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Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras
The Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras (Sanskrit, Skt. ''Mahāprajñāpāramitā,'' ) is a group or family of Mahayana sutras of the Prajñāpāramitā (PP) genre.Zacchetti 2005 p. 17. Modern scholars consider these to be later expansions based on the earlier ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'', which is seen as a prototype of the Larger sutras.Nattier 1992, pp. 158, 202Conze, Edward (1974). ''The Gilgit manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā, chapters 70 to 82, corresponding to the 6th, 7th and 8th Abhisamayas''. Series Orientale Roma, 46, Roma, 1962, reprint 1974.Buswell Jr., Robert E; Lopez Jr. Donald S. (2013). ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', p. 618. Princeton University Press.Prebish, Charles S. (2010). ''Buddhism: A Modern Perspective,'' p. 70. Penn State Press. The various versions and translations of the "Large" Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras contain much shared content, as well as various differences, including being significant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illustrated Frontispiece To The Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra, 12th Century, Honolulu Museum Of Art6
An illustration is a decoration, interpretation, or visual explanation of a text, concept, or process, designed for integration in print and digitally published media, such as posters, Flyer (pamphlet), flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video games and films. An illustration is typically created by an illustrator. Digital illustrations are often used to make websites and apps more user-friendly, such as the use of emojis to accompany digital type. Illustration also means providing an example; either in writing or in picture form. The origin of the word "illustration" is late Middle English (in the sense ‘illumination; spiritual or intellectual enlightenment’): via Old French from Latin ''illustratio''(n-), from the verb ''illustrare''. Illustration styles Contemporary illustration uses a wide range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, Photomontage, montage, Interaction design, digital design, multimedia, 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prajnaparamita
file:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg, A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā means "the Perfection of Wisdom" or "Transcendental Knowledge" in Mahayana, Mahāyāna. Prajñāpāramitā refers to a perfected way of seeing the Ontology, nature of reality, as well as to a particular body of Mahayana sutras, Mahāyāna scriptures (sūtras), known as the Prajñāpāramitā sutras, which includes such texts as the Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra. The word ''Prajñāpāramitā'' combines the Sanskrit words ''Prajñā (Buddhism), prajñā'' "wisdom" (or "knowledge") with ''pāramitā'', "excellence," "perfection," "noble character quality," or "that which has gone beyond," "gone to the other side," "Transcendence (philosophy), transcending." Prajñāpāramitā is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism and is generally associated with ideas such as emptiness (''ś� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jizang
Jizang ( zh, c=吉藏, p=Jízàng, w=Chi-tsang. Japanese: ) (549–623) was a Persian- Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who is often regarded as the founder of East Asian Mādhyamaka. He is also known as Jiaxiang or Master Jiaxiang ( zh, t=嘉祥, w=chia hsiang) because he acquired fame at the Jiaxiang Temple. Biography Jizang was born in Jinling (modern Nanjing). Although his father had emigrated from Parthia, he was educated in the Chinese manner. He was quite precocious in spiritual matters and became a monk at age seven. When he was young, he studied with Falang (法朗, 507–581) at the Xinghuang Temple () in Nanjing, and studied the three Madhyamaka treatises ( The Treatise on the Middle Way, The Treatise on the Twelve Gates, and The One-Hundred-Verse Treatise) which had been translated by Kumarajiva more than a century before, and it is with these texts that he is most often identified. He became the head monk at Xinghuang Temple upon Falang's death in 581. At age 42, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kumārajīva
Kumārajīva (Sanskrit: कुमारजीव; , 344–413 CE) was a bhikkhu, Buddhist monk, scholar, missionary and translator from Kucha (present-day Aksu City, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China). Kumārajīva is seen as one of the greatest translators of Chinese Buddhism. According to Lu Cheng, Kumarajiva's translations are "unparalleled either in terms of translation technique or degree of fidelity". Kumārajīva first studied teachings of the Sarvastivada, Sarvastivadin schools, later studied under Buddhasvamin (monk), Buddhasvāmin, and finally became an adherent of Mahayana, Mahayana Buddhism, studying the Madhyamaka, Mādhyamaka doctrine of Nagarjuna, Nāgārjuna. After mastering the Chinese language, Kumārajīva settled as a translator and scholar in Chang'an (c. 401 CE) under the patronage of the Later Qin, Later Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the head of a team of translators which included his amanuensis Sengrui. This team was responsibl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Asian Buddhism
East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana is a collective term for the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism which developed across East Asia and which rely on the Chinese Buddhist canon. These include the various forms of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Buddhism.Jones, Charles B. (2021). ''Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice'', p. xii. Shambhala Publications, . East Asian Buddhists constitute the numerically largest body of Buddhist traditions in the world, numbering over half of the world's Buddhists. East Asian forms of Buddhism all derive from the sinicized Buddhist schools which developed during the Han dynasty and the Song dynasty, and therefore are influenced by Chinese culture and philosophy. The spread of Buddhism to East Asia was aided by the trade networks of the Silk Road and the missionary work of generations of Indian and Asian Buddhists. Some of the most influential East Asian traditions include Chan (Zen), Nichiren Buddhism, Pure Land, Huay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahāyāna ( ; , , ; ) is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India ( onwards). It is considered one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism, the others being Theravāda and Vajrayāna.Harvey (2013), p. 189. Mahāyāna accepts the main scriptures and teachings of early Buddhism but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the Mahāyāna sūtras and their emphasis on the ''bodhisattva'' path and ''Prajñāpāramitā''. Vajrayāna or Mantra traditions are a subset of Mahāyāna which makes use of numerous tantric methods Vajrayānists consider to help achieve Buddhahood. Mahāyāna also refers to the path of the bodhisattva striving to become a fully awakened Buddha for the benefit of all sentient beings, and is thus also called the "Bodhisattva Vehicle" (''Bodhisattvayāna''). Damien Keown (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jnanasutra
There appear to be two Jnanasutras, with different Tibetan orthographies for their names. The first, , flourished from the 5th-6th centuries. According to Dzogchen legends, he was an early Dzogchen practitioner of Vajrayāna Buddhism and a disciple of Sri Singha. This Jnanasutra was a spiritual brother of Vimalamitra, another principal disciple of Sri Singha. According to Tarthang Tulku (1980), the second ''Jnanasutra'' was the principal lotsawa () of the 8th-9th century of the first wave of translations from Sanskrit to Tibetan.Rhaldi, Sherab (undated). 'Ye-Shes-sDe; Tibetan Scholar and Saint'. ''Tibetan & Himalayan Digital Library''. Source(accessed: Wednesday April 1, 2009) In Jigme Lingpa's terma of the ngöndro In Tibetan Buddhism, Ngöndro (, ) refers to the preliminary, preparatory or foundational practices or disciplines (Sanskrit: sādhanā) common to all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism and also to Bon. They precede deity yoga. The preliminary pr ... of the Lon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prajnaparamita With Devotees, Folio From A Shatasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection Of Wisdom In 100,000 Verses) LACMA M
file:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg, A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā means "the Perfection of Wisdom" or "Transcendental Knowledge" in Mahayana, Mahāyāna. Prajñāpāramitā refers to a perfected way of seeing the Ontology, nature of reality, as well as to a particular body of Mahayana sutras, Mahāyāna scriptures (sūtras), known as the Prajñāpāramitā sutras, which includes such texts as the Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra. The word ''Prajñāpāramitā'' combines the Sanskrit words ''Prajñā (Buddhism), prajñā'' "wisdom" (or "knowledge") with ''pāramitā'', "excellence," "perfection," "noble character quality," or "that which has gone beyond," "gone to the other side," "Transcendence (philosophy), transcending." Prajñāpāramitā is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism and is generally associated with ideas such as emptiness (''ś� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perfection Of Insight, Folio From A Shatasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection Of Wisdom In 100,000 Verses) LACMA M
Perfection is a state, variously, of completeness, flawlessness, or supreme excellence. The term is used to designate a range of diverse, if often kindred, concepts. These have historically been addressed in a number of discrete disciplines, notably mathematics, physics, chemistry, ethics, aesthetics, ontology, and theology. Term and concept The form of the word long fluctuated in various languages. The English language had the alternates, "perfection" and the Biblical "perfectness." Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," ''Dialectics and Humanism'', vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 5. The word "perfection" derives from the Latin "'' perfectio''", and "perfect"from "'' perfectus''". These expressions in turn come from "'' perficio''""to finish", "to bring to an end". "''Perfectio''(n)" thus literally means "a finishing", and "perfect''(us)''""finished", much as in grammatical parlance ("perfect (grammar), perfect"). Many modern languages have adopted their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urtext (biblical Studies)
In biblical studies, the Urtext is the theorized original, uniform text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), preceding both the Septuagint (LXX) and the Masoretic Text (MT). Since the 19th century there has been much scholarly work to regain this ''Urtext''. The theory that there was an Urtext was advocated by Paul de Lagarde. Today it is disputed that there ever was such a uniform text.Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: ''The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies'', Tübingen 2004, pages 33-34. See also * Documentary hypothesis * Supplementary hypothesis In biblical studies, the supplementary hypothesis proposes that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) was derived from a series of direct additions to an existing corpus of work. It serves as a revision to the earlier documentary hy ... * Q source References Biblical criticism Early versions of the Bible Hypothetical documents {{bible-criticism-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abhisamayalankara
The "Ornament of/for Realization[s]", abbreviated AA, is one of five Sanskrit-language Mahayana sutras, Mahayana śastras which, according to Tibetan tradition, Maitreya revealed to Asanga, Asaṅga in northwest India circa the 4th century AD. (Chinese tradition recognizes a different list of Maitreya texts which does not include the AA.) Those who doubt the claim of supernatural revelation disagree (or are unsure) whether the text was composed by Asaṅga himself, or by someone else, perhaps a human teacher of his. The AA is never mentioned by Xuanzang, who spent several years at Nalanda in India during the early 7th century, and became a savant in the Maitreya-Asaṅga tradition. One possible explanation is that the text is late and attributed to Maitreya-Asaṅga for purposes of legitimacy. The question then hinges on the dating of the earliest extant AA commentaries, those of Arya Vimuktisena (usually given as 6th century, following possibly unreliable information from Taran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
