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Hindu–German Conspiracy
The Hindu–German Conspiracy (Note on the name) were a series of attempts between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to create a pan-Indian rebellion against the British Empire during World War I. This rebellion was formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists in the United States. It also involved the Ghadar Party, and in Germany the Indian independence committee in the decade preceding the Great War. The conspiracy began at the start of the war, with extensive support from the German Foreign Office, the German consulate in San Francisco, and some support from Ottoman Turkey and the Irish republican movement. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore. It was to be executed in February 1915, and overthrow British rule in the Indian subcontinent. The February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seditious Conspiracy
Seditious conspiracy is a crime in various jurisdictions of Conspiracy (criminal), conspiring against the authority or legitimacy of the state. As a form of sedition, it has been described as a serious but lesser counterpart to treason, targeting activities that undermine the state without directly attacking it. Common law In common law jurisdictions, seditious conspiracy is an agreement by two or more persons to do any act with the Intention (criminal law), intention to excite hatred or contempt against the persons or institutions of state, to excite the alteration by unlawful means of a state or church matter established by law, to raise discontent among the people, or to promote ill will and enmity between classes. Criticising a policy or state institution for the purpose of obtaining lawful reform is not seditious. Seditious conspiracy, like other forms of sedition, developed during the late medieval period to apply to activities that threatened the social order but fell shor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghadar Conspiracy
The Ghadar Mutiny, also known as the Ghadar Conspiracy, was a plan to initiate a pan-India mutiny in the British Indian Army in February 1915 to end the British Raj in India. The plot originated at the onset of World War I, between the Ghadar Party in the United States, the Berlin Committee in Germany, the Indian revolutionary underground in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American Ghadar Party, whose members of the Punjabi community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger Hindu–German Mutiny, formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I. The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of Punjab, followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units as far as Singapore were planned to par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' (in Italian: ''Battaglione India libera'' - "Free India Battalion") was a foreign legion unit formed in Fascist Italy under the ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' in July 1942. The unit, raised initially as ''Centro I'', was headed by Mohammad Iqbal ShedaiBorra R. ''Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian National Army, and the war of India's liberation.'' J Hist Rev.Winter, 1982; vol. 03 no. 4: p. 407. – a long term Indian resident of Rome – and comprised Indian former prisoners of war from British India.. Raised along with units dedicated to Tunisia (''Centro T'') and the Arabs (''Centro A''), it was tasked with intelligence gathering and sabotage operations behind enemy lines. A part of ''Centro I'' was renamed ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' in August 1942 when the ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' itself was redesignated as ''Raggruppamento Frecce Rosse'' ("Red Arrows group").. By the time of its disbandment in November 1942, ''Battaglio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Iqbal Shedai
Mohammad Iqbal Shedai (Punjabi language, Punjabi: ) was a British Indian and later Pakistani activist who espoused independence for India and opposition to British colonial policies. He spent most of his life in self-exile in Asian and European countries. Early life One of eleven children, Shedai was born as Muhammad Iqbal Shedai in 1888 in Pura Hairanwala, Sialkot, British India (now Pakistan), into a Punjabi Muslim family belonging to the Muslim Rajputs, Rajput-Bhutta caste, to Chaudhary Ghulam Ali Bhutta, who taught science, mathematics and English at the Government Murray College Sialkot, Scotch Mission School and whose students included Muhammad Iqbal. He graduated from Sialkot's Murray College but wasn't accepted in Lahore's Law College as he was considered to be too anti-British.Majid Sheikh (18 November 2019)"Harking Back: The tale of the ‘other’ Iqbal of Sialkot" ''Dawn News''. Retrieved 3 February 2020. Political activism Shedai's political involvement began in 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian National Army
The Indian National Army (INA, sometimes Second INA; ''Azad Hind Fauj'' ; 'Free Indian Army') was a Empire of Japan, Japanese-allied and -supported armed force constituted in Southeast Asia during World War II and led by Indian Nationalism#Anti-colonial, anti-colonial nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose. It comprised primarily of British Indian Army prisoners of war, POWs taken by Empire of Japan, Japan. Indian civilians in the region were also enlisted, with around 18,000 joining. * # # # # "The second INA involved Indian society in Southeast Asia in a way the earlier incarnation had failed to do so. ... Men were recruited locally, and ... special emphasis was placed on the Tamils of Malaya." The INA aimed to liberate India from British Raj, British rule. # # After winning Japanese assent for its goal, the INA furnished support to the Imperial Japanese Army, Japanese Army. # # # The Japanese and INA forces Operation U-Go, invaded India from Rangoon in 1944, and Bose's nominal Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indische Legion
