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Karayazıcı Abdülhalim
Karayazici (; ), also known by his first name Abdülhalim (), was a leader of the Celali rebellions in the late 16th century Ottoman Empire. His nickname originated from his role as a sekban scribe. He is recognized as the first Celali leader to declare sovereignty in Anatolia, under the title Halim Shah. Early life and military career Abdülhalim was a member of the Kılıçlı tribe in the Urfa region. His father's name was Ali. However, Arakel Tavrizetsi noted him as a son of a Turk from Çorum. He was described by he Venetian consul in Aleppo, Vincenzio Dandolo as "short, with black skin, and a lame left hand." He started his career as a Soubashi, subashi in Divriği, Divrik. During Long Turkish War, the Long Turkish War, a period of instability in Anatolia, he joined the kapıkulu (imperial cavalry). While serving, he was sent to guard either Damascus or another frontier fortress. Later, he returned to Malatya, where he was appointed ''yiğitbaşı'', the head of the regio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urfa
Urfa, officially called Şanlıurfa (), is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. The city was known as Edessa from Hellenistic period, Hellenistic times and into Christian times. Urfa is situated on a plain about east of the Euphrates. Its climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. About northeast of the city is the famous Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe, the world's oldest known temple, which was founded in the 10th millennium BC. The area was part of a network of the first human settlements where the Neolithic Revolution, agricultural revolution took place. Because of its association with Jewish history, Jewish, History of Christianity, Christian, and History of Islam, Islamic history, and a legend according to which it was the hometown of Abraham, Urfa is nicknamed the "City of Prophets." Religion is important in Urfa. The city "has become a center of fundamentalist Islamic beliefs" and "is considered one of the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanjak
A sanjak or sancak (, , "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans also sometimes called the sanjak a liva (, ) from the name's calque in Arabic and Persian. Banners were a common organization of nomadic groups on the Eurasian Steppe including the early Turks, Mongols, and Manchus and were used as the name for the initial first-level territorial divisions at the formation of the Ottoman Empire. Upon the empire's expansion and the establishment of eyalets as larger provinces, sanjaks were used as the second-level administrative divisions. They continued in this purpose after the eyalets were replaced by vilayets during the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Sanjaks were typically headed by a bey or sanjakbey. The Tanzimat reforms initially placed some sanjaks under kaymakams and others under mutasarrifs; a sanjak under a mutasarrif was known as a mutasarriflik. The districts of each sanjak were known as kazas. These were ini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaziantep
Gaziantep, historically Aintab and still informally called Antep, is a major city in south-central Turkey. It is the capital of the Gaziantep Province, in the westernmost part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region and partially in the Mediterranean Region. It is located approximately east of Adana and north of Aleppo, Syria and situated on the Sajur River. The city is thought to be located on the site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum and is near ancient Zeugma. Sometime after the Byzantine-ruled city came under the Seljuk Empire, the region was administered by Armenian warlords. In 1098, it became part of the County of Edessa, a Crusader state, though it continued to be administered by Armenians, such as Kogh Vasil. Aintab rose to prominence in the 14th century as the fortress became a settlement, hotly contested by the Mamluk Sultanate, Dulkadirids, and the Ilkhanate. It was besieged by Timur in 1400 and the Aq Qoyunlu in 1420. The Dulkadirid-controlled city fel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Tuscany
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (; ) was an Italian monarchy located in Central Italy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on 27 August 1569. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. That econo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Angelo Corai
Michel Angelo Corai (born Fathullah Qurrai, — ) was a Syrian diplomat, translator and spy in service of Shah Abbas I and Ferdinando I de' Medici. He was instrumental in establishing Safavid embassy to Europe and rebellion of Ali Janbulad against Ottoman Empire. Background Michel Angelo Corai was born as Fathullah Qurrai around 1557 in Ottoman Syria. His birthplace is disputed, it was either Aleppo or Damascus, however it seems that he was originally from Manbij and could have been a Turkmen. Although it was suggested that he was a Syrian Orthodox, he was probably a ''qurrāʾ'', a professional reciter of Quran, hence his Muslim surname and later converted. Career In Europe He started his diplomatic career as a scribe to Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha when he was deployed to Syria, from whom he probably learnt Italian. He traveled to Iranian border frequently with his master, where he learnt Persian as well. He later left Cigalazade's service in 1582 and lived in Safav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Janbulad
Ali Janbulad Pasha (transliterated in Turkish as Canbolatoğlu Ali Paşa; died 1 March 1610) was a Kurdish tribal chief from Kilis and a rebel Ottoman governor of Aleppo who wielded practical supremacy over Syria in . His rebellion, launched to avenge the execution of his uncle Huseyn ibn Janbulad by the commander Jigalazade Sinan Pasha in 1605, gained currency among northern Syria's Kurdish, Turkmen and Arab tribes and expanded to include local Syrian governors and chiefs, most prominently Fakhr al-Din Ma'n of Mount Lebanon and his erstwhile enemy Yusuf Sayfa Pasha of Tripoli. Ali formed a secret military alliance with the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand I, with the explicit aim of jointly destroying the Ottoman Empire and establishing the Janbulad family as the sovereigns of Syria. Ali's burgeoning ties with several Celali revolt leaders, whose influence spanned central Anatolia, Cilicia and part of Mesopotamia, posed a major threat to the Empire at a time in which i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tughra
