard A. Cooper who first characterized it. See also * List of minerals * List of minerals named after people References Webmineral data Platinum minerals Nickel minerals Palladium minerals Sulfide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braggite
Braggite is a sulfide mineral of platinum, palladium and nickel with chemical formula: (Pt, Pd, Ni)S. It is a dense (specific gravity of 10), steel grey, opaque mineral which crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. It is the central member in the platinum group end-members cooperite and vysotskite. It was first described in 1932 for an occurrence in the Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa. Its name came from William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) and his son, William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971). It was the first mineral that was discovered with the assistance of X rays. It occurs as magmatic segregations in layered igneous intrusions such as Bushveld, the Stillwater igneous complex, the Lac des Îles igneous complex, the island of Rùm intrusive, the Great Dyke and many others. It is one of the most common platinum group minerals. Composition The braggite composition series is between the platinum rich cooperite and palladium rich vysotskite end members in solid solu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sperrylite
Sperrylite is a platinum arsenide mineral with the chemical formula and is an opaque metallic tin white mineral which crystallizes in the isometric system with the pyrite group structure. It forms cubic, octahedral or pyritohedral crystals in addition to massive and reniform habits. It has a Mohs hardness of 6–7 and a very high specific gravity of 10.6. It was discovered by the American chemist Francis Louis Sperry in 1888-89 in ore from the Vermillion Mine, part of the Sudbury Basin discoveries, as he did a fire assay to determine the gold content of the ore for the Canadian Copper Company who were interested by the property. The most important occurrence of sperrylite is in the nickel ore deposit of Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada. It also occurs in the layered igneous complex of the Bushveld region of South Africa and the Oktyabr'skoye copper-nickel deposit near Noril'sk, Russia. Geologic occurrence Sperrylite is the most common platinum mineral, it generally oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platinum Group Elements
The platinum-group metals (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits. However, they can be further subdivided into the ''iridium-group platinum-group elements'' (IPGEs: Os, Ir, Ru) and the ''palladium-group platinum-group elements'' (PPGEs: Rh, Pt, Pd) based on their behaviour in geological systems. The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table (iron, nickel and cobalt) are all ferromagnetic; these, together with the lanthanide element gadolinium (at temperatures below 20 °C), are the only known transition metals that display ferromagnetism near room temperature. History Naturally occurring platinum an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur
Sulfur ( American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur ( Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.. Downloahere Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrodesulfurization
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), also called hydrotreatment or hydrotreating, is a catalytic chemical process widely used to desulfurization, remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from oil refinery, refined petroleum products, such as gasoline, gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils. The purpose of removing the sulfur, and creating products such as ultra-low-sulfur diesel, is to reduce the sulfur dioxide () emissions that result from using those fuels in automotive vehicles, aircraft, railroad locomotives, ships, gas or oil burning Fossil-fuel power station, power plants, residential and industrial furnaces, and other forms of fuel combustion. Another important reason for removing sulfur from the Petroleum naphtha, naphtha streams within a petroleum refinery is that sulfur, even in extremely low concentrations, catalyst poisoning, poisons the noble metal catalysts (platinum and rhenium) in the catalytic reforming units that are subsequently used to upgr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultramafic
Ultramafic rocks (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are usually composed of greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. Ultrabasic is a more inclusive term that includes igneous rocks with low silica content that may not be extremely enriched in Fe and Mg, such as carbonatites and ultrapotassic igneous rocks. Intrusive ultramafic rocks Intrusive ultramafic rocks are often found in large, layered ultramafic intrusions where differentiated rock types often occur in layers. Such cumulate rock types do not represent the chemistry of the magma from which they crystallized. The ultramafic intrusives include the dunites, peridotites and pyroxenites. Other rare varieties include troctolite which has a greater pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