The Indian Legion (), officially the Free India Legion () or 950th (Indian) Infantry Regiment (), was a military unit raised during the Second World War initially as part of the German Army and later the ''Waffen-SS'' from August 1944. Intended to serve as a liberation force for British-ruled India, it was made up of Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Europe. Owing to its origins in the Indian independence movement, it was known also as the "Tiger Legion", and the "Azad Hind Fauj". As part of the ''Waffen-SS'' it was known as the Indian Volunteer Legion of the Waffen-SS (). The transfer to the Waffen-SS was never fully executed and many members of the division refused to wear the new uniforms and insignia. Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose initiated the legion's formation, as part of his efforts to win India's independence by waging war against Britain, when he came to Berlin in 1941 seeking German aid. The initial recruits in 1941 were volunteers from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian independence movement, Indian nationalist whose defiance of British raj, British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with Nazi Germany and Japanese Fascism, Fascist Japan left a legacy vexed by authoritarianism, anti-Semitism, and military incompetence, military failure. * The honorific 'Netaji' (Hindustani language, Hindustani: "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the ''Indian Legion, Indische Legion'' and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin. It is now used throughout India. Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large Bengalis, Bengali family in Orissa during the British Raj. The early recipient of an Anglocentrism, Anglo-centric education, he was sent after college to England to take the Indian Civil Service examination. He succeeded with distincti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of Atolls of the Maldives, 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator. The region lies near the intersection of Plate tectonics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British Raj, British colonial rule. It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed. The first nationalistic movement took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking the right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights for natives. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule. The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and Congress's adoption of Gandhi's policy of non-violence and Salt March, civil disobedience. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Maulana Azad, and others. Intellectuals such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharati, and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay spr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
The Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial commenced in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco on November 12, 1917, following the uncovering of the Hindu–German Conspiracy (also known as the Indo-German plot) for initiating a revolt in British India. It was part of a wave of such incidents which took place in the United States after its entrance into World War I. The trials came after pressure from the United Kingdom to suppress the Indian independence movement abroad. In May 1917, a group of Indian nationalists of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring to form a military enterprise against the United Kingdom from the United States, and violating US neutrality laws. The trial lasted from November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918, and resulted in the convictions of 29 people, including 14 Indian nationalists. The British authorities hoped the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation back to India. Had the nationalists been depo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lahore Conspiracy Case Trial
1915 Lahore Conspiracy Case trial or First Lahore Conspiracy Case, was a series of trials held in Lahore (then part of the undivided Punjab of British India), and in the United States, in the aftermath of the failed Ghadar conspiracy from 26 April to 13 September 1915. There were nine cases in total. The trial was held by a Special tribunal constituted under the Defence of India Act 1915. Out of a total of 291 convicted conspirators, 42 were executed, 114 got life sentences and 93 got varying terms of imprisonment. 42 defendants in the trial were acquitted. 152 persons were made accused. The uncovering of the conspiracy also saw the initiation of the Hindu German Conspiracy trial in the United States. See also * 1929 CLA Bombing Case, bombing of national assembly by Bhagat Singh and associates * 1929-30 Lahore Conspiracy Case, death sentence to Bhagat Singh and associates for the murder of John Saunders * Ghadar conspiracy The Ghadar Mutiny, also known as the Ghadar Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