A tughra (; ) is a calligraphy, calligraphic monogram, Seal (emblem), seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the Tamga, tamgha, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign. Very elaborate decorated versions were created for important documents that were also works of art in the tradition of Ottoman illumination, such as the example of Suleiman the Magnificent in the gallery below. The tughra was designed at the beginning of the sultan's reign and drawn by the court calligrapher or ''nisanci, nişancı'' on written documents. The first tughra examples are from the 14th century. Tughras served a purpose similar to the cartouche in ancient Egypt or the Royal Cypher of British monarchs. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra. Etymology There are two main schools of thought on the origins of the word tughra. The first sees it derived from a Turkic languages, Turkic secret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustafa Selaniki
Mustafa Selaniki (; Mustafa of Salonica; died c. 1600), also known as Selanıkî Mustafa Efendi, was an Ottoman scholar and chronicler, whose ''Tarih-i Selâniki'' described the Ottoman Empire of 1563–1599. He was a secretary of the Imperial Divan but his ''Tarih'' was not servile and included criticisms of the sultans directly. The ''Tarih-i Selâniki'' is considered one of the most individualistic accounts of 16th century Ottoman life. It also offered one of the most detailed accounts of the cold and famine in Anatolia in the 1590s related to the Little Ice Age. Little is known about Selaniki's life, including his family, background, or age, but parts of his education can be inferred; Selaniki stated that he was one of the six hafiz who recited from the Quran over the body of Suleiman the Magnificent. ''Tarih-i Selâniki'' The ''Tarih-i Selâniki'' was not widely incorporated into Ottoman historiography and was only partially published in 1864; the publication itself conta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koca Sinan Pasha
Koca Sinan Pasha (, "Sinan the Great", ; c. 1506 – 3 April 1596) was an Albanian-born Ottoman Grand Vizier, military figure, and statesman. From 1580 until his death he served five times as Grand Vizier. Early life Sinan Pasha, also known as ''Koca Sinan'' (Sinan the Great), was born in Topojan in Luma territory and was of Albanian origin. Sinan Pasha was a descendant of Gjergj Arianiti. In a Ragusan document of 1571 listing members of the Ottoman Sultan's governing council, Sinan is described as coming from a Catholic family that converted to Islam. His father was named Ali Bey and Sinan Pasha had family ties with Catholic relatives such as the Giubizzas.Malcolm, Noel (2015). Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World'. Oxford University Press. . pp.264–265. "Sinan came from a small village in north-eastern Albania. As the writer Lazaro Soranzo put it, very probably deriving his information from Bartolomeo's co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habesh Eyalet
Habesh Eyalet (; ) was an Ottoman eyalet. It was also known as the Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh, as Jeddah was its chief town, and Habesh and Hejaz. It extended on the areas of coastal Hejaz and Northeast Africa of Eritrea that border the Red Sea basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet extended from Suakin and their hinterlands to Zeila. Like Ottoman control in North Africa, Yemen, Bahrain, and Lahsa, the Ottomans had no "effective, long term control" outside of the ports where there was a direct Ottoman presence. History Establishment In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Turkic Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I."History of Arabia." Britannica.com. As such, territories of the Sultanate including Jeddah and |
Hüseyin Pasha (Celali Rebel)
Hüseyin Pasha (d. February 1600) was a leader of Celali rebellions and a former Beylerbey of Abyssinia in Ottoman Empire in 16th century. Career Although Venetian sources portray him as ethnic Albanian, he is also known with the epithet The Bosnian (). However, Turkish author Hüseyin Hüsameddin Yasar proposed an alternative Turkish origin from Amasya. According to him, he was a son of Budak bey, a descendant of Shadgeldi and participated in Ottoman conquest of Shirvan. He served as third Beylerbey of Abyssinia from 16 January 1568 to 3 December 1570. His tenure in Ethiophia was uneventful. After serving as the beylerbeyi, according to Venetian sources, he served under Koca Sinan Pasha in court. he was appointed as the mîrlivâ (district governor) of Amasya in October 1590, but as he was also in charge of the defense of Erzurum, he appointed Zülfikâr Ağa to serve as the mütesellim (deputy governor) of Amasya. He soon was invested with title of inspector of Anatolia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deli Hasan
Deli Hasan (died 1605) was an Ottoman military commander who after leading a rebellion in Anatolia became governor of Bosnia and then of Temeşvar. After the death of his brother, a leading figure in the Celali rebellions, Deli Hasan took command of a group of rebels, soon numbered in the thousands, and established his power in Afyonkarahisar. He looted Kütahya and exacted tribute from Ankara. His success led to the Ottoman court bribing him back to loyalty with the rank of pasha and appointment as governor in Bosnia, where his followers were employed in the service of the state. He crossed into Europe on 2 April 1603, with an army numbering 10,000 men, and in May was taking part in the unsuccessful siege of Pest. His government in Bosnia was short and turbulent. In 1604 he was transferred to Temeşvar. The following year he fled to Belgrade after an attempt on his life, but was imprisoned there and executed.Mustafa Naima Mustafa Naima (; ''Muṣṭafā Na'īmā''; Aleppo, O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
